Propyne (original) (raw)

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Hydrocarbon compound (HC≡C–CH3)

Propyne

Methylacetylene
Names
Preferred IUPAC name Propyne[1][note 1]
Other namesMethylacetyleneMethyl acetyleneAllylene
Identifiers
CAS Number 74-99-7 checkY
3D model (JSmol) Interactive image
Beilstein Reference 878138
ChEBI CHEBI:48086 checkY
ChEMBL ChEMBL116902 ☒N
ChemSpider 6095
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.754 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number 200-828-4
MeSH C022030
PubChem CID 6335
UNII 086L40ET1B checkY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0026387 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI InChI=1S/C3H4/c1-3-2/h1H,2H3Key: MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C3H4/c1-3-2/h1H,2H3Key: MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYAI
SMILES CC#C
Properties
Chemical formula C3H4
Molar mass 40.0639 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas[2]
Odor Sweet[2]
Density 0.53 g/cm3
Melting point −102.7 °C (−152.9 °F; 170.5 K)
Boiling point −23.2 °C (−9.8 °F; 250.0 K)
Vapor pressure 5.2 atm (20°C)[2]
Hazards
Explosive limits 1.7%-?[2]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible) TWA 1000 ppm (1650 mg/m3)[2]
REL (Recommended) TWA 1000 ppm (1650 mg/m3)[2]
IDLH (Immediate danger) 1700 ppm[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Propyne (methylacetylene) is an alkyne with the chemical formula CH3C≡CH. It is a component of MAPD gas—along with its isomer propadiene (allene), which was commonly used in gas welding. Unlike acetylene, propyne can be safely condensed.[3]

Production and equilibrium with propadiene

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Propyne exists in equilibrium with propadiene, the mixture of propyne and propadiene being called MAPD:

H 3 CC ≡ CH ↽ − − ⇀ H 2 C = C = CH 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {H3CC#CH <=> H2C=C=CH2}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {H3CC#CH <=> H2C=C=CH2}}}

The coefficient of equilibrium _K_eq is 0.22 at 270 °C or 0.1 at 5 °C. MAPD is produced as a side product, often an undesirable one, by cracking propane to produce propene, an important feedstock in the chemical industry.[3] MAPD interferes with the catalytic polymerization of propene.

Propyne can also be synthesized on laboratory scale by reducing 1-propanol,[4] allyl alcohol or acetone[5] vapors over magnesium.

Use as a rocket fuel

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European space companies have researched using light hydrocarbons with liquid oxygen, a relatively high performing liquid rocket propellant combination that would also be less toxic than the commonly used MMH/NTO (monomethylhydrazine/nitrogen tetroxide). Their research showed[_citation needed_] that propyne would be highly advantageous as a rocket fuel for craft intended for low Earth orbital operations. They reached this conclusion based upon a specific impulse expected to reach 370 s with oxygen as the oxidizer, a high density and power density—and the moderate boiling point, which makes the chemical easier to store than cryogenic fuels that must be kept at extremely low temperatures.[6]

Propyne is a convenient three-carbon building block for organic synthesis. Deprotonation with _n_-butyllithium gives propynyllithium. This nucleophilic reagent adds to carbonyl groups, producing alcohols and esters.[7] Whereas purified propyne is expensive, MAPP gas could be used to cheaply generate large amounts of the reagent.[8]

Propyne, along with 2-butyne, is also used to synthesize alkylated hydroquinones in the total synthesis of vitamin E.[9]

The chemical shift of an alkynyl proton and propargylic proton generally occur in the same region of the 1H NMR spectrum. In propyne, these two signals have almost exactly the same chemical shifts, leading to overlap of the signals, and the 1H NMR spectrum of propyne, when recorded in deuteriochloroform on a 300 MHz instrument, consists of a single signal, a sharp singlet resonating at 1.8 ppm.[10]

  1. ^ "Prop-1-yne" mistake fixed in the errata Archived 2019-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. The locant is omitted according to P-14.3.4.2 (d), p. 31 for propene and P-31.1.1.1, Examples, p. 374 for propyne.

  2. ^ "Characteristic (Functional) and Substituent Groups". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 374. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-00372. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.

  3. ^ a b c d e f g NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0392". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

  4. ^ a b Peter Pässler, Werner Hefner, Klaus Buckl, Helmut Meinass, Andreas Meiswinkel, Hans-Jürgen Wernicke, Günter Ebersberg, Richard Müller, Jürgen Bässler, Hartmut Behringer, Dieter Mayer, "Acetylene" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007 (doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_097.pub2).

  5. ^ Keiser, Edward & Breed, Mary (1895). "The Action of Magnesium Upon the Vapors of the Alcohols and a New Method of Preparing Allylene". Journal of the Franklin Institute. CXXXIX (4): 304–309. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(85)90206-6. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

  6. ^ Reiser, Edward II. (1896). "The preparation of Allylene, and the Action of Magnesium upon Organic Compounds". The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. LXXIV: 78–80. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

  7. ^ Valentian, Dominique; Sippel, Martin; Grönland, Tor-Arne; Baker, Adam; van Den Meulen, Jaap; Fratacci, Georges; Caramelli, Fabio (2004). "Green propellants options for launchers, manned capsules and interplanetary missions" (PDF). la.dlr.de. DLR Lampoldshausen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-10.

  8. ^ Michael J. Taschner; Terry Rosen; Clayton H. Heathcock (1990). "Ethyl Isocrotonate". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 226.

  9. ^ US patent 5744071, Philip Franklin Sims, Anne Pautard-Cooper, "Processes for preparing alkynyl ketones and precursors thereof", issued 1996-11-19

  10. ^ Reppe, Walter; Kutepow, N & Magin, A (1969). "Cyclization of Acetylenic Compounds". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 8 (10): 727–733. doi:10.1002/anie.196907271.

  11. ^ Loudon, Marc; Parise, Jim (2015-08-26). Organic chemistry. Parise, Jim, 1978- (Sixth ed.). Greenwood Village, Colorado: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 9781936221349. OCLC 907161629.