Nature Index (original) (raw)

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Database of international scientific output

The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries/territories and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014.[1] Originally released with 64 natural-science journals, the Nature Index expanded to 82 natural-science journals in 2018, then added 64 health-science journals in 2023. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions (which can be companies, universities, government agencies, research institutes, or NGOs) and countries by the number of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. This ranking can also be categorized by individual fields of research such as life sciences, chemistry, physics, or earth sciences, with different institutions leading in each. The Nature Index was conceived by Nature Portfolio. In total, more than 17,000 institutions are listed in the Nature Index.

The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions and countries, taking into account differences in quality. Therefore, only articles published in 145 selected high-quality journals are counted. These journals were selected by independent committees. If authors from several institutions and/or countries are involved in a scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article. For example, this "fractional count" (Share) received by each author would be 0.1 for an article with 10 authors. If an author is affiliated with more than one institution, that author's Share is then subdivided equally across their affiliated institutions. The process is similar for countries/territories and regions, though the fact that some institutions have overseas labs makes the process more complicated, with such labs being counted towards their appropriate host countries.[2][3]

The top 25 institutions with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023:[4]

Rank Institution Country Total share Count
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences China 2243.22 7554
2 Harvard University United States 1143.43 3763
3 Max Planck Society Germany 642.83 2572
4 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences China 635.81 3227
5 University of Science and Technology of China China 631.2 1858
6 Peking University China 617.17 2349
7 French National Centre for Scientific Research France 613.9 4400
8 Nanjing University China 609.45 1448
9 Zhejiang University China 595.37 1540
10 Tsinghua University China 593.45 1946
11 Helmholtz Association Germany 531.05 2752
12 Sun Yat-sen University China 492.47 1266
13 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China 488.94 1449
14 Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States 484.86 2032
15 Stanford University United States 474.13 1929
16 Fudan University China 461.26 1333
17 Sichuan University China 413.63 768
18 National Institutes of Health United States 394.48 1112
19 University of Tokyo Japan 389.36 1239
20 University of Oxford United Kingdom 388.22 1625
21 University of Michigan United States 380.50 1415
22 University of Cambridge United Kingdom 368.12 1436
23 ETH Zurich Switzerland 346.26 1042
24 Yale University United States 342.16 1402
25 Nankai University China 337.67 797

The countries with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023.[5]

Rank Country or Territory Count Share Population Count per tenmillion people Share perten million people
1 China 27736 23171.84 1,409,670,000 197 164.38
2 United States 29165 20292.72 335,893,238 868 604.14
N/A Schengen area[Note 1] N/A 15618.76 453,324,255 N/A 344.54
3 Germany 9347 4318.69 84,607,016 1105 510.44
4 United Kingdom 8880 3701.99 67,596,281 1314 547.66
5 Japan 5161 2956.75 124,000,000 416 238.45
6 France 5453 2243.92 68,394,000 797 328.09
7 Canada 4239 1702.32 40,769,890 1040 417.54
8 South Korea 2776 1630.99 51,293,934 541 317.97
9 India 2334 1494.27 1,400,744,000 17 10.67
10 Switzerland 3695 1393.3 8,960,817 4124 1554.88
11 Italy 3653 1313.44 58,972,268 619 222.72
12 Australia 3518 1263.44 26,821,557 1312 471.05
13 Spain 3651 1247.25 48,592,909 751 256.67
14 Netherlands 3231 1153.45 17,967,505 1798 641.96
15 Sweden 2391 769.37 10,549,287 2267 729.31
16 Denmark 1933 652.4 5,961,249 3243 1094.40
17 Israel 1448 611.49 9,880,000 1466 618.92
18 Singapore 1424 542.59 5,917,600 2406 916.91
19 Belgium 1576 471.74 11,820,117 1333 399.10
20 Taiwan 1150 423.67 23,420,442 491 180.90
21 Austria 1391 401.22 9,159,993 1519 438.01
22 Russia 915 379.67 146,150,789 63 25.98
23 Poland 1257 331.74 37,620,000 334 88.18
24 Brazil 1102 293.88 203,080,756 54 14.47
25 Finland 947 276.88 5,574,011 1699 496.73
26 Norway 1002 259.01 5,550,203 1805 466.67
27 Czech Republic 875 207.08 10,900,555 803 189.97
28 Portugal 644 137.06 10,467,366 615 130.94
29 New Zealand 496 135.65 5,305,600 935 255.67
30 Saudi Arabia 456 132.74 32,175,224 142 41.26
31 Ireland 632 123.38 5,281,600 1197 233.60
32 Iran 285 115.77 84,055,000 34 13.77
33 Chile 618 115.7 19,960,889 310 57.96
34 South Africa 603 104.67 62,027,503 97 16.87
35 Turkey 581 103.93 85,372,377 68 12.17
36 Hungary 496 94.55 9,584,000 518 98.65
37 Argentina 441 85.51 46,654,581 95 18.33
38 Mexico 438 85.22 129,625,968 34 6.57
39 Greece 536 82.79 10,413,982 515 79.50
40 Thailand 368 62.36 66,090,475 56 9.44
41 Slovenia 289 48.81 2,123,103 1361 229.90
42 Pakistan 276 40.28 241,499,431 11 1.67
43 United Arab Emirates 270 37.76 9,282,410 291 40.68
44 Vietnam 115 36.21 100,300,000 11 3.61
45 Croatia 211 34.13 3,855,641 547 88.52
46 Estonia 215 33.58 1,366,491 1573 245.74
47 Ukraine 274 30.35 36,700,000 75 8.27
48 Romania 342 29.58 19,051,562 180 15.53
49 Iceland 113 29.53 383,726 2945 769.56
50 Luxembourg 90 29.49 672,020 1339 438.83
51 Colombia 345 24.2 52,695,952 65 4.59
52 Malaysia 183 21.02 33,379,500 55 6.30
53 Kenya 120 19.95 51,526,000 23 3.87
54 Uganda 80 19.4 45,562,000 18 4.26
55 Cyprus 154 18.58 918,100 1677 202.37
56 Slovakia 214 17.24 5,424,687 394 31.78
57 Egypt 205 17.16 104,462,545 20 1.64
58 Lithuania 135 15.63 2,886,515 468 54.15
59 Indonesia 112 14.14 279,118,866 4 0.51
60 Peru 136 13.17 33,725,844 40 3.91
61 Qatar 92 12.76 2,656,032 346 48.04
62 Bulgaria 197 12.75 6,447,710 306 19.77
63 Ecuador 114 12.55 16,938,986 67 7.41
64 Latvia 100 10.72 1,872,500 534 57.25
65 Ethiopia 61 10.4 107,334,000 6 0.97
66 Bangladesh 73 10.24 169,828,911 4 0.60
67 Serbia 219 9.98 6,641,197 330 15.03
68 Morocco 148 9.19 37,022,000 40 2.48
69 Tanzania 76 9.15 61,741,120 12 1.48
70 Nigeria 60 8.9 223,800,000 3 0.40
71 Ghana 43 8.11 30,832,019 14 2.63
72 Uzbekistan 48 6.97 36,963,262 13 1.89
73 Uruguay 34 6.81 3,444,263 99 19.77
74 Lebanon 41 6.15 5,490,000 75 11.20
75 Panama 41 6.02 4,064,780 101 14.81
76 Malawi 35 5.93 21,507,723 16 2.76
77 Oman 22 5.75 5,113,071 43 11.25
78 Kazakhstan 35 5.43 20,075,271 17 2.70
79 Costa Rica 38 4.92 5,262,225 665 0.00
80 Georgia 190 4.83 3,736,400 509 12.93
81 Philippines 135 4.44 112,892,781 12 0.39
82 Burkina Faso 25 4.41 22,752,315 11 1.94
83 Zambia 32 4.36 19,610,769 16 2.22
84 Armenia 116 4.33 2,993,800 387 14.46
85 Rwanda 19 4.29 13,246,394 14 3.24
86 Mozambique 30 4.11 32,419,747 9 1.27
87 Jordan 21 4.1 11,516,000 18 3.56
88 Nepal 40 3.99 29,164,578 14 1.37
89 Zimbabwe 29 3.75 15,178,979 19 2.47
90 Congo 28 3.51 95,370,000 3 0.37
91 Mali 15 3.44 22,395,489 7 1.54
92 Malta 31 3.31 519,562 597 63.71
93 Macedonia 26 3.03 1,832,696 142 16.53
94 Gambia 21 2.93 2,417,471 87 12.12
N/A Central America-4[Note 2] N/A 2.89 40,514,214 N/A 0.71
95 Cuba 49 2.83 11,089,511 44 2.55
96 Belarus 17 2.73 9,200,617 18 2.97
97 Tunisia 17 2.73 11,850,232 14 2.30
98 Azerbaijan 135 2.72 10,151,517 133 2.68
99 Mongolia 77 2.57 3,457,548 223 7.43
100 Myanmar 16 2.48 55,770,232 3 0.44
101 Madagascar 17 2.4 26,923,353 6 0.89
102 Cameroon 27 2.35 28,088,845 10 0.84
103 Sri Lanka 84 2.22 22,037,000 38 1.01
104 North Korea 4 2.22 25,660,000 2 0.87
105 Senegal 13 2.22 18,275,743 7 1.21
106 Botswana 15 1.9 2,410,338 62 7.88
107 French Polynesia 12 1.86 279,890 429 66.45
108 Cambodia 8 1.79 17,091,464 5 1.05
109 Benin 17 1.78 12,606,998 13 1.41
110 Ivory Coast 19 1.69 29,389,150 6 0.58
111 Monaco 12 1.63 38,367 3128 424.84
112 International 18 1.57 8,104,267,000 0 0.00
113 Nicaragua 8 1.4 6,733,763 12 2.08
114 Algeria 7 1.38 45,400,000 2 0.30
115 Liberia 8 1.34 5,248,621 15 2.55
116 Guatemala 19 1.26 17,602,431 11 0.72
117 Namibia 11 1.25 3,022,401 36 4.14
118 Venezuela 20 1.24 28,302,000 7 0.44
119 Kuwait 75 1.23 4,670,713 161 2.63
120 Greenland 10 1.16 56,865 1759 203.99
121 Bolivia 17 1.12 12,006,031 14 0.93
122 Vanuatu 3 1.05 301,295 100 34.85
123 Haiti 11 1 11,743,017 9 0.85
124 Syria 1 1 22,923,000 0 0.44
125 Iraq 12 0.99 43,324,000 3 0.23
126 Sierra Leone 6 0.79 8,494,260 7 0.93
127 Paraguay 9 0.78 6,109,644 15 1.28
128 Niger 5 0.76 25,369,415 2 0.30
129 Mauritius 10 0.66 1,261,041 79 5.23
130 Laos 9 0.64 7,443,000 12 0.86
131 Guinea-Bissau 1 0.58 1,781,308 6 3.26
132 Togo 6 0.51 8,095,498 7 0.63
133 Lesotho 5 0.51 2,306,000 22 2.21
134 Kyrgyzstan 6 0.48 7,100,000 8 0.68
135 Tajikistan 4 0.47 10,077,600 4 0.47
136 Angola 5 0.44 34,094,077 1 0.13
137 Jamaica 7 0.41 2,825,544 25 1.45
138 Palestinian territories 50 0.41 5,483,450 91 0.75
139 Kosovo 3 0.39 1,762,220 17 2.21
140 South Sudan 1 0.36 14,746,494 1 0.24
141 Bahamas 4 0.36 397,360 101 9.06
142 Sudan 7 0.35 41,984,500 2 0.08
143 Dominican Republic 9 0.34 10,760,028 8 0.32
144 Somalia 2 0.34 18,143,379 1 0.19
145 Seychelles 10 0.32 100,447 996 31.86
146 Moldova 8 0.32 2,512,758 32 1.27
147 Guinea 3 0.3 13,261,638 2 0.23
148 Bahrain 6 0.29 1,577,059 38 1.84
149 Fiji 6 0.29 893,468 67 3.25
150 Eritrea 2 0.29 3,748,902 5 0.77
151 Yemen 4 0.29 31,888,698 1 0.09
152 Reunion 5 0.28 885,700[6] 56 3.16
153 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 0.24 110,872 271 21.65
154 Andorra 5 0.24 85,101 588 28.20
155 Antigua and Barbuda 3 0.23 100,772 298 22.82
156 Brunei 7 0.23 445,400 157 5.16
157 Maldives 3 0.2 515,132 58 3.88
158 Papua New Guinea 6 0.18 11,781,559 5 0.15
159 East Timor 3 0.17 1,354,662 22 1.25
160 Trinidad and Tobago 7 0.17 1,367,510 51 1.24
161 Cape Verde 6 0.15 491,233 122 3.05
162 Afghanistan 1 0.14 34,262,840 0 0.04
163 Montenegro 60 0.14 616,695 973 2.27
164 Honduras 34 0.12 9,745,149 35 0.12
165 Albania 7 0.12 2,761,785 25 0.43
166 El Salvador 5 0.11 6,884,888 7 0.16
167 Liechtenstein 4 0.1 40,023 999 24.99
168 Martinique 1 0.1 349,925[6] 29 2.86
169 Vatican City Vatican City State (Holy See) 5 0.09 764 65445 1178.01
170 Swaziland 2 0.09 1,223,362 16 0.74
171 Guadeloupe 2 0.09 378,561[6] 53 2.38
172 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 0.09 3,277,082 21 0.27
173 Palau 2 0.08 16,733 1195 47.81
174 Tonga 2 0.07 100,179 200 6.99
175 Guyana 7 0.07 743,699 94 0.94
176 Libya 2 0.07 6,931,061 3 0.10
177 Samoa 7 0.06 205,557 341 2.92
178 Bhutan 3 0.06 770,276 39 0.78
179 Faroe Islands 2 0.05 54,547 367 9.17
180 Grenada 2 0.05 112,579 178 4.44
181 Comoros 1 0.05 758,316 13 0.66
182 Burundi 2 0.02 12,837,740 2 0.02
183 Barbados 5 0.02 267,800 187 0.75
184 Suriname 3 0.02 616,500 49 0.32
185 Saint Lucia 1 0.01 47,195 56 0.56
185 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 0.01 178,696 212 2.12
186 Gabon 2 0.01 2,233,272 9 0.04
187 Kiribati 1 0.01 120,740 83 0.83
188 Netherlands Antilles 1 0 337,617 30 0.00
189 Dominica 1 0 67,408 148 0.00
190 Solomon Islands 2 0 734,887 27 0.00
191 Cook Islands 1 0 15,040 66 0.00
192 San Marino 1 0 33,916 295 0.00
193 Belize 1 0 397,483 25 0.00
193 Turkmenistan 1 0 7,057,841 1 0.00

  1. ^ "Nature Index tables". Nature. 515 (7526): S98–S108. 2014. doi:10.1038/515S98a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25390156. S2CID 205083319.

  2. ^ "FAQ". Nature Index. Retrieved 2021-01-11.

  3. ^ "A guide to the Nature Index". Nature. 569 (7756): S31. 2019-05-15. Bibcode:2019Natur.569S..31.. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01443-9.

  4. ^ "2024 Research Leaders: Leading institutions". Nature Index. Archived from the original on 2024-06-23. Retrieved 2024-06-20.

  5. ^ "Country/territory tables". Nature Index. Springer Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

  6. ^ a b c "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-17.

  7. ^ Including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.

  8. ^ Including El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.