Psalm 23 (original) (raw)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Biblical psalm

This article is about Psalm 23 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 23 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 24.

Psalm 23
"The Lord is my shepherd"
Illustration from The Sunday at Home, 1880
Other name "Dominus reget me"
Written around 1000 BC
Text attributed to King David
Language Hebrew (original)
Psalm 23
← Psalm 22Psalm 24 →
Book Book of Psalms
Hebrew Bible part Ketuvim
Order in the Hebrew part 1
Category Sifrei Emet
Christian Bible part Old Testament
Order in the Christian part 19

Psalm 23 is the 23rd psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "The Lord is my shepherd". In Latin, it is known by the incipit, "Dominus regit me".[1][2][3][4] The Book of Psalms is part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible,[5] and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 22.

Like many psalms, Psalm 23 is used in both Jewish and Christian liturgies. It has often been set to music.

Interpretation of themes

[edit]

Psalm 23 is often referred to as the "Shepherd's Psalm".

The theme of God as a shepherd was common in ancient Israel and Mesopotamia. For example, King Hammurabi, in the conclusion to his famous legal code, wrote: "I am the shepherd who brings well-being and abundant prosperity; my rule is just.... so that the strong might not oppress the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with justice."[6] This imagery and language were well known to the community that created the Psalm,[_clarification needed_] and it was easily imported into its worship.[_citation needed_]

Psalm 23 portrays God as a good shepherd, feeding (verse 1) and leading (verse 3) his herd. The "rod and staff" (verse 4) are also the implements of a shepherd. Some commentators see the shepherd imagery pervading the entire psalm. It is known that the shepherd is to know each sheep by name,[_citation needed_] thus when God is given the analogy of a shepherd, he is not only a protector but also the caretaker. God, as the caretaker, leads the sheep to green pastures (verse 2) and still waters (verse 2) because he knows that each of his sheep must be personally led to be fed. Thus, without its shepherd, the sheep would die either by a predator (like the wolf) or of starvation, since sheep are known for their helplessness without their shepherd.

J. Douglas MacMillan argues that verse 5 ("Thou preparest a table before me") refers to the "old oriental shepherding practice" of using little raised tables to feed sheep.[7]: 78 Similarly, "Thou anointest my head with oil" may refer to an ancient form of backliner – the oil is poured on wounds, and repels flies. MacMillan also notes that verse 6 ("Goodness and mercy shall follow me") reminds him of two loyal sheepdogs coming behind the flock.[7]: 82

The header or first verse of the Psalm ascribes authorship to King David, said in the Hebrew Scriptures to have been a field shepherd himself as a youth. However, some scholars do not agree with this attributed authorship and hypothesize various other possibilities, commonly dating it to the post-exilic period.[8]

Taken together, Psalms 22, 23, and 24 are seen by some as shepherd psalms, where the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep as a suffering servant and king.[9]

The following table shows the Hebrew text[10][11] of the Psalm with vowels, alongside the Koine Greek text in the Septuagint[12] and the English translation from the King James Version. Note that the meaning can slightly differ between these versions, as the Septuagint and the Masoretic text come from different textual traditions.[note 1] In the Septuagint, this psalm is numbered Psalm 22.

# Hebrew English Greek
1 מִזְמ֥וֹר לְדָוִ֑ד יְהֹוָ֥ה רֹ֝עִ֗י לֹ֣א אֶחְסָֽר׃‎ A Psalm of David. The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. Ψαλμὸς τῷ Δαυΐδ. - ΚΥΡΙΟΣ ποιμαίνει με καὶ οὐδέν με ὑστερήσει.
2 בִּנְא֣וֹת דֶּ֭שֶׁא יַרְבִּיצֵ֑נִי עַל־מֵ֖י מְנֻח֣וֹת יְנַהֲלֵֽנִי׃‎ He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. εἰς τόπον χλόης, ἐκεῖ με κατεσκήνωσεν, ἐπὶ ὕδατος ἀναπαύσεως ἐξέθρεψέ με,
3 נַפְשִׁ֥י יְשׁוֹבֵ֑ב יַֽנְחֵ֥נִי בְמַעְגְּלֵי־צֶ֝֗דֶק לְמַ֣עַן שְׁמֽוֹ׃‎ He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐπέστρεψεν. ὡδήγησέ με ἐπὶ τρίβους δικαιοσύνης ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ.
4 גַּ֤ם כִּֽי־אֵלֵ֨ךְ בְּגֵ֪יא צַלְמָ֡וֶת לֹא־אִ֘ירָ֤א רָ֗ע כִּי־אַתָּ֥ה עִמָּדִ֑י שִׁבְטְךָ֥ וּ֝מִשְׁעַנְתֶּ֗ךָ הֵ֣מָּה יְנַֽחֲמֻֽנִי׃‎ Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. ἐὰν γὰρ καὶ πορευθῶ ἐν μέσῳ σκιᾶς θανάτου, οὐ φοβηθήσομαι κακά, ὅτι σὺ μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ εἶ· ἡ ῥάβδος σου καὶ ἡ βακτηρία σου, αὗταί με παρεκάλεσαν.
5 תַּעֲרֹ֬ךְ לְפָנַ֨י ׀ שֻׁלְחָ֗ן נֶ֥גֶד צֹרְרָ֑י דִּשַּׁ֥נְתָּ בַשֶּׁ֥מֶן רֹ֝אשִׁ֗י כּוֹסִ֥י רְוָיָֽה׃‎ Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. ἡτοίμασας ἐνώπιόν μου τράπεζαν, ἐξεναντίας τῶν θλιβόντων με· ἐλίπανας ἐν ἐλαίῳ τὴν κεφαλήν μου, καὶ τὸ ποτήριόν σου μεθύσκον με ὡσεὶ κράτιστον.
6 אַ֤ךְ ׀ ט֤וֹב וָחֶ֣סֶד יִ֭רְדְּפוּנִי כׇּל־יְמֵ֣י חַיָּ֑י וְשַׁבְתִּ֥י בְּבֵית־יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה לְאֹ֣רֶךְ יָמִֽים׃‎ Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD forever. καὶ τὸ ἔλεός σου καταδιώξει με πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς μου, καὶ τὸ κατοικεῖν με ἐν οἴκῳ Κυρίου εἰς μακρότητα ἡμερῶν.

Psalm 23 is traditionally sung during the third Shabbat meal[13][14] as well as before the first and second, and in some of Jewish communities during the Kiddush. It is also commonly recited in the presence of a deceased person, such as by those keeping watch over the body before burial, and at the funeral service itself.[15][16]

Uses in Christianity

[edit]

Eastman Johnson's 1863 painting The Lord Is My Shepherd, depicting a devout man reading a Bible

For Christians, the image of God as a shepherd evokes connections not only with David but with Jesus, described as the "Good Shepherd" in the Gospel of John.[17] The phrase "the valley of the shadow of death" is often taken as an allusion to the eternal life given by Jesus.

Orthodox Christians typically include this Psalm in the prayers of preparation for receiving the Eucharist.[_citation needed_]

The Reformation inspired widespread efforts in western Europe to make biblical texts available in vernacular languages. One of the most popular early English versions was the Geneva Bible (1557). The most widely recognized version of the psalm in English today is undoubtedly the one drawn from the King James Bible (1611).

In the Catholic Church, this psalm is assigned to the Daytime hours of Sunday Week 2 in the Liturgy of the Hours and is sung as a responsorial in Masses for the dead. In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, it is appointed to be read on the evening of the fourth day of the month.[18]

In the Agpeya, the Coptic Church's book of hours, this psalm is prayed in the office of Terce.[19] It is also in the prayer of the Veil, which is generally prayed only by monks.[20]

The psalm is a popular passage for memorization and is often used in sermons. Many phrases in the English translation of the psalm have become individually popular in their own right, in particular, “the Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want”, much of verse 4, and “my cup runneth over”.

In the 20th century, Psalm 23 became particularly associated with funeral liturgies in the English-speaking world, and films with funeral scenes often depict a graveside recitation of the psalm.[21] Official liturgies of English-speaking churches were slow to adopt this practice. The Book of Common Prayer has only Psalms 39 and 90 in its Order for the Burial of the Dead, and in the Episcopal Church in the United States, Psalm 23 was not used for funerals until the 1928 revision of the prayer book.

In Christianity, a number of paraphrased versions of Psalm 23 emerged after the Protestant Reformation in the form of Metrical psalms — poetic versions that could be set to hymn tunes. An early metrical version of the psalm in English was made in 1565 by Thomas Sternhold. Other notable metrical versions to emerge from this period include those from The Bay Psalm Book (1640),[22] the Sidney Psalms by Philip Sidney, and settings by George Herbert and Isaac Watts.[22]

One of the best known metrical versions of Psalm 23 is the Christian hymn, "The Lord's My Shepherd", a translation first published in the 1650 Scottish Psalter.[23] Although widely attributed to the English Parliamentarian Francis Rous, the text was the result of significant editing by a translating committee in the 1640s before publication.[24] The hymn is one of the most popular hymns amongst English-speaking congregations today, and it is traditionally sung to the hymn tune Crimond, generally attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine.[25][26] Other melodies, such as Brother James' Air or Amazing Grace, Belmont, Evan, Martyrdom, Orlington, and Wiltshire may also be used.[27]

Another popular Christian hymn to be based on Psalm 23 is "The King of Love My Shepherd Is" by Henry Baker (1868).[28]

Sternhold and Hopkins (1628)[29] Bay Psalm Book (1640)[30] Rous Psalter (1643)[31] The Scottish Psalter (1650)[32]
The Lord is only my support,and he that doth me feed;How can I then lack any thing,whereof I stand in need? The Lord to me a shepherd is,want therefore shall not I.He in the folds of tender-grass,doth cause me down to lie. My Shepherd is the Living Lord And He that doth me feedHow can I then lack anything whereof I stand in need? The Lord's my Shepherd, I'll not want;he makes me down to liein pastures green; he leadeth methe quiet waters by.

Liturgical and classical

[edit]

  1. ^ A 1917 translation directly from Hebrew to English by the Jewish Publication Society can be found here or here, and an 1844 translation directly from the Septuagint by L. C. L. Brenton can be found here. Both translations are in the public domain.

  2. ^ [Book of Common Prayer, 1662, Psalm 23 _Dominus regit me._]

  3. ^ "Vulgate: Psalms: Psalms Chapter 22".

  4. ^ Breviarum Monasticum. Dominica ad Matutinum. Ps. 22, https://archive.org/details/breviarium-monasticum-pars-ii/Breviarium%20Monasticum%20-%20Pars%20I/page/n93/mode/2up

  5. ^ Breviarium ad usum Sarisburiense. Psalterium. Ad Primam. Psalmus xxij. https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/15874/120/A-02%20Psalterium%20Dominica%20prime.pdf

  6. ^ Mazor 2011, p. 589.

  7. ^ "Hammurabi's Code, circa 1780BC". history.hanover.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-12.

  8. ^ a b J. Douglas MacMillan (1988), The Lord Our Shepherd, Bryntirion: Evangelical Press of Wales

  9. ^ Morgenstern, Julian (March 1946). "Psalm 23". Journal of Biblical Literature. 65 (1): 13–24. doi:10.2307/3262214. JSTOR 3262214.

  10. ^ H. A. Ironside. "The Shepherd Psalms (Psalms 22, 23, and 24) | Plymouth Brethren Writings".

  11. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 23". Mechon Mamre.

  12. ^ "Psalms 23 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.

  13. ^ "Psalm 22 - Septuagint and Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Ellopos. Retrieved 3 March 2025.

  14. ^ Abramowitz, Rabbi Jack (2018). "Possibly the Most Famous Psalm of All". Orthodox Union. Retrieved 28 June 2018.

  15. ^ Jungreis, Rebbetzin Esther (18 April 2011). "The Tragic Vacuum (Part Four)". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 28 June 2018.

  16. ^ Olitzky, Kerry M.; Raphael, Marc Lee; Raphael, Marc (2000). An Encyclopedia of American Synagogue Ritual. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 188. ISBN 0313308144.

  17. ^ Lamm, Maurice. "Jewish Funeral Service & Eulogy". Chabad.org. Retrieved 29 June 2018.

  18. ^ "John 10:11-14". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 2025-05-28.

  19. ^ Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762, pp. 196ff

  20. ^ "Terce". agpeya.org. Retrieved 3 March 2025.

  21. ^ "Veil". agpeya.org. Retrieved 3 March 2025.

  22. ^ slife (2021-06-30). "Twenty-Third Psalm". The Spiritual Life. Retrieved 2023-09-27.

  23. ^ a b "'Psalms Compared: Psalm 23', retrieved 2007-08-05. (no public access!)". Smith Creek Music. 2007-01-17. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2014-03-12.

  24. ^ Scottish Psalter and Paraphrases Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback Machine at CCEL

  25. ^ Petersen, Randy (2014). Be Still, My Soul: The Inspiring Stories behind 175 of the Most-Loved Hymns. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4143-8842-7. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

  26. ^ "Crimond". Center for Church Music – Songs & Hymns. Retrieved 2008-10-07.

  27. ^ Ewan, Elizabeth L.; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Sian; Pipes, Rose (2007). Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2660-1. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

  28. ^ The Lord id my shepherd hymntime.com

  29. ^ Famous Hymns and Their Authors. Hodder and Stoughton. 1903. p. 178. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

  30. ^ "Psalm 23, Sternhold and Hopkins". www.cgmusic.org. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

  31. ^ "Psalm 23 · Bay Psalm Book · Scriptures (goodbooksfree.com)". goodbooksfree.com. 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

  32. ^ "Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Handbook". dokumen.tips. Worship Committee of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 3 June 2020.[_page needed_]

  33. ^ "The Lord's My Shepherd". Hymnary.org. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

  34. ^ Itzhak Perlman and Cantor Yitzchak Meir Helfgot perform Ben-Zion Shenker's Mizmor leDavid(YouTube).

  35. ^ "Alan Hovhaness List of Works by Opus Number". Retrieved 2022-10-30.

  36. ^ Together with Psalm 43 and Psalm 150 in an a capella setting for mixed chorus written in 1954. Dixon, Joan (1992). George Rochberg: A Bio-Bibliographic Guide to His Life and Works. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press, p. 175.

  37. ^ The Miklós Rózsa Society Website[_dead link_]

  38. ^ School of Music, Theatre & Dance (University of Michigan) Publications. School of Music, University of Michigan. 1880. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

  39. ^ #NOV290116. Novello & Co Ltd.

  40. ^ Blotner, Linda Solow (1983). The Boston Composers Project: A Bibliography of Contemporary Music. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 547.

  41. ^ "Settings of: Psalm 23". ChoralNet. Retrieved 2012-02-25.

  42. ^ Gem Ki Elech 1(YouTube).

  43. ^ "Splashing Dashing Lyrics". JioSaavn. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psalm 23.

English Wikisource has original text related to this article: