Hydantoin (original) (raw)

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Hydantoin

Skeletal formula of hydantoin Ball-and-stick model of hydantoin
Names
Preferred IUPAC name Imidazolidine-2,4-dione
Identifiers
CAS Number 461-72-3 checkY
3D model (JSmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:27612 checkY
ChEMBL ChEMBL122334 checkY
ChemSpider 9612 checkY
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.650 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG C05146 checkY
PubChem CID 10006
UNII I6208298TA
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1052111 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI InChI=1S/C3H4N2O2/c6-2-1-4-3(7)5-2/h1H2,(H2,4,5,6,7) checkYKey: WJRBRSLFGCUECM-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkYInChI=1/C3H4N2O2/c6-2-1-4-3(7)5-2/h1H2,(H2,4,5,6,7)Key: WJRBRSLFGCUECM-UHFFFAOYAD
SMILES O=C1NC(=O)NC1
Properties
Chemical formula C3H4N2O2
Molar mass 100.077 g·mol−1
Melting point 220 °C (428 °F; 493 K)
Solubility in water 39.7 g/l (100 °C)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Hydantoin, or glycolylurea, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula CH2C(O)NHC(O)NH. It is a colorless solid that arises from the reaction of glycolic acid and urea. It is an oxidized derivative of imidazolidine. In a more general sense, hydantoins can refer to groups or a class of compounds with the same ring structure as the parent compound. For example, phenytoin (mentioned below) has two phenyl groups substituted onto the number 5 carbon in a hydantoin molecule.[1]

Hydantoin was first isolated in 1861 by Adolf von Baeyer in the course of his study of uric acid. He obtained it by hydrogenation of allantoin, hence the name.

Friedrich Urech synthesized 5-methylhydantoin in 1873 from alanine sulfate and potassium cyanate in what is now known as the Urech hydantoin synthesis.[2] The method is very similar to the modern route using alkyl and arylcyanates. The 5,5-dimethyl compound can also be obtained from acetone cyanohydrin (also discovered by Urech: see cyanohydrin reaction) and ammonium carbonate.[3] This reaction type is called the Bucherer–Bergs reaction.[4][5]

Hydantoin can also be synthesized either by heating allantoin with hydroiodic acid or by "heating bromacetyl urea with alcoholic ammonia".[6] The cyclic structure of hydantoins was confirmed by Dorothy Hahn 1913.[7]

Of practical importance, hydantoins are obtained by condensation of a cyanohydrin with ammonium carbonate. Another useful route, which follows the work of Urech, involves the condensation of amino acids with cyanates and isocyanates:

Uses and occurrence

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The hydantoin group can be found in several medicinally important compounds.[1] In pharmaceuticals, hydantoin derivatives form a class of anticonvulsants;[8] phenytoin and fosphenytoin both contain hydantoin moieties and are both used as anticonvulsants in the treatment of seizure disorders. The hydantoin derivative dantrolene is used as a muscle relaxant to treat malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, spasticity, and ecstasy intoxication. Ropitoin is an example of an antiarrhythmic hydantoin.

The hydantoin derivative Imiprothrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. Iprodione is a popular fungicide containing the hydantoin group.[9]

Synthesis of amino acids

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Hydrolysis of hydantoins affords amino acids:

RCHC ( O ) NHC ( O ) NH + H 2 O ⟶ RCHC ( NH 2 ) COOH + NH 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {RCHC(O)NHC(O)NH + H2O -> RCHC(NH2)COOH + NH3}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {RCHC(O)NHC(O)NH + H2O -> RCHC(NH2)COOH + NH3}}}

Hydantoin itself reacts with hot, dilute hydrochloric acid to give glycine. Methionine is produced industrially via the hydantoin obtained from methional.[9]

Methylation of hydantoin yields a variety of derivatives. Dimethylhydantoin (DMH) [10] may refer to any dimethyl derivative of hydantoin, but especially 5,5-dimethylhydantoin.[11]

Some _N_-halogenated derivatives of hydantoin are used as chlorinating or brominating agents in disinfectant/sanitizer or biocide products. The three major _N_-halogenated derivatives are dichlorodimethylhydantoin (DCDMH), bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH), and dibromodimethylhydantoin (DBDMH). A mixed ethyl-methyl analogue, 1,3-dichloro-5-ethyl-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (bromochloroethylmethylhydantoin), is also used in mixtures with the above.

Iprodione is a popular fungicide containing the hydantoin group.

DNA oxidation to hydantoins after cell death

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A high proportion of cytosine and thymine bases in DNA are oxidized to hydantoins over time after the death of an organism. Such modifications block DNA polymerases and thus prevents PCR from working. Such damage is a problem when dealing with ancient DNA samples.[12]

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  1. ^ a b Konnert, Laure; Lamaty, Frédéric; Martinez, Jean; Colacino, Evelina (2017). "Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Hydantoins: The State of the Art of a Valuable Scaffold" (PDF). Chemical Reviews. 117 (23): 13757–13809. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00067. PMID 28644621. S2CID 23653941.
  2. ^ Urech, Friedrich (1873). "Ueber Lacturaminsäure und Lactylharnstoff". Liebigs Ann. (in German). 165 (1): 99–103. doi:10.1002/jlac.18731650110.
  3. ^ Wagner, E. C.; Baizer, Manuel (1940). "5,5-Dimethylhydantoin". Organic Syntheses. 20: 42. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.020.0042; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 323.
  4. ^ Bucherer, H. T.; Steiner, W. (1934). "J. Prakt. Chem." (in German). 140: 291.
  5. ^ Bergs, Ger. pat. 566,094 (1929) [C. A., 27, 1001 (1933)].
  6. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hydantoin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30.
  7. ^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Facts on File. p. 298. ISBN 9780816061587.
  8. ^ "Hydantoin anticonvulsants". drugs.com.
  9. ^ a b Drauz, Karlheinz; Grayson, Ian; Kleemann, Axel; Krimmer, Hans-Peter; Leuchtenberger, Wolfgang; Weckbecker, Christoph (2007). "Amino Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_057.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  10. ^ "5,5-Dimethylhydantoin (DMH) a Highly Effective, Halogen Stabilizer for Wet End Applications, PaperCo".
  11. ^ "5,5-Dimethylhydantoin".
  12. ^ Hofreiter, Michael; Serre, David; Poinar, Hendrik N.; Kuch, Melanie; Pääbo, Svante (2001). "Ancient DNA". Nature Reviews Genetics. 2 (5): 353–359. doi:10.1038/35072071. PMID 11331901. S2CID 205016024.