List of chemical elements (original) (raw)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

  1. ^ a b Standard atomic weight or _A_r°(E)
    • '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
    • '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope
  2. ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
  3. ^ Density (sources)
  4. ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
  5. ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
  6. ^ Heat capacity (sources)
  7. ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
  8. ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
  9. ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
  10. ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
  11. ^ Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming'
  12. ^ Greek hḗlios 'sun'
  13. ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
  14. ^ Greek líthos 'stone'
  15. ^ Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4]
  16. ^ Borax, mineral (from Arabic: bawraq, Middle Persian: *bōrag)
  17. ^ Latin carbo 'coal'
  18. ^ Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming'
  19. ^ Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming'
  20. ^ Latin fluo 'to flow'
  21. ^ Greek néon 'new'
  22. ^ Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
  23. ^ Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece
  24. ^ Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum'
  25. ^ Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium)
  26. ^ Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing'
  27. ^ Latin
  28. ^ Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow'
  29. ^ Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert)
  30. ^ Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash
  31. ^ Latin calx 'lime'
  32. ^ Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia'
  33. ^ Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos
  34. ^ Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja
  35. ^ Greek chróma 'colour'
  36. ^ Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium
  37. ^ English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'
  38. ^ German Kobold, 'goblin'
  39. ^ Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology
  40. ^ English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus
  41. ^ Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone'
  42. ^ Latin Gallia 'France'
  43. ^ Latin Germania 'Germany'
  44. ^ Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Persian: *zarniya-ka, lit. 'golden'
  45. ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
  46. ^ Greek selḗnē 'moon'
  47. ^ Greek brômos 'stench'
  48. ^ Greek kryptós 'hidden'
  49. ^ Latin rubidus 'deep red'
  50. ^ Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found
  51. ^ Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium
  52. ^ Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued'
  53. ^ Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum
  54. ^ Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS)
  55. ^ Greek tekhnētós 'artificial'
  56. ^ Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia'
  57. ^ Greek rhodóeis 'rose-coloured', from rhódon 'rose'
  58. ^ Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet
  59. ^ English, from Proto-Germanic
  60. ^ Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes
  61. ^ Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color named after India and observed in its spectral lines
  62. ^ English, from Proto-Germanic
  63. ^ Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony'
  64. ^ Latin tellus 'ground, earth'
  65. ^ French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet'
  66. ^ Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign'
  67. ^ Latin caesius 'sky-blue'
  68. ^ Greek barýs 'heavy'
  69. ^ Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden'
  70. ^ Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet
  71. ^ Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin'
  72. ^ Greek néos dídymos 'new twin'
  73. ^ Prometheus, a Titan
  74. ^ Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official
  75. ^ Europe
  76. ^ Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist
  77. ^ Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium
  78. ^ Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get'
  79. ^ Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm'
  80. ^ Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium
  81. ^ Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location
  82. ^ Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium
  83. ^ Latin Lutetia 'Paris'
  84. ^ Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor)
  85. ^ King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium
  86. ^ Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone'
  87. ^ Latin Rhenus 'Rhine'
  88. ^ Greek osmḗ 'smell'
  89. ^ Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow
  90. ^ Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver'
  91. ^ English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
  92. ^ Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
  93. ^ Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig'
  94. ^ English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
  95. ^ German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead'
  96. ^ Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie
  97. ^ Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes
  98. ^ Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn
  99. ^ France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey
  100. ^ Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray'
  101. ^ Greek aktís 'ray'
  102. ^ Thor, the Norse god of thunder
  103. ^ English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium.
  104. ^ Uranus, the seventh planet
  105. ^ Neptune, the eighth planet
  106. ^ Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet
  107. ^ Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium
  108. ^ Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists
  109. ^ Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized
  110. ^ California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL
  111. ^ Albert Einstein, German physicist
  112. ^ Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist
  113. ^ Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table
  114. ^ Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer
  115. ^ Ernest Lawrence, American physicist
  116. ^ Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand
  117. ^ Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR
  118. ^ Glenn Seaborg, American chemist
  119. ^ Niels Bohr, Danish physicist
  120. ^ Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany
  121. ^ Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist
  122. ^ Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs
  123. ^ Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist
  124. ^ Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer
  125. ^ Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken
  126. ^ Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist
  127. ^ Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR
  128. ^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California
  129. ^ Tennessee, US, home to ORNL
  130. ^ Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist
  1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
  2. ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
  3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
  4. ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  5. ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
  6. ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
  7. ^ "Fermium". RSC.