Maldon (UK Parliament constituency) (original) (raw)

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Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom 1801-1983 & 2010 onwards

Maldon
County constituencyfor the House of Commons
MapBoundaries since 2024
Map of constituencyBoundary of Maldon in the East of England
County Essex
Electorate 76,794 (2023)[1]
Major settlements Maldon, Burnham-on-Crouch, South Woodham Ferrers
Current constituency
Created 2010
Member of Parliament John Whittingdale (Conservative)
Seats One
Created from Maldon and East Chelmsford, Rayleigh and West Chelmsford
1885–1983
Seats One
Type of constituency County constituency
Created from East Essex, Maldon (Parliamentary Borough)
Replaced by Colchester South and Maldon and Rochford
1332–1885
Seats 1332–1868: Two1868–1885: One
Type of constituency Borough constituency
Replaced by Maldon (county constituency)

Maldon is a constituency[n 1] in Essex represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its recreation in 2010 by Sir John Whittingdale, a Conservative.[n 2]

Constituency profile

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Maldon covers a rural area of Essex including the Dengie Peninsula. The main settlements are Maldon and Burnham-on-Crouch which are centres for sailing, and the new town of South Woodham Ferrers. The seat is slightly wealthier than the UK average.[2]

The Parliamentary Borough of Maldon, which included the parish of Heybridge, had sent two members to the Parliament of England since it was founded in 1332 (36 years after the Model Parliament)[3] until 1707, then to the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and to the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801. Under the Reform Act of 1867, its representation was reduced to one,[4] and in 1885 the Parliamentary Borough was abolished and replaced with a Division of the County of Essex (later a County Constituency) under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.[5]

The constituency was abolished for the 1983 general election following the Third Periodic Review of Westminster Constituencies, but re-established for the 2010 general election by the Fifth Review. The current seat is primarily a successor to the Maldon and East Chelmsford constituency which existed from 1997 to 2010.

Boundaries and boundary changes

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Formally known as the Eastern or Maldon Division of Essex, incorporating the abolished Parliamentary Borough of Maldon and extending northwards to include the towns of Witham, Braintree and Halstead.

Area to the south between the rivers Crouch and Blackwater, including Burnham-on-Crouch, transferred from the South-Eastern Division of Essex. The northernmost area, including Halstead, and eastern fringes transferred to Saffron Walden and Colchester respectively. Other minor changes.

Marginal changes as a result of changes to local authority boundaries.

As above but the part of the Rural District of Braintree was altered by the County of Essex (Braintree and Lexden and Winstree Rural Districts) Confirmation Order 1955.[7]

Marginal changes as a result of changes to local authority boundaries.

Major reconfiguration, as Braintree and Bocking, and Witham, together with the parts of the Rural District of Braintree, formed the basis for the new constituency of Braintree. The Rural District of Rochford was transferred from South East Essex.

Constituency abolished for the 1983 general election. Southern area, comprising the former Rural District of Rochford, included in the new constituency of Rochford. Remainder formed the majority of the new constituency of South Colchester and Maldon.

Map

Map of boundaries 2010-2024

Following the Boundary Commission's Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, Parliament radically altered some constituencies and created new ones to allow for changes in population. The majority of the former Maldon and East Chelmsford constituency formed the basis of this new seat for 2010. The constituency retained Maldon and Burnham-on-Crouch, but lost the Chelmsford parts to the re-established Chelmsford seat and the new constituency of Witham. To compensate, wards in and around South Woodham Ferrers were added from the former Rayleigh constituency, and Margaretting was added from the former West Chelmsford constituency.

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency was expanded northwards slightly with the transfer in from Chelmsford of the City of Chelmsford ward of Galleywood.[10]

The historic constituency (1332–1983)

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Maldon
Former borough constituencyfor the House of Commons
1332–1885
Seats two (1295–1868)one (1868–1885)
Essex, Maldon
Former county constituencyfor the House of Commons
1885–1983
Seats one

Maldon was originally a Parliamentary borough in Essex, first represented in the House of Commons in 1332; it elected two MPs until 1868, and one from 1868 until 1885. In that year the borough was abolished but the name was transferred to a county division of Essex, which continued with some boundary changes until 1983.

Maldon borough (1332–1885)

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Boundaries and franchise before the Reform Act

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Until the Great Reform Act of 1832, the borough consisted of the three parishes of the town of Maldon, a small market town and port on the coast of Essex.

Maldon had been a municipal as well as a Parliamentary borough. Its first charter dated from the reign of Henry II, and at one time the corporation had the sole right to elect the town's MPs. From 1701 at the latest, however, the right to vote was exercised by the freemen of the town, whether or not resident within the borough; and, unusually, honorary freemen and those acquiring the freedom by purchase were also entitled to vote in Maldon. This had several consequences. The electorate in Maldon was much bigger than was usual in a town of that size — in the first half of the 18th century, the number of qualified voters was generally about 800 (the majority of whom did not live in Maldon). It also meant that the town corporation, with the power to create freemen and therefore voters, was in a position to gerrymander elections if it so wished. This might, as was the case in some other boroughs, have ended in one interest gaining control of the corporation and turning Maldon into a pocket borough; in fact, however, Maldon instead stayed independent but venal, and gaining election there tended to be an expensive business. Sometimes it was not merely a case of bribing the voters: in 1690, it was recorded in the House of Commons journals that the wives and daughters of Maldon freemen were being bribed at election time as well.

One interest that was firmly established by the middle of the 18th century, however, was that of the government, which ensured that lucrative posts in the customs house were reserved for loyally-voting freemen, and also attempted to have government supporters – often strangers to the town – elected to vacancies on the corporation. It was generally taken for granted that the government candidates would normally be elected.

The Strutt ascendancy

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However, in the 1750s the government's control of Maldon weakened, and a prominent local Tory, John Strutt, found he had enough influence with the voters to sway elections. He secured the election of several of his friends over the years and eventually, in 1774, successfully stood for election himself.

In the meanwhile, however, there was a dramatic change in the system. In 1763 one of the sitting MPs, Strutt's friend Bamber Gascoyne, was appointed to the Board of Trade and therefore had to stand for re-election at Maldon. Gascoyne's opponent, John Huske, accused him of threatening that any freemen working in the customs house who did not vote for him would be dismissed (which, by that time, would have been an illegal threat).[11] Although the Prime Minister, George Grenville, denied having authorised Gascoyne to make any such threat and Gascoyne denied having made it, it seems clear it was believed in Maldon and the corporation sided with Huske, creating enough new freemen to ensure Gascoyne was defeated. Both sides started actions for bribery, but Gascoyne had decided on more drastic action. He took out a writ against the corporation, and the Courts ordered the ousting of the majority of members; eventually, in 1768, the corporation was dissolved by judicial order.

For half a century the duties of returning officer were transferred to the High Sheriff of Essex. However, the Sheriff could not assume the corporation's function of swearing in new freemen, and Strutt's influence was thus entirely secured against any possibility of new voters being created to outvote him. However, there was a problem: by the time of the general election of 1807 the number of remaining qualified voters had dwindled to 58, and the constituency was in imminent danger of quite literally dying out. Yet there were more than 800 new freemen who were only barred from voting because there was nobody to swear them in. Finally a new charter was granted, in time to enfranchise them for the election of 1810.

Matters then returned to normal in Maldon for the remaining 22 years before the Reform Act. Strutt's son, Joseph Holden Strutt, retained much of the influence that his father had wielded, being generally considered to be able to nominate one of the two MPs or to choose to sit himself; as he exercised all government patronage in Maldon, he was well-placed to secure the other seat as well. But when the voters proved uncooperative, they could easily enough be overruled: at the 1826 election, the Corporation secured the result it wanted by admitting another thousand new freemen in time for them to vote: 3,113 freemen voted, of whom only 251 were Maldon residents.

After the Reform Act

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In the initial drafts of the Reform Bill, Maldon was to lose one of its two seats. It was eventually spared this fate, but its population of 3,831 in 1831 left it very close to the borderline. The eventual Reform Act extended the borough by adding the neighbouring parish of Heybridge, increasing the population to 4,895; but with only 716 qualified voters under the new franchise its electorate was less than a quarter of what it had previously been. The constituency was a highly marginal one, victory rarely being secured by more than a handful of votes. In 1852, only 40 votes separated first place from fourth, and the second Tory's majority over his Whig opponent was only 6; after the losing candidates petitioned, alleging corruption, the election was declared void[12] and Maldon's right to representation was suspended while a Royal Commission investigated. However, no major scandal was uncovered and (unlike some other boroughs similarly investigated at the same period) its right to vote was reinstated and a writ for a new by-election which took place in 1854 was issued.[13]

Maldon county constituency (1885–1983)

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The Second Reform Act, implemented in 1868, took seats from most of the smallest boroughs, and Maldon's representation was halved; but it was still too small, and at the election of 1885 the borough was abolished altogether. The county division into which the town was placed, however, was named after the town. (Officially, until 1918, it was the Eastern (or Maldon) Division of Essex; after that, simply the Maldon division.) As well as Maldon itself this contained the towns of Braintree, Halstead and Witham. Once again this constituency was a marginal one — almost the only rural county seat in the South East at this period not to be safely Conservative. The strength of the Liberal vote seems to have been based partly on the strength of Nonconformism in the Halstead area, but also on trade unionism among the agricultural labourers (which elsewhere in Essex was offset by a strongly Tory maritime vote which Maldon lacked).

Maldon in Essex, 1918–1945

After 1918, boundary changes added Burnham on Crouch and the surrounding district, but the constituency was still a rural one, with 35% of the occupied male population employed in the agricultural sector at the time of the 1921 census. The Labour Party rather than the Liberals were now the Conservatives' main opponents. When the Liberal Party split in 1922, Maldon's Liberals split as well, and the constituency was the first where the Lloyd George Liberals set up a constituency association, though this was apparently without the sanction of the national party headquarters and the association is not recorded as having organised any activities. In 1923 no Liberal candidate stood at all, and Labour captured the seat for the first time. The Conservatives retook the seat in 1924, holding it until the 1940s, but it was won by Tom Driberg in a wartime by-election; yet his hold on the seat was rarely secure and he eventually moved to sit for a safer seat. Thereafter Maldon remained Conservative until its abolition, though at first by the narrowest of margins.

The Maldon constituency was abolished in the boundary changes which came into effect at the 1983 election, being divided between the new Colchester South and Maldon and Rochford constituencies.

Members of Parliament

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Parliament First member Second member
1386 Richard Bush John Glover[14]
1388 (Feb) John Dyer Henry Hales[14]
1388 (Sep) John Crakebon John Welles[14]
1390 (Jan) John Skinner I John Joce[14]|
1390 (Nov)
1391 John Welles John Page[14]
1393 John Skinner John Glover[14]
1394
1395
1397 (Jan) John Glover John Joce[14]
1397 (Sep)
1399 John Joce John Crakebon[14]
1401
1402 John Page Thomas Paffe[14]
1404 (Jan) John Burgess Thomas Paffe[14]
1404 (Oct)
1406 John Flower Robert Painter[14]
1407 John Page John Hockham[14]
1410 ?William Wade[14]
1411 John Flower John Burgess[14]
1413 (Feb)
1413 (May) Richard Galon John Burgess[14]
1414 (Apr)
1414 (Nov) John Flower John Burgess[14]
1415
1416 (Mar)
1416 (Oct)
1417 Thomas Paffe Richard Sampson[14]
1419 Richard Galon William Bennett[14]
1420 John Burgess Richard Galon[14]
1421 (May) John Cooper Richard Bawde[14]
1421 (Dec) William Burgh William Gore[14]
1422 Robert Darcy[15]
1487 Sir Richard Fitzlewis[16]
1491 Robert Plummer[16]
1504 Sir William Say
1510 Sir Richard FitzLewis Thomas Hintlesham[17]
1512 Thomas Cressener ?[17]
1515 John Strangman ?[17]
1523 John Bozom Thomas Wyburgh[17]
1529 Thomas Tey Edward Peyton[17]
1536 William Harris John Raymond[17]
1539 John Edmonds William Bonham[17]
1542 Edward Bury Henry Dowes[17]
1545 Clement Smith Nicholas Throckmorton[17]
1547 Sir Clement Smith Henry Dowes, died and replaced by Jan 1552 by William Bassett[17]
1553 (Mar) Sir Walter Mildmay Henry Fortescue[17]
1553 (Oct) ?Anthony Browne John Raymond[17]
1554 (Apr) Thomas Hungate Edmund Tyrrell[17]
1554 (Nov) Anthony Browne John Wiseman[17]
1555 Sir Henry Radclyffe Richard Weston[17]
1558 Edmund Tyrrell Roger Appleton, died and replaced by Nov 1558 by Henry Golding[18]
1559 Sir Humphrey Radcliffe Henry Golding[18]
1562–3 John Lathom Richard Argall[18]
1571 Peter Osborne. sat for Guildford, repl. by George Blythe Gabriel Croft[18]
1572 Thomas Gent Vincent Harris, died and repl. Oct 1574 by Edward Sulyard[18]
1584 Edward Lewknor William Wiseman[18]
1586 John Butler Edward Lewknor[18]
1588 John Butler William Vernon, sick and replaced by Edward Lewknor[18]
1593 Sir Thomas Mildmay, Bt Edward Lewknor[18]
1597 Thomas Harris William Wiseman[18]
1601 William Wiseman Richard Weston[18]
1604 Sir Edward Lewknor, died and replaced 1605 by Sir Theophilus Howard William Wiseman, died and replaced 1610 by Sir John Sammes
1610 Sir Robert Rich
1614 Sir John Sammes Charles Chiborne
1621-1622 Sir Henry Mildmay Sir Julius Caesar
1624 Sir William Masham, Bt Sir Arthur Harris
1625 Sir William Masham, Bt Sir Henry Mildmay
1626 Sir William Masham, Bt Sir Thomas Cheek
1628-1629 Sir Henry Mildmay Sir Arthur Harris
1629–1640 No Parliaments summoned
Year First member[19] First party Second member[19] Second party
April 1640 Sir Henry Mildmay Parliamentarian John Porter
November 1640 Sir John Clotworthy Parliamentarian
January 1648 Clotworthy disabled from sitting January 1648,but readmitted June 1648
June 1648 Sir John Clotworthy Parliamentarian
December 1648 Clotworthy excluded in Pride's Purge - seat vacant
1653 Maldon was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament
1654 Colonel Joachim Matthews Maldon had only one seat in the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
1656
January 1659 Henry Mildmay
May 1659 Colonel Sir Henry Mildmay One seat vacant
April 1660 Tristram Conyers Henry Mildmay
June 1660 Edward Herrys
1661 Sir John Tyrell Sir Richard Wiseman
1677 Sir William Wiseman, 1st Baronet
March 1679 Sir John Bramston
October 1679 Sir Thomas Darcy, 1st Baronet
1685 Sir John Bramston
1689 Charles Montagu
1693 Sir Eliab Harvey
1695 Irby Montagu
1699 John Bullock
January 1701 William Fytche
November 1701 John Comyns
1708 Sir Richard Child Thomas Richmond Whig
1710 John Comyns[n 3]
1711 William Fytche
1712 Thomas Bramston I
1715 Samuel Tufnell
1722 Sir John Comyns
1727 Henry Parsons Thomas Bramston II
1734 Martin Bladen
1740 Benjamin Keene
1741 Sir Thomas Drury, Bt Robert Colebrooke
1747 Sir Richard Lloyd, KC
1754[20] Colonel John Bullock
1761[20] Bamber Gascoyne Independent
1768[20] John Huske
1773[20] Charles Rainsford
1774[20] John Strutt Tory Hon. Richard Savage Nassau
1780[20] Eliab Harvey
1784[20] The Lord Waltham
1787[20] Sir Peter Parker, Bt
1790 Joseph Strutt Tory[21] Charles Western Whig[21]
1806 Benjamin Gaskell[n 4] Whig[21]
1807 Charles Western Whig[21]
1812 Benjamin Gaskell Whig[21]
1826 Hon. George Allanson-Winn Tory[21] Thomas Barrett-Lennard Whig[21][22][23][24][25][26]
1827 Hugh Dick Tory[21]
1830 Quintin Dick Tory[21]
1834 Conservative[21]
1837 John Round Conservative[21]
1847 David Waddington Conservative Thomas Barrett-Lennard Whig[21][22][23][24][25][26]
1852 [12] Charles du Cane Conservative Taverner John Miller Conservative
1853 Writ suspended[13]
1854 George Peacocke Conservative John Bramley-Moore Conservative
1857 Thomas Western Whig
1859 Liberal George Peacocke[n 5] Conservative
1865 Ralph Earle Conservative
1868 Representation reduced to one member
Election Member[19] Party
1868 Edward Hammond Bentall
1874 George Sandford
1878 George Courtauld
1885 Arthur Kitching
1886 Charles Wing Gray
1892 Cyril Dodd
1895 Hon. Charles Strutt
1906 Thomas Bethell
1910 James Fortescue Flannery
1922 Edward Ruggles-Brise
1923 Valentine Crittall
1924 Edward Ruggles-Brise
1942 Tom Driberg
1945 Labour
1955 Brian Harrison
1974 John Wakeham
1983 constituency abolished

The re-formed Maldon seat was fought for the first time at the 2010 general election.

Election Member[19] Party
2010 Sir John Whittingdale

Elections in the 2020s

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Elections in the 2010s

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2019 notional result[27]
Party Vote %
Conservative 38,791
Labour 6,790
Liberal Democrats 6,272
Green 1,851
Turnout 53,704 69.9
Electorate 76,794

Elections in the 1970s

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Elections in the 1960s

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Elections in the 1950s

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Elections in the 1940s

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Driberg was elected in 1942 as an Independent Labour candidate, but took the Labour Party whip in January 1945, and stood in the 1945 election as a Labour Party candidate.

Elections in the 1930s

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Elections in the 1920s

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Elections in the 1910s

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Election results 1832–1918

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Elections in the 1830s

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Elections in the 1840s

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Elections in the 1850s

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The 1852 election was declared void on petition due to bribery and treating,[39] and the writ was suspended in March 1853.[12] A by-election was held in August 1854 to fill the vacancy.

Elections in the 1860s

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Seat reduced to one member

Elections in the 1870s

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Sandford's resignation caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s

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Elections in the 1890s

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Elections in the 1900s

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Bethell

Elections in the 1910s

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Flannery

Jardine

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

Pre-1832 election results

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Elections in the 1830s

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  1. ^ A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer).

  2. ^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

  3. ^ Comyns was re-elected in 1715, but his election was declared void because he refused to take the oath that he met the property qualification to be elected. Tufnell, was seated in his place.

  4. ^ On petition, Gaskell was adjudged not to have been duly elected, and his opponent, Western, was seated in his place.

  5. ^ Peacocke changed his name to Sandford during the Parliament of 1865.

  6. ^ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume two: Constituency names, designations and composition – Eastern". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

  7. ^ Electoral Calculus https://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/fcgi-bin/seatdetails.py?seat=Maldon

  8. ^ "Maldon | History of Parliament Online". www.histparl.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

  9. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1867" (PDF). Schedule A.

  10. ^ a b Great Britain, Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. The public general acts. unknown library. Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports, 1884.

  11. ^ Fraser, Hugh (1918). The Representation of the people act, 1918 : with explanatory notes. University of California Libraries. London : Sweet and Maxwell.

  12. ^ a b Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. ISBN 0900178094. OCLC 539011.

  13. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1970". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2019.

  14. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2019.

  15. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule I Part 2 Eastern region.

  16. ^ Pages 109 to 113, Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (2nd edition - London: St Martin's Press, 1957)

  17. ^ a b c "MALDON ELECTION". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 18 March 1853. Retrieved 4 May 2009.

  18. ^ a b "NEW WRIT FOR MALDON". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 11 August 1854. Retrieved 4 May 2009.

  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

  20. ^ "DARCY, Robert (d.1448), of Maldon, Essex. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org.

  21. ^ a b Cavill. The English Parliaments of Henry VII 1485-1504.

  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

  24. ^ a b c d Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "M" (part 1)

  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis Namier (1964). "Maldon". In Namier, Sir Lewis; Brooke, John (eds.). The House of Commons 1754–1790. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 6 November 2022.

  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) [1844-1850]. Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 110–112. ISBN 0-900178-13-2.

  27. ^ a b Escott, Margaret (2009). "BARRETT LENNARD, Thomas (1788–1856), of Belhus, Aveley, Essex and Hyde Park Terrace, Mdx". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 27 May 2018.

  28. ^ a b Fisher, David R. (2009). "Maldon". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 27 May 2018.

  29. ^ a b Hall, Catherine; Draper, Nicholas; McClelland, Keith; Donington, Katie; Lang, Rachel (2014). "Appendix 4: MPs 1832-80 in the compensation records". Legacies of British Slave-ownership: Colonial Slavery and the Formation of Victorian Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-107-04005-2. Retrieved 22 April 2018.

  30. ^ a b "Witham". Essex Standard. 6 August 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  31. ^ a b "Essex Elections". Morning Post. 26 December 1832. p. 2. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  32. ^ "Notional results for a UK general election on 12 December 2019". Rallings & Thrasher, Professor David Denver (Scotland), Nicholas Whyte (NI) for Sky News, PA, BBC News and ITV News. UK Parliament. Retrieved 11 July 2024.

  33. ^ "Maldon Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2019.

  34. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

  35. ^ "UK Polling Report".

  36. ^ "Peter Edwards". Labour Party (UK). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

  37. ^ "Zoe O'Connell". Liberal Democrats (UK). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2021.

  38. ^ "Green Party announces parliamentary candidate for Maldon constituency". Witham and Braintree Green Party. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2014.

  39. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

  40. ^ "BBC News | Election 2010 | Constituency | Maldon". news.bbc.co.uk.

  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.[_page needed_]

  42. ^ "Maldon". Morning Advertiser. 12 December 1832. p. 1. Retrieved 18 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  43. ^ "The Elections". London Daily News. 12 July 1852. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  44. ^ "Maldon Petition". Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier. 22 March 1853. p. 4. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  45. ^ "The Elections". Berkshire Chronicle. 19 August 1854. p. 8. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  46. ^ "Maldon Election". 17 August 1854. p. 1. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  47. ^ "Election Intelligence". Morning Post. 17 August 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  48. ^ "The Elections". Blackburn Standard. 23 August 1854. p. 2. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  49. ^ "To the Electors of the Borough of Maldon". Chelmsford Chronicle. 29 April 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  50. ^ "Electors of Maldon". Essex Herald. 3 February 1874. p. 1. Retrieved 6 January 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

  51. ^ a b c d e f g h British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, F. W. S. Craig.

  52. ^ a b c d e f The Liberal Year Book, 1907.

  53. ^ Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886.

  54. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901

  55. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916

  56. ^ a b Fisher, David R. "Maldon". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 18 April 2020.