Polyozellus (original) (raw)

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Genus of fungus

Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, bluefan,[1] or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.

Polyozellus has had a varied taxonomic history and has been reclassified several times at both the family and genus level. The range of Polyozellus includes North America and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground of coniferous forests, usually under spruce and fir trees. It contains edible species, and has been harvested for commercial purposes.

The first published description of the species was written by botanist Lucien M. Underwood in 1899, based on a specimen found the previous year in the woods of Mount Desert, Maine. Although he called the new species a Cantharellus, he noted that "the plant is a remarkable one and from its habit might well form a distinct genus since it has little in common with Cantharellus except its fold-like gills."[2] In 1910, William Murrill transferred it to the new genus Polyozellus; Murrill thought the compound structure of the stem to be a sufficiently unique characteristic to warrant it being separated from Cantharellus species, which have simpler stem structures.[3] In 1920, specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd, who believed the fungus to be a new species and named it Phyllocarbon yasudai.[4]

A light brown fungus made of a cluster of several funnel-shaped ruffled segments fused at a common base, growing on the forest floor.

Polyozellus multiplex was once considered to be an extreme growth form of Gomphus clavatus, shown here.

No further collections of the fungus were reported until 1937, when it was found in Quebec, Canada.[5] The next year, Paul Shope considered the genus Polyozellus to be superfluous, pointed out that the compound fruit bodies and the wrinkled hymenium were instead consistent with the genus Craterellus.[6] In 1939, American mycologist Lee Oras Overholts, in a letter to the journal Mycologia, opined that both of these authors had overlooked a 1925 publication by Calvin Henry Kauffman, who made notes and photos of the species collected in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, and in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon.[7] Kauffman believed the species to be merely "a very extreme growth condition" of Cantharellus clavatus (now known as Gomphus clavatus) and suggested there was no reason for transferring the species to the genus Craterellus.[8] Mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Eaton Morse, in their 1947 publication on Cantharellus species in the United States, placed the species in a new section Polyozellus, but did not separate it from the genus Cantharellus; they defined the distinguishing characteristics of Polyozellus as the small, roughened, hyaline spores and the color change of the flesh in potassium hydroxide solution, adding that "the spores are unusual for the genus but in our estimation do not warrant excluding the species."[9]

A specimen found on Moresby Island, Haida Guaii

Polyozellus multiplex – Haida Gwaii

In 1953, Rokuya Imazeki took into consideration differences in spore characteristics: species in the genus Cantharellus were not known to have spores that were subglobose (roughly spherical) and tuberculate (covered with wart-like projections) like Polyozellus; however, these spore characteristics were common in species in the family Thelephoraceae (Cantharellus belongs in a different family, the Cantharellaceae). Other characteristics linking the blue chanterelle with the Thelephoraceae included the dark color, the strong odor (especially in dried specimens), and the presence of thelephoric acid, a mushroom pigment common in the family. Taken together, these factors led Imazeki to propose the new family Phylacteriaceae.[10] The suggested family-level taxonomical change was not accepted by other authors; for example, in 1954, Seiichi Kawamura renamed it Thelephora multiplex.[11]

In 2017, researchers from eastern Europe and North America collaborated on a molecular phylogeny of the previously monotypic Polyozellus multiplex.[12] They determined that Polyozellus contains five species that are distinguished by spore size and geographic region: the small-spored P. multiplex and P. atrolazulinus and the large-spored P. mariae, P. marymargaretae, and P. purpureoniger. As of 2022, both Index Fungorum[13] and MycoBank[14] list Polyozellus as being within the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms commonly known as the leathery earthfans.[15]

Common names for this genus include the blue chanterelle and the clustered blue chanterelle.[16] In Alaska, where specimens typically have very dark-colored fruit bodies, it is called the black chanterelle,[17] although this name is shared with some Craterellus species.[18]

Habitat and distribution

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Polyozellus grows in a mycorrhizal association with conifers like spruce (example left) and fir (right).

Polyozellus grows in coniferous woods under spruce and fir,[19] and more frequently at higher elevations.[16] It is most often encountered in summer and fall.[20]

This genus is northern and alpine in distribution, and rarely encountered. Collections have been made in the United States (including Maine, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico, and Alaska), Canada (Quebec and British Columbia),[5][9][21][22] China,[23] Japan, and Korea.[24] The disjunct distribution of the genus in North America and East Asia has been noted to occur in a number of other fungal species as well.[25] In the American Pacific Northwest, the genus is found in September and October.[26] It is also found in the Queen Charlotte Islands (off the northern Pacific coast of Canada), where it is commercially harvested.[27]

  1. ^ Siegel, Noah; Schwarz, Christian (September 1, 2024). Mushrooms of Cascadia: A Comprehensive Guide to Fungi of the Pacific Northwest. Humboldt County, CA: Backcountry Press. p. 45. ISBN 9781941624197.
  2. ^ Underwood LM. (1899). "A new Cantharellus from Maine". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 26 (5): 254–5. doi:10.2307/2477751. JSTOR 2477751.
  3. ^ Murrill WA. (1910). "Chanterel". North American Flora. 9: 167–71.
  4. ^ Lloyd CG. (1921). "Botanical notes". Mycological Writings. 6: 1066.
  5. ^ a b Mounce I, Jackson HA (1937). "Two Canadian collections of Cantharellus multiplex". Mycologia. 29 (3): 286–8. doi:10.2307/3754283. JSTOR 3754283.
  6. ^ Shope PF. (1938). "Further notes on Cantharellus multiplex". Mycologia. 30 (4): 372–74. doi:10.2307/3754462. JSTOR 3754462.
  7. ^ Kauffman C. (1925). "The fungus flora of Mt Hood, with some new species". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 5: 115–48.
  8. ^ Overholts LM. (1939). "Cantharellus multiplex again". Mycologia. 31 (2): 231–233. doi:10.2307/3754572. JSTOR 3754572.
  9. ^ a b Smith AH, Morse EE (1947). "The genus Cantharellus in the Western United States". Mycologia. 39 (5): 497–534. doi:10.2307/3755192. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3755192. PMID 20264537.
  10. ^ Sawada M. (1952). "Studies on pigment in fungi (I). On the distribution of thelephoric acid in fungi". Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society. 34: 110–13.
  11. ^ Kawamura S. (1954). Icones of Japanese Fungi. Vol. 6. Tokyo: Kazama-Shobo. p. 638.
  12. ^ Voitk, Andrus; Saar, Irja; Trudell, Steven; Spirin, Viacheslav; Beug, Michael; Kõljalg, Urmas (2017-11-02). "Polyozellus multiplex (Thelephorales) is a species complex containing four new species". Mycologia. 109 (6): 975–992. doi:10.1080/00275514.2017.1416246. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 29494282. S2CID 4149082.
  13. ^ "Genus Record Details: Polyozellus Murrill". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  14. ^ "Polyozellus Murrill". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  15. ^ Pilz et al., p. 17.
  16. ^ a b Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5.
  17. ^ Pilz et al., p. 38.
  18. ^ Arora D. (1991). All that the Rain Promises and more: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.
  19. ^ Bessette A, Fischer DH (1992). Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-292-72080-0.
  20. ^ Bigelow HE. (1978). "The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas". Mycologia. 70 (4): 707–56. doi:10.2307/3759354. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3759354. Polyozellus information is found on pages 711–12.
  21. ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 668. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
  22. ^ Pomerleau R, Cooke WB (1978). "The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas". Mycologia. 70 (4): 707–56. doi:10.2307/3759354. JSTOR 3759354.
  23. ^ Lee IS, Nishikawa A (2003). "Polyozellus multiplex, a Korean wild mushroom, as a potent chemopreventive agent against stomach cancer". Life Sciences. 73 (25): 3225–34. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.006. PMID 14561527.
  24. ^ Imazeki R. (1953). "Polyozellus multiplex and the family Phylacteriaceae". Mycologia. 45 (4): 555–61. doi:10.1080/00275514.1953.12024295. JSTOR 4547729.
  25. ^ Yang ZL. (2005). "Diversity and Biogeography of Higher Fungi in China". In Xu J (ed.). Evolutionary Generics of Fungi. Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. pp. 35–61. ISBN 978-1-904933-15-1.
  26. ^ "Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms". Central Oregon Mushroom Club. Archived from the original on 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  27. ^ Kroeger P, Ceska O, Roberts C, Kendrick B (2007). "Fungi of Haida Gwaii". E-Flora BC. Retrieved 2009-07-07.