Nehalem (microarchitecture) (original) (raw)

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CPU microarchitecture by Intel

Nehalem

Logo for Core i7 Bloomfield processors
General information
Launched	November 11, 2008; 16 years ago (November 11, 2008)
Marketed by	Intel
Designed by	Intel
Common manufacturer	Intel
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate	1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHz
QPI speeds	4.80 GT/s to 6.40 GT/s
DMI speeds	2 GT/s
Cache
L1 cache	64 KB per core (32 KB data + 32 KB instructions)
L2 cache	256 KB per core
L3 cache	2 MB to 24 MB shared
Architecture and classification
Technology node	45 nm
Microarchitecture	Nehalem
Instruction set	x86-16, IA-32, x86-64
Instructions	MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2
Extensions	VT-x, VT-d
Physical specifications
Transistors	731M to 2300M 45 nm
Cores	1-6 (1-8 Xeon)
Sockets	LGA 1156LGA 1366LGA 1567μPGA 988
Products, models, variants
Core names	ClarksfieldLynnfieldBloomfieldJasper ForestGainestown (Nehalem-EP)Beckton (Nehalem-EX)Aubrurndale Havendale
Product code name	NHM
Models	Core i5-7xxCore i7-8xxCore i7-9xx ExtremeXeon 3000/5000/7000Mobile Core i7-7xxQMMobile Core i7-8xxQMMobile Core i7-9xxXM Extreme
History
Predecessors	Core (tock)Penryn (tick)
Successors	Westmere (tick)Sandy Bridge (tock)
Support status
Unsupported

Nehalem [1] is the codename for Intel's 45 nm microarchitecture released in November 2008.[2] It was used in the first generation of the Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, and is a major evolution over the older Core microarchitecture, which is used by Core 2 processors and is the previous iteration of the P6 microarchitecture series which started in 1995 with the Pentium Pro.[3] The term "Nehalem" comes from the Nehalem River.[4][5]

Nehalem is built on the 45 nm process, is able to run at higher clock speeds without sacrificing efficiency, and is more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-threading is reintroduced, along with a reduction in L2 cache size, as well as an enlarged L3 cache that is shared among all cores. Nehalem is an architecture that differs radically from NetBurst, while retaining some of the latter's minor features.

Nehalem later received a die-shrink to 32 nm with Westmere, and was fully succeeded by "second-generation" Sandy Bridge in January 2011.

Microarchitecture of a processor core in the quad-core implementation

• Cache line block on L2/L3 cache was reduced from 128 bytes in NetBurst & Merom/Penryn to 64 bytes per line in this generation (same size as Yonah and Pentium M).
• Hyper-threading reintroduced.
• Intel Turbo Boost 1.0.[6]
• 2–24 MiB L3 cache with Smart Cache in some models.
• Instruction Fetch Unit (IFU) containing second-level branch predictor with two level Branch Target Buffer (BTB) and Return Stack Buffer (RSB). Nehalem also supports all predictor types previously used in Intel's processors like Indirect Predictor and Loop Detector.[7]
• sTLB (second level unified translation lookaside buffer) (i.e. both instructions and data) that contains 512 entries for small pages only, and is again 4 way associative.[8]
• 3 integer ALU, 2 vector ALU and 2 AGU per core.[9]
• Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- , hex-, and octa-core processors
• Intel QuickPath Interconnect in HEDT, server, and workstation models and Direct Media Interface on other models replacing the legacy front side bus.
• 64 KB L1 cache per core (32 KB L1 data and 32 KB L1 instruction), and 256 KB L2 cache per core.
• Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor in mid-range models, replacing the northbridge.
• Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels.
• Second-generation Intel Virtualization Technology, which introduced Extended Page Table support, virtual processor identifiers (VPIDs), and non-maskable interrupt-window exiting.[10]
• SSE4.2 and POPCNT instructions.
• Macro-op fusion now works in 64-bit mode.
• 20 to 24 pipeline stages.[11]

Translation lookaside buffer sizes[12]

Performance and power improvements

[edit]

It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, thus the increased core size.[13]Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:

• 10–25% better single-threaded performance / 20–100% better multithreaded performance at the same power level
• 30% lower power consumption for the same performance
• On average, Nehalem provides a 15–20% clock-for-clock increase in performance per core.

Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge.[14]

Nehalem processors incorporate SSE4.2 SIMD instructions, adding seven new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate overhead on atomic operations such as the LOCK CMPXCHG compare-and-swap instruction.[15]

• Lynnfield processors feature 16 PCIe lanes, which can be used in 1x16 or 2x8 configuration.
• 1 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.[17]

Server, workstation, and desktop processors

[edit]

• Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.[29][30]

• List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
• Tick–tock model

1. ^ I Am Nehalem
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15. ^ NO EXECUTE!
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26. ^ a b Worrel, Jon (February 9, 2009), Core i7 950 and 975 to replace 940 and 965, Fudzilla, retrieved February 10, 2009[_permanent dead link_]
27. ^ Intel to launch new Core i7 960 and Celerons, archived from the original on July 10, 2009
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30. ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Datasheet Volume 2 (PDF), Intel, March 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2011, retrieved May 1, 2009

• InfoWorld review: Intel's Westmere struts its stuff, InfoWorld, March 16, 2010

• IDF: Intel Clarkdale Up Close and Personal, X-bit Labs, September 24, 2009, archived from the original on March 8, 2011

• Intel Core i7 Processors: Nehalem and X58 Have Arrived, Hot Hardware, November 3, 2008, archived from the original on March 6, 2009, retrieved June 10, 2009

• Intel Core i7 CPU & Nehalem Architecture Review, hardCOREware.net, November 3, 2008, archived from the original on November 6, 2008

• Intel Nehalem Core i7 Series Complete Review, PC Perspective, November 3, 2008, archived from the original on November 6, 2008, retrieved November 3, 2008

• Intel Nehalem Core i7 940 Review, Xtreview, October 1, 2008

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