Lesser Poland dialect group (original) (raw)

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Dialect of the Polish language

Lesser Poland dialect group
dialekt małopolski
Native to	Poland
Region	Lesser Poland VoivodeshipSubcarpathian VoivodeshipHoly Cross VoivodeshipLublin VoivodeshipŁódź VoivodeshipSilesian VoivodeshipMasovian Voivodeship
Language family	Indo-European Balto-SlavicSlavicWest SlavicLechiticPolishLesser Poland dialect group
Writing system	Latin (Polish alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Map of the dialects of Polish, including the Lesser Poland dialect marked in yellow.

The Lesser Polish dialect group (Polish: dialekt małopolski) is a of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland. The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects.[1]

The common traits of the Lesser Polish dialect include:

• mazurzenie[2]
• regressive voicing of obstruents, including across word boundaries; e.g.: kot leci [kɔd ˈlɛt͡ɕi] (standard Polish: [kɔt ˈlɛt͡ɕi])[2]
• differentiated nasalisation (or lack thereof) of /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ in different parts of the area[2]
• merger of stop+fricative consonant clusters into affricates; e.g.: trzysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (standard Polish: [ˈtʂɨsta] or [ˈt͡ʂʂɨsta])[2]
• frequent usage of initial syllable stress, also oxytonic stress in vocative case (as opposed to paroxytonic stress common in other varieties of Polish)[2]
• frequent usage of grammatical particle "że" in imperative mood ("weźże" vs. "weź" – take)[_citation needed_]

Descended from the language of the Vistulans, is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.[3] the dialects are:[4]

• Łęczyca dialect

• Sieradz dialect

• Masovian Borderland dialect

• Kielce dialect

• Kraków dialect

• Lasovia dialect

• Eastern Kraków dialect

• Carpathian-Podgórze Lach dialects

• Podegrodzie dialect

• Limanowa dialect

• Western Lublin dialect

• Eastern Lublin dialect

• Przemyśl dialect

• Lwów dialect

• Biecz dialect

The Goral ethnolect (the name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals in Western Carpathians bordering Poland and Slovakia), which include:

• Carpathian-Podgórze Goral dialects

• Babia Góra dialect

• Kliszczak dialect

• Pieniny dialect

• Łącko dialect

• Piwniczna

• Żywiec dialect

• Orawa dialect

• Podhale dialect

• Spisz dialect

• Zagórze dialect

• Kysuce dialect

• Ochotnica dialect

• Liptov dialect (not to be confused with the Slovakian Liptov dialect)

Features of the region

[edit]

Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:[5]

1. *telt > tlet

2. * tórt’ > trot

3. *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars)

4. *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny

5. *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno

6. voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid

7. bilabial w > v, which can be f, f́ after voiceless consonant, tfůj, kf́at. This also affect f < chw

8. Mazuration

9. ḷ > ł > u̯

10. depalatalization of word final palatal labials

11. phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge)

12. -ch > -k, or in Spisz > -f (only word finally), or in clusters: kfała, kćáł

13. Tendency for assimilation and simplification:

14. velarization of n before k (phonemic?)

15. -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść)

16. weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova

17. strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż

18. rs, r-z > rz

19. kk > k

20. Doubling of s, ś in bᵘ̯ossᵘ̯o, leśśe, viśśi, viessá, and sometimes ss śś > sc, ść bᵘ̯osco v leśće, viscá

21. Breaking of the groups ss, zz, źź, vv, v́v́, ff, f́f́ by placing a mobile e after the prepositions/prefixes z(-), v(-)

22. śrz, źrz > śr, źr or in the north > rś, rź

23. placement of stress on the penultimate syllable except in Podhale, which has initial stress

24. loss of intervocalic j and contraction

25. preference for jasne o: skolny (szkolny)

26. ir > er in serce, śmierć, piersi, otherwise > ér

27. In the north yl, ył, il, ił > el, eł, beł, beli, uN > oN, font, gront, lack of eN, oN > éN, óN

28. i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (including Mazurized pronunciations of sibilants) except in Podhale, which still has i

29. Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: cekej (except in most subialects, which have -aj?, except dać?)

30. á > o tako trova

31. é > y after hard and soft consonants, except in the north where > y after hard, > i after soft, and in one region (34D in Dejna) > e at least after hard

32. Traces of e > o before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł), can be found in some Standard Polish words (kocioł, kozioł, osioł)

33. diphthongization/labialization of o > ᵘ̯o (not just initially)

34. sometimes fronting of ᵘ̯o > ᵘ̯oᵉ, u̯ë, ᵘ̯ë, which avoids raising of o, which could be confused with the reflex of pochylone ó

35. Loss of the alternation caused by ablaut of ‘o||’e, miotła||mietle by analogy of nonablauted forms, wiesna (via wieśnie), niesę (via nieśli), also influenced by the change above

36. Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > e ide, wode, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and total loss before stops and sibilants: deby (dęby) gesi (gęsi). Regionally ą̆ is retained, or mergs with ǫ: zǫp zǫby

37. Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ą̊ (and most commonly) > ǫ along with denasalization of the vowel: dåb, dop (dąb), or sometimes in final position -om

38. -iszcze > -isko

39. Spread of -asty, -isty

40. -‘ev- > -‘ov-, also after soft consonants

41. use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-))

42. loss of r- in the prefix roz-: ᵘ̯ozlác

43. replacement of locative plural -’ech > -’och by analogy of -‘evi > -‘ovi etc., which was later replaced by -ach

44. Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -e, pole

45. Replacement of the genitive singular masculine/neuter adjective endings -égo with -ego via tego, do niego

46. Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa

47. Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa

48. Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-

49. Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę

50. Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl-

51. spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or with -va, sometimes -ma via contamination of the two; in the souther -me via Slovak.

52. Creation and spread of the preterite ending -ek (or -k after a vowel) < -ech, contaminated with -(ś)ḿ as well as with the aorist form of the auxiliary verb bych in the south-wst: nosiłek, byłak; elsewhere -em (-m after a vowel), which can voice the stem: zaniuzem, zanius. This form could be a reduction of -chm(y)

53. Creation of the first person plural preteriate ending -chmy via contamination -(je)sm + (by)chom and under the influence of the pronoun my: nieślichmy. In some Lesser Poland subdialects, -sm > -śḿ under influence of -ś, -ście

54. Rise of masculine personal nouns, except in a large number of subdialects where the gender disappeared.

55. ^ "Dialekt małopolski", a University of Warsaw webpage

56. ^ a b c d e "Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego"

57. ^ Stanisław Urbańczyk, ed. (1992). "Dialekt małopolski". Encyklopedia języka polskiego (in Polish) (II ed.). Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Ossolineum. p. 60.

58. ^ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Dialekt małopolski". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.

59. ^ Karol Dejna (1973). Dialekty polskie. pp. 254–261.