Mostafa Chamran (original) (raw)

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Iranian physicist, politician and guerrilla fighter

Mostafa Chamran
Native name مصطفی چمران
Allegiance Amal MovementIslamic Republic of Iran
Service / branch Lebanese Resistance RegimentsIrregular Warfare Headquarters
Years of service 1975–19791979–1981
Battles / wars Lebanese Civil War1979 Kurdish rebellionIran–Iraq War †
Member of the Parliament of Iran
In office28 May 1980 – 21 June 1981
Constituency Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat
Majority 1,100,842 (51.5%)
Minister of National Defense
In office30 September 1979 – 28 May 1980
Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan
Preceded by Taghi Riahi
Succeeded by Javad Fakoori
Deputy Prime Minister of Iran for Revolutionary Affairs
In office29 April 1979 – 30 September 1979
Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan
Preceded by Ebrahim Yazdi
Personal details
Born Mostafa Chamran Save'ei2 October[_citation needed_] 1932Tehran, Imperial State of Persia
Died 21 June 1981(1981-06-21) (aged 48)Dehlaviyeh, Iran
Resting place Behesht-e Zahra, Tehran
Nationality IranianAmerican (1960s-1981)[1]
Political party Freedom Movement of Iran
Spouse(s) Tamsen H. Parvaneh (1961– div. 1973)Ghadeh Jaber (1977–1981)
Children 4
Alma mater University of Tehran (BS)Texas A&M University (MS)UC Berkeley (PhD)
Profession Scientist
Nickname Jamal[2]

Mostafa Chamran Save'ei (Persian: مصطفی چمران ساوه‌ای) (2 October[_citation needed_] 1932 – 21 June 1981) was an Iranian physicist, politician, commander and guerrilla fighter who served as the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran and a member of parliament as well as the commander of paramilitary volunteers in Iran–Iraq War, known as "Irregular Warfare Headquarters". He was killed during the Iran–Iraq War.

Early life and education

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Chamran was born into a religious family on 2 October[_citation needed_] 1932 in Tehran.[3][4] He received religious education from Ayatollah Taleqani and Morteza Motahari.[5] He studied at Alborz High School and then graduated from University of Tehran with a bachelor's degree in electromechanics.[3]

In the late 1950s, he moved to the United States for higher education, obtaining a M.S. degree from the Texas A&M University.[6] He then went on to obtain his PhD in electrical engineering and plasma physics in 1963 from the University of California, Berkeley.[7]

In the book Self-construction and development he said he was hired as research staff scientist at Bell Laboratories and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the 1960s.[8][9]

Career and activities

[edit]

Chamran was one of the senior members of the Freedom Movement led by Mehdi Bazargan in the 1960s.[3][10] He was part of the radical external wing together with Ebrahim Yazdi, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ali Shariati.[11]

Following graduation, Chamran went to Cuba to receive military training.[12] In December 1963, he along with Ghotbzadeh and Yazdi left the US for Egypt where he was trained in guerilla warfare.[13][14] They met the Egyptian authorities to establish an anti-Shah organization in the country, which was later called SAMA, special organization for unity and action.[11] Chamran was chosen as its military head.[11] Upon his return to the US in 1965 he founded a group, Red Shiism, in San Jose with the aim of training militants.[13] His brother, Mehdi, was also part of the group.[13] In 1968, he founded another group, the Muslim Students' Association of America (MSA), and it was led by Ebrahim Yazdi.[13] The group managed to establish branches in the United Kingdom and France.[13]

In 1971 Chamran left the US for Lebanon[13] and joined the camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Amal movement.[12] He became a leading and founding member of the Islamic revolutionary movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrillas and revolutionary forces in Algeria, Egypt, Syria. During the civil war in Lebanon he actively cooperated with Musa Al Sadr, founder of the Amal movement.[15] Chamran also became an Amal member and "right-hand man of Sadr".[16][17]

Chamran along with Sadegh Ghotbzadeh was part of the faction, called "Syrian mafia", in the court of Khomeini, and there was a feud between his group and the Libya-friendly group, led by Mohammad Montazeri.[18]

Valiollah Fallahi, Chamran and Abbas Aghazamani after liberation of Paveh

With the Islamic Revolution taking place in Iran, Chamran returned to Iran.[19] In 1979, he served as deputy prime minister in the cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan.[20][21] He led the military operations in Kurdistan where Kurds rebelled against the Interim Government of Iran.[20] He served as minister of defense from September 1979 to 1980,[22] being the first civil defense minister of the Islamic Republic.[23]

In March 1980, he was elected to the Majlis of Iran (the Iranian Parliament) as a representative of Tehran.[24] In May 1980, he was named the Ayatollah's representative to the Supreme Council of National Defense.[25]

Chamran was married to a woman from Lebanon, Ghadeh Jaber.[26]

Tomb of Mostafa Chamran in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Iran

Chamran led an infantry unit during the Iran–Iraq War and received two wounds in his left leg by shrapnel from a mortar shell.[8] However, he refused to leave his unit.[8] He was killed in Dehlavieh on 21 June 1981 as the war was raging on.[3][27][28][29][30] His death was regarded as "suspicious" and the related details have remained unclear.[19][31][32] Chamran was buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.[8]

Ayatullah Khomeini publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam."[8] Chamran was posthumously given a hero status, and many buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon were named for him, as well as a major expressway.[8] In 2012, Mohsen Alavi Pour published Chamran's biography.[33] A species of moth was named after him in 2013.[34][35] Nick Robinson published an English biography of Chamran in the United Kingdom in 2013, 22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity!.[36]

In 2014 a film named Che (Persian: چ) directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia, was released to honor Chamran; the film portrays two days of Chamran's life after the Islamic Revolution.

In 2017 Iranian film director Reza Mirkarimi made an animated film about Chamran.[37][38]

  1. ^ Amir Taheri (12 October 2007). "Tehran's Price for "Solidarity"". New York Post.
  2. ^ "IICHS - Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies". iichs.org.
  3. ^ a b c d Vida Moezzinia. "Dr. Mostafa Chamran". IICHS. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  4. ^ Dominique Avon; Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian (2012). Hezbollah. A History of the "Party of God". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 198. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674067523. ISBN 9780674067523.
  5. ^ "Shahid Mostafa Chamran has been known for his life of sacrifices". ABNA. 26 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  6. ^ An integrator based on motion and electrostatic charge. (Book, 1959). [WorldCat.org]. OCLC 5974555.
  7. ^ "PhD Dissertations; EECS at UC Berkeley". CS. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Scott Peterson (21 September 2010). Let the Swords Encircle Me: Iran--A Journey Behind the Headlines. Simon & Schuster. pp. 701. ISBN 978-1-4165-9739-1.
  9. ^ دارالحدیث, موسسه علمی فرهنگی. "Self-construction and development (author Mostafa Chamran) - کتابخانه تخصصی جهاد و شهادت (موسسه فرهنگی روایت سیره شهدا)". www.lib.ir. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Mehdi Bazargan's biography". Bazargan website. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  11. ^ a b c Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab; Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain) (2 April 2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-86064-561-7.
  12. ^ a b Sepehr Zabih (September 1982). "Aspects of Terrorism in Iran". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. International Terrorism. 463: 84–94. doi:10.1177/0002716282463001007. JSTOR 1043613. S2CID 145391253.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Barsky, Yehudit (May 2003). "Hizballah" (PDF). The American Jewish Committee. Archived from the original (Terrorism Briefing) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  14. ^ Abbas William Samii (1997). "The Shah's Lebanon policy: the role of SAVAK". Middle Eastern Studies. 33 (1): 66–91. doi:10.1080/00263209708701142.
  15. ^ Afshon P. Ostovar (2009). Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009) (PhD thesis). University of Michigan.
  16. ^ "Musa al Sadr: The Untold Story". Asharq Alawsat. 31 May 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  17. ^ Mohammad Ataie (Summer 2013). "Revolutionary Iran's 1979 endeavor in Lebanon". Middle East Policy. XX (2): 137–157. doi:10.1111/mepo.12026.
  18. ^ Gayn, Mark (20 December 1979). "Into the depths of a boiling caldron". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  19. ^ a b John H. Lorentz (1 April 2010). The A to Z of Iran. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8108-7638-5.
  20. ^ a b "Iran Unleashes Might on Kurds". The Pittsburgh Press. Tehran. UPI. 2 September 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  21. ^ "Kurds claim town siege". The Palm Beach Post. 17 August 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2013.[_permanent dead link_‍]
  22. ^ Sepehr Zabir (23 April 2012). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). CRC Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5.
  23. ^ Gregory F. Rose (Spring–Summer 1984). "The Post-Revolutionary Purge of Iran's Armed Forces: A Revisionist Assessment". Iranian Studies. 17 (2–3): 153–194. doi:10.1080/00210868408701627. JSTOR 4310440.
  24. ^ Bahman Baktiari (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. University Press of Florida. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8130-1461-6. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  25. ^ "Khomenei's hard-liners triumph". The Spokesman Review. Associated Press. May 1980. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  26. ^ "Mostafa Chamran's Lebanon converted into Arabic". Iran Book News Agency. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  27. ^ Bernard Reich, Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa p.466
  28. ^ Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini p.272
  29. ^ Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab (2 April 2006). Distant Relations. I.B.Tauris. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-86064-561-7. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  30. ^ Houchang E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism p.293
  31. ^ Manouchehr Ganji (2002). Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-275-97187-8. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  32. ^ Augustus R. Norton (19 January 2009). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-691-14107-7.
  33. ^ "Martyr Chamran's biography book unveiled". Taqrib News. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  34. ^ M. Esfandiari; P. Gyulai; M. Rabieh; A. Seraj; L. Ronkay (2013). "Anagnorisma chamrani sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Iran". ZooKeys (317): 17–25. doi:10.3897/zookeys.317.5515. PMC 3744136. PMID 23950668.
  35. ^ "New Anagnorisma Moth Species from Beautiful Binaloud Mountain Iran". Science Daily. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Book on lifestyle of Iranian veteran Chamran published in UK". Tehran Times. Tehran. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  37. ^ "The Story Of The Life Of Mostafa Chamran With English Subtitles". Youtube. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  38. ^ "Director Mirkarimi animations to be screened", IRNA English, 9 August 2014, retrieved 25 October 2023

Media related to Mostafa Chamran at Wikimedia Commons