MV Liemba (original) (raw)

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Ferry in lake Tanganyika, 1915–1916

"Graf von Götzen" redirects here. For the German explorer and governor, see Gustav Adolf von Götzen.

MV Liemba
History
German Empire
Name Graf von Goetzen
Namesake Gustav Adolf von Götzen
Builder Meyer Werft
Laid down 1913
Launched 5 February 1915
In service 9 June 1915
Fate Scuttled on 26 July 1916
Tanganyika Territory
Renamed SS Liemba
Reinstated 16 May 1927
Tanzania
Name MV Liemba
Operator Marine Services Company Limited
Homeport Kigoma, Tanzaniain active service[1]
General characteristics
Displacement 1,575 t
Length 71.4 m (234.25 ft)
Beam 9.9 m (32.48 ft)
Draught 3 m (9.84 ft)
Installed power Steam 500 ihp (370 kW) Diesel 1,240 hp (920 kW)
Propulsion Triple-expansion steam engine, (until 1970, replaced with Diesel): 2 screws
Speed 11 knots (20 km/h)
Armament (removed 1916) 1 × 10.5 cm (4 in) gun 1 × 8.8 cm (3 in) gun 2 × 37 mm revolver guns

MV Liemba, formerly Graf Goetzen or Graf von Goetzen,[a] is a passenger and cargo ferry that runs along the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. The Marine Services Company Limited of Tanzania[3] sails her, with numerous stops to pick up and set down passengers, between the ports of Kigoma, Tanzania and Mpulungu, Zambia.

Graf von Goetzen was built in 1913 in Germany, and was one of three vessels the German Empire used to control Lake Tanganyika during the early part of the First World War. Her captain had her scuttled on 26 July 1916 in Katabe Bay during the German retreat from Kigoma. In 1924, a British Royal Navy salvage team raised her and in 1927 she returned to service as Liemba. Liemba is the last vessel of the German Imperial Navy still actively sailing anywhere in the world.

Liemba is believed to be the inspiration for the German gunboat Luisa in C. S. Forester's 1935 novel The African Queen, and John Huston's 1951 film version.[2] The ship featured in the 1992 BBC Television travel series Pole to Pole. Indican Pictures[4] and Breadbox Productions[5] released a documentary on the ship in 2010, Liemba.[6]

Model in Hamburg of Goetzen as originally built

The Meyer-Werft Shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, built Goetzen in 1913 and named her after Count Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen, the former governor of German East Africa.[7][8][9][10] Goetzen was designed to serve as a passenger and cargo ferry in conjunction with the Ostafrikanische Eisenbahngesellschaft (East African Railway Company).

After preliminary assembly Goetzen was taken apart and shipped in 5000 boxes loaded on three cargo vessels to Dar es Salaam in German East Africa (modern day Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania)).[11] From there the trains of the Mittellandbahn ("Central Line") carried the boxes to Kigoma. She was rebuilt there in 1914 and launched on 5 February 1915.

Originally the ship had seven first class cabins (single bed & sofa bed) and five second class cabins (double bed), as well as first and second class dining and smoking rooms.[12]

The machinery consisted at first of two round boilers for steam for the two triple expansion engines with a power rating of 250 indicated horsepower (190 kW) per engine. She also had a carbonic ice and cooling unit in an insulated cold storage with a capacity of 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) of ice per hour, and a lighting and a ventilation system. The ship was designed for a crew of 64 men (60 men and four officers).[13]

SS Goetzen 1915

During World War I the Germans converted Goetzen to an auxiliary warship under the name SMS Goetzen. They gave her a 10.5 cm (4 in) gun from the light cruiser SMS Königsberg, a ship no longer operational and which her crew later scuttled in the mouth of the Rufiji River. She also received an 8.8 cm (3 in) gun, one of two that Königsberg had brought out from Germany to arm auxiliary cruisers should the opportunity arise. Lastly, the survey ship SMS Möwe contributed two 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver guns to Goetzen's armament.[14]

The Germans appointed Oberleutnant zur See Siebel captain of Goetzen. Under his command Goetzen initially gave the Germans complete supremacy on Lake Tanganyika. She ferried cargo and personnel across the lake between Kigoma and Bismarckburg (now Kasanga, Tanzania), saving troops from a two-week overland march, and provided a base from which to launch surprise attacks on Allied troops. It therefore became essential for the Allied forces to gain control of the lake themselves.

German gun crew manning Graf von Goetzen's 105 mm gun

HMS Fifi formerly Kingani

A diagram of Hedwig von Wissmann

Geoffrey Spicer-Simson and the Royal Navy succeeded in the monumental task of bringing two armed motor boats, Mimi and Toutou, from England and via the Belgian Congo to the lake by rail, road and river. The British then launched their two boats at Albertville (Kalemie) on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. The two boats waited until December 1915, then mounted a surprise attack on the Germans, capturing the gunboat Kingani – renamed HMS Fifi. They sank a second German vessel, Hedwig von Wissmann, in February 1916; this left Götzen as the only German vessel remaining on the lake.

As a result of their strengthened position on the lake, the Allies advanced towards Kigoma by land, and the Belgians established an airbase on the western shore at Albertville. From there on 10 June 1916 they used Short Admiralty Type 827 planes for a bombing raid on Goetzen as she sat in the harbour of Kigoma.[15] These bombing raids didn't severely damage the Goetzen, but she remained in the harbour. The Germans had already removed most of her guns in the beginning of May as they needed them elsewhere. At the time of the air raid Goetzen had only one 37 mm Hotchkiss left, which she used as an anti-aircraft gun.[16]

The war on the lake had reached a stalemate by this stage, with both sides declining to mount attacks. However, the war on land was progressing, largely to the advantage of the Allies, who cut off the railway link in July 1916 and threatened to isolate Kigoma completely. This led the German naval commander on the lake, Gustav Zimmer, to abandon the town and head south. In order to avoid the ship falling into Allied hands, General Lettow-Vorbeck ordered that Goetzen be scuttled. The task was given to the three engineers from Meyer Werft who had travelled with the disassembled ship to Lake Tanganyika in order to supervise its re-assembly. The engineers decided on their own that they would try to facilitate a later salvage;[7] they loaded the ship with sand and covered all engines with a thick layer of grease before sinking her carefully on 26 July, in a depth of 20 metres (66 ft) near the banks of the Katabe Bay (Belgian designation: Baie de l’éléphant; British designation: Bangwe Bay) at the position 4°54′5″S 29°36′12″E / 4.90139°S 29.60333°E / -4.90139; 29.60333.[17]

Salvage and recommissioning

[edit]

Johann Ludwig Wall, a Swede working for the Belgians, salvaged the ship in 1918.[18] He initially had divers remove large quantities of material. Then he filled the holds with empty barrels and passed cables under the ship to two 375 t barges that the "Compagnie des Chemins de fer du Congo Supérieur aux Grands Lacs Africains" had purpose-built for the task and positioned on each side of the wreck.[19] By the end of June 1919, the Belgians had succeeded in lifting the ship up to her gunwales by winding in the cables.[20] Then in mid-September the Belgians floated the semi-submerged vessel to Kigoma. There she settled in water 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) deep.[21] The water was shallow enough that her superstructure extended above the surface of the lake. Early in 1920, a storm[22] moved the vessel, sinking her at Point Lusana in 4°52′15″S 29°37′21″E / 4.87083°S 29.62250°E / -4.87083; 29.62250. The photos of Kigoma Bay that Homer L. Shantz made in mid-February 1920 show no sign of the ship.[23][24][25][26][27]

In 1921 the British took control of Kigoma. They then took until 16 March 1924 to raise the ship again.[28] The British found that the engines and boilers were still usable and so they decided to rehabilitate the ship.

On 16 May 1927 the ship went back into service under the name Liemba.[29] Mary Katherine Scott, the wife of the chief secretary and acting governor Sir John Scott, launched Liemba for the Tanganyika Railways and Port Service.[30]

The pure conversion costs amounted to about £30,000 sterling. Salvage had cost £20,000, and infrastructure £28,000.[31] The Germans had spent the equivalent of just £36,000 to construct her.[_citation needed_]

In 1941, following the death of Lord Baden-Powell on 7 January 1941, his widow, Olave, Lady Baden-Powell sailed in Liemba from Northern Rhodesia northwards.[32]

Liemba returned to service in 1952 after a two-year break.[33]

Liemba was operating almost non-stop from 1927. In 1948 the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) took over running the ferry, allowing it to link services with the Central Line from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam. From 1976 till 1979 the ship was overhauled. At this time twin diesel engines replaced the original steam engines. The driving force behind this renovation was Patrick "Paddy" Dougherty. He was born on 18 March 1918 in Downpatrick and did an apprenticeship at Harland & Wolff in Belfast. Subsequently, he served during the Second World War in the Royal Navy and became a ship's engineer. In the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for the EAR&H in Kisumu, Kenya as first engineer, and later as chief engineer on the ferries of Lake Victoria. After the renovation of Liemba he left Tanzania.[34]

In 1977 the EAR&H was dissolved and the new Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) took over operation of Liemba. In 1993 the TRC gave Liemba an overhaul managed by the Danish shipyard OSK ShipTech A/S, sponsored by the Danish International Development Agency. The rebuild included the deck house, the electronic system, and the pipes, renovation of the cabins of the passengers and crew, new MAN engines of 460 kW (620 hp) each, installation of a hydraulic crane on the foredeck, and conversion of the rear cargo hull into a passenger room (capacity increase to 600 passengers).[35]). To improve safety Liemba received a double bottom in the area of the forward cargo compartment. The ship was re-measured and the Danish engineers found that Liemba was 71.40 metres (234 ft 3 in) long and had a beam of 10 metres (32 ft 10 in).[36] With the new machinery, the ship can achieve a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph).[37] Liemba now has ten first-class passenger cabins (double bed) and two VIP cabins. Eighteen second-class cabins (six double and twelve quad-beds) are also available.[38]

In 1997 TRC's inland shipping division became a separate company, the Marine Services Company Ltd.[39]

In 1997 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees used Liemba and MV Mwongozo to repatriate more than 75,000 refugees who had fled Zaire during the First Congo War, following the overthrow of longtime dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Liemba made a total of 22 trips between Kigoma and Uvira during this five month operation.[40] In May 2015 she was hired by the United Nations to evacuate 50,000 refugees fleeing from the troubles in Burundi.[41]

In 2014, the BBC showed a film about the ship, as part of their series on "World War 1 - Beyond the Trenches".[42]

Renovation or replacement?

[edit]

In 2011, TRC wrote to the Federal Government of Germany, requesting assistance in either renovating or replacing the vessel. The German authorities undertook a study that it is thought concluded that it would be cheaper to build a new ship than renovate Liemba. The final request for financial help fell between the governments of Lower Saxony, where the ship was built, and the federal government in Berlin, with the then President of Germany Christian Wulff stating that the vessel had a "singular history" and performed an "indispensable service" to the people of East Africa.[43]The Liemba was in 2017 in Kigoma for a major maintenance. It is sailing again since 9 August 2018.[44][_unreliable source_]

Renovation by the croatian Brodosplit shipyard began in 2024.[45]

The original version of The African Queen, written by C. S. Forester and serialised in the News Chronicle in 1934, was very different from the one associated with the film. In this Rose and Allnut are planning to attack a German cruiser named Dortmund (loosely based on SMS Königsberg), with the launch sailing down the river to attack it in the river delta.

In the book the German gunboat Königin Luise (referred to by hero Charlie Allnutt as Louisa) is based on Kingani, a German gunboat sunk on Lake Tanganyika and to a certain extent the events portrayed in the film are based on the dramatic naval operation carried out by the Royal Navy, but the events described in the book bear little resemblance to the true historical events.[2]: 266

The book was subsequently made into the 1951 classic film The African Queen, starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. The steam-tug Buganda on Lake Victoria, which was used for the long shots, played the gunboat used in the filming. The film brought a certain notoriety to Goetzen or Liemba.

Liemba is running once a week in each direction again since August 2018, from Kigoma to Mpulungu Wednesday to Friday, and back again from Friday to Sunday.[46] Accommodation ranges from 1st class (luxury cabin) to 3rd class (seating only).

There are docks at Kigoma, Mpulungu and Kasanga but at all other stops passengers must travel between ship and shore by way of a smaller boat. Notable stops along the route include: Lagosa (for Mahale Mountains National Park), Karema (for Mpanda) and Kipili or Kasanga (for Sumbawanga).

  1. ^ Some sources use the alternative forms Graf Götzen or Graf Goetzen, or the short form Götzen or an equivalent. Sources using von in the name, e.g. Graf von Götzen, include Giles Foden's Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika,[2] Bryan Perrett's Gunboat! Small Ships at War, H. P. Willmott's The Last Century of Sea Power and Peter Shankland's The Phantom Flotilla, among others.

  2. ^ "The hardships of doing business in Africa: What a century-old German ship says about trade in the modern continent". The Economist. 4 February 2017.

  3. ^ a b c Foden, Giles (2005). Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle of Lake Tanganyika. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-100984-1.

  4. ^ "MV. Liemba". Vessels. Marine Services Company Limited. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2011.

  5. ^ "Indican Pictures". Indican Pictures.

  6. ^ "Breadbox Productions". www.breadboxproductions.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-08-22.

  7. ^ "LIEMBA | An award-winning documentary film". Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-05-21.

  8. ^ a b "Graf Goetzen". Meyerwerft.de. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  9. ^ Von Clemens Höges (2010-04-19). "Kolonialgeschichte - SPIEGEL ONLINE". Einestages.spiegel.de. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  10. ^ Krekeler, Elmar (1970-01-01). "Literatur: Die seltsame Safari-Tour der "Graf Götzen" - DIE WELT". Die Welt. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  11. ^ "E R L E B N I S : Die lange Reise der "Graf Goetzen" | ZEIT ONLINE". Welt.de. 2001-09-06. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  12. ^ Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung v. 18. und 21. February 1914 (German)

  13. ^ Passagier- und Frachtdampfer für den Tanganjika-See von Werftbesitzer Franz Jos. Meyer in: Werft, Reederei, Hafen 1922, 99(German)

  14. ^ Evaluation of Ship Plan in Werft, Reederei, Hafen 1922, 99

  15. ^ Aßmann: Der Krieg zur See 1914–1918, Bd. 7, P. 176 f.(German)

  16. ^ Aimé Behaeghe First Pilot in Central Africa in Cross&Cocade 2008 Vol. 39, Nr. 1 Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 12.9 MB); The Times vom 16. Juni 1916, P. 8

  17. ^ Aßmann P. 258, 260

  18. ^ Leconte: Les ancêtres de notre Force Navale. S. 331; Moulaert: La campagne du Tanganika. S. 119

  19. ^ "Institute Royal Colonial Belge Biography Coloniale Belge Tome II, 1951, col. 966-969; Wall (PDF; 159 kB)" (PDF). Kaowarsom.be. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  20. ^ Tribune Congolese, 19 September 1919. p. 1; Chalux: Un an au Congo Belge S. 545 f.

  21. ^ "Full text of "The wonderland of the Eastern Congo : the region of the snow-crowned volcanoes, the pygmies, the giant gorilla, and the okapi"". Audio38.archive.org. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  22. ^ Tribune Congolese, 19 September 1919, p. 1; Moulaert, p. 119, footnote 1.

  23. ^ Patrick Deville, Equatoria, p. 246.

  24. ^ "General view | UAiR: University of Arizona Institutional Repository". Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.

  25. ^ "General view | UAiR: University of Arizona Institutional Repository". Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.

  26. ^ "General view of vegetation | UAiR: University of Arizona Institutional Repository". Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.

  27. ^ "Water line | UAiR: University of Arizona Institutional Repository". Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.

  28. ^ "Railway depot | UAiR: University of Arizona Institutional Repository". Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.

  29. ^ "East African Railways and Harbours Magazine" (PDF). Energeticproductions.com. April 1956. p. 257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  30. ^ "East African Railways and Harbours Magazine : The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865" (PDF). Energeticproductions.com. April 1956. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-05-27. The word Liemba means "lake" in the dialect of the Kirungu, who lived in the area of Kasanga at the southwest end Lake Tanganyika, probably a word from the Fipa language

  31. ^ Hill: Permanent Way vol. 2, p. 95.

  32. ^ Cane p. 31.

  33. ^ "Window on my Heart" by Olave Lady Baden-Powell with Mary Drewery; page 196

  34. ^ "Staff Magazine : East African Railways & Harbours" (PDF). Energeticproductions.com. March 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-05-27.

  35. ^ He went on to work for FAO in Bangladesh and Mozambique. He died on 12 January 2010 in Belfast and was buried in Downpatrick. (Information provided by his daughter, Barbara Dougherty.)

  36. ^ Information from OSK Ship Tech from 4 January 2014

  37. ^ "(PDF; 148 kB)" (PDF).

  38. ^ Paulus, Wackenberg Von Goetzen bis Liemba P. 84 (German)

  39. ^ Evaluation of the emergency plan of the Liemba, see Paulus, Wackenberg, image Part II, P. 5

  40. ^ "Home". Marine Services Company Limited. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.

  41. ^ Tanzania Daily News from 12 June 2011.

  42. ^ "More than 105,000 have fled Burundi, UN refugee agency says". Times LIVE. Retrieved 2016-05-26.

  43. ^ "WW1: The indestructible warship". BBC News.

  44. ^ Evans, Stephen (29 August 2011). "Hope yet for African Queen gunboat on Lake Tanganyika". BBC.

  45. ^ "Liemba". www.facebook.com.

  46. ^ ""Liemba": Ältestes Passagierschiff der Welt wird jetzt überholt".

  47. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2017-02-06.{{[cite web](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fweb "Template:Cite web")}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)