List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages (original) (raw)

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A large number of languages known only from brief mentions are thought to have been Uto-Aztecan languages, but became extinct without being documented. The following list is based on Campbell (1997:133–135).

• Acaxee [es] (Aiage): closely related to Tahue, a Cahitan language, linked with Tebaca and Sabaibo.
• Amotomanco (Otomoaco):[1] uncertain classification, possibly Uto-Aztecan. (See Troike (1988)[2] for more details.)
• Baciroa: closely connected to Tepahue
• Basopa
• Batuc: possibly an Opata dialect
• Cahuameto:[4] probably belongs with Oguera and Nio
• Cazcan (Caxcan): sometimes considered to be the same as Zacateca, although Miller (1983) would only consider these to be geographical classifications.
• Chínipa: may be a Tarahumaran language close to Ocoroni, since colonial sources claim the two are mutually intelligible. It may also instead be a local name for a variety of Guarijío.
• Coca: spoken near Lake Chapala.
• Colotlan: a Pimic language closely related to Tepehuan, or Teul and Tepecano
• Comanito: a Taracahitic language closely related to Tahue
• Concho/Conchi:[5] probably a Taracahitic language (Troike 1988).[2] Subdivisions include Chinarra[6], Abasopalme,[7] Chizo; Toboso is possibly related to Concho as well.
• Conicari:[8] a Taracahitic language closely related to Tahue
• Giamina/Omomil:[9] Kroeber (1907) and Lamb (1964) believe Giamina may constitute a separate branch of Northern Uto-Aztecan, although Miller (1983) is uncertain about this. It was spoken in Southern California.
• Guachichil: possibly a variant or close relative of Huichol[10][a]
• Guasave: possibly a Taracahitic language, or may instead be non-Uto-Aztecan language possibly related to Seri due to the speakers' maritime economy (Miller 1983). Dialects include Compopori, Ahome, Vacoregue, and Achire.
• Guazapar (Guasapar):[11] probably a Tarahumara dialect, or it may be more closely related to Guarijío and Chínipa. Guazapar, Jova, Pachera, and Juhine may possibly all be dialects of Tarahumara.
• Guisca (Coisa)
• Hio: possibly a Taracahitic language
• Huite: closely related to Ocoroni, and may be Taracahitic
• Irritila: a Lagunero band
• Jova (Jobal, Ova):[12] most often linked with Opata, although some scholars classify it as a Tarahumara dialect. Miller (1983) considers it to be "probably Taracahitan."
• Jumano;[13] also Humano, Jumana, Xumana, Chouman (from a French source), Zumana, Zuma, Suma, and Yuma. Suma is probably the same language, while Jumano is possibly Uto-Aztecan. (Not to be confused with the Jumana language of Colombia.)
• Lagunero: may be the same as Irritila, and may also be closely related to Zacateco or Huichol.
• Macoyahui: probably related to Cahita.
• Mocorito: a Tahue language, which is Taracahitic.
• Naarinuquia (Themurete?): Uto-Aztecan affiliation is likely, although it may instead be non-Uto-Aztecan language possibly related to Seri due to the speakers' maritime economy.[14]
• Nacosura: an Opata dialect
• San Nicolás (Nicoleño): spoken on San Nicolas Island in California, thought to be a Takic language.
• Nio: completely undocumented, although it is perhaps related to Ocoroni.
• Ocoroni: most likely a Taracahitic language, and is reported to be mutually intelligible with Chínipa, and similar to Opata. Related languages may include Huite and Nio.
• Oguera (Ohuera)
• Patarabuey: unknown affiliation (Purépecha region near Lake Chapala), and is possibly a Nahuatl dialect.
• Tahue: may also include Comanito, Mocorito, Tubar, and Zoe. It is possibly a Taracahitic language, and is definitely not Nahuan.
• Tanpachoa:[15] unknown affiliation,[2] and was once spoken along the Río Grande. Only one word is known, which is ocae 'arrow'.[16]
• Tecuexe: speakers were possibly part of a "Mexicano" (Nahua) colony.
• Teco-Tecoxquin: an Aztecan language
• Tecual: closely related to Huichol. According to Sauer (1934:14), the "Xamaca, by another name called Hueitzolme [Huichol], all ... speak the Thequalme language, though they differ in vowels."
• Témori: may be a Tarahumara dialect.
• Tepahue: possibly a Taracahitic language. Closely related languages or dialects include Macoyahui, Conicari, and Baciroa.
• Tepanec: an Aztecan language.
• Teul (Teul-Chichimeca): a Pimic language, possibly of the Tepecano subgroup.
• Toboso: grouped with Concho.
• Topia: perhaps the same as Xixime (Jijime).
• Topiame: possibly a Taracahitic language.
• Totorame: grouped with Cora.
• Vanyume: a Takic language, closely related to Serrano, of California
• Xixime (Jijime): spoken by the Xiximes, possibly a Taracahitic language. Subdivisions are Hine and Hume. Its links with Acaxee are uncertain.
• Zacateco: often considered the same as Acaxee, although this is uncertain. It is possibly related to Huichol, although Miller (1983) leaves it as unclassified.
• Zoe: possibly a Taracahitic language, with Baimena as a subdivision. It is possibly affiliated with Comanito.

1. ^ There are few hypotheses, the language is really dead (only 2 words survived!), see Rosales, Rosa H. Yáñez (2017-06-17). "Nahuatl L2 texts from Northern Nueva Galicia". Language Contact and Change in Mesoamerica and Beyond p. 238 and Gursky, Karl-Heinz (1966). "On the Historical Position of Waikuri". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (1) p. 45

2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Amotomanco". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

3. ^ a b c Troike 1988.

4. ^ a b c Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W. Northern New Spain: A Research Guide. University of Arizona. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

5. ^ Alternate spellings include Cahuimeto or Cahuemeto.[3]

6. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Concho". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

7. ^ Alternate spellings include Chimarra, Chinara, Chinasa, Chinaso, Chinaza, Chinazo, Chinnara, Chivarra.[3]

8. ^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.

9. ^ Alternate spellings include Concuari or Conicare.[3]

10. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Omomil". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

11. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5

12. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Guazapar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

13. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jova". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

14. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jumano". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

15. ^ Miller 1983.

16. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tanpachoa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

17. ^ Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.

• Miller, Wick R. (1983). "Uto-Aztecan languages". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 113–124.
• Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. OCLC 32923907.
• Troike, Rudolf C. (1988). "Amotomanco (Otomoaca) and Tanpachoa as Uto-Aztecan languages". International Journal of American Linguistics. 54: 235–241. doi:10.1086/466084.