Roman Catholic Diocese of Maillezais (original) (raw)

Ruins of the Cathedral of S. Pierre (Maillezais)

The former Catholic diocese of Maillezais in north-west France was erected in 1317, by Pope John XXII, and ceased to exist in 1648 when it was incorporated into the new diocese of La Rochelle. The town of Maillezais is now found in the department of Vendée, and most of the territory of the former diocese belongs to the diocese of Luçon.

The abbey of Maillezais

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View of the cathedral ruins from the south transept tower

The Benedictine monastery of Maillezais was founded in about 989 by Gauzbert, Abbot of St-Julien de Tours,[1] at the request of William IV, Duke of Aquitaine, and his wife Emma.

The seventh abbot of Maillezais, Abbot Pierre (about 1100), who followed Richard Cœur de Lion to the Third Crusade, composed a book on the foundation of the monastery of Maillezais,[2] He claimed to be a lover of Cicero.[3] He also wrote a prefatory epistle for the Historia Hierosolymitana of Archbishop Baldric of Dol.[4] One must also mention the Chronicon Malleacense.[5]

On 13 May 1197, by a solemn bull Officii nostri, subscribed by eighteen cardinals, Pope Clement III took the monastery of Maillezais under papal protection, listing all of its dependencies and properties. He also confirmed the dependence of the monastery on the Bishop of Poitiers for episcopal functions, such as the consecration of altars, the provision of holy chrism, and the consecration of monks and clerics.[6] By the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Abbey of Maillezais owned priories and churches in the dioceses of Saintes, Luçon, Nantes, Poitiers, and Bordeaux, in addition to their holdings in Maillezais.[7]

An anonymous monk of Saint Pierre de Maillezais wrote a historical work entitled, De monsterii Malleacensis devastatione facta a Gaufredo de Leziniaco, ca. 1332.[8] Geoffroy de Leziniac (Luzignan) "la Grand' Dent" was the nephew of Guy de Lusignan, who became King of Jerusalem (1186–1192), and nephew of Aimery, who was Guy's successor (1197–1205). Geoffroy la Grand' Dent was compelled to seek absolution for his misdeeds against the abbey of Maillezais from Pope Gregory IX at Spoleto in 1232.[9]

François Rabelais, who had begun a career in religion as a Franciscan at Fontenay-le-Comte, became, in 1524, with the special permission of Pope Clement VII, a Benedictine monk in the monastery of Maillezais. He became a friend of Geoffroy d'Estissac (1518–43), Bishop of Maillezais. He was gone before 1530, however, when he was at the University of Montpellier, studying medicine;[10] by 1532 he was at the University of Poitiers, studying law.[11] On 15 July 1532, François Rabelais, M.D., wrote to clarissimo doctissimoque Bishop d'Estissac, of his intention to dedicate his commentary on Hippocrates and Galen to the bishop.[12]

Creation of the diocese of Maillezais

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In 1317, Pope John XXII engaged in a major restructuring of the episcopal organization of southern and western France, both in territory governed by the King of France and territory governed by the King of England. On 13 August 1317, in the Bull Sane Considerantes, he divided the diocese of Poitiers, creating the new dioceses of Luçon and Maillezais, and erecting the monastery church of Maillezais into a cathedral. His stated reason was the large size of the diocese of Poitiers and its large population, which made it difficult for only one bishop to provide all the spiritual services needed.[13] The Abbot of Maillezais of the time, Geoffroy de Pommereuil (Gaufredus Povereau), became the first Bishop, and the monks became the Canons of the cathedral. Bishop Geoffroy was consecrated in Avignon on 29 November 1317 by the Bishop of Ostia, Berengarius Fredoli.[14] Geoffroy's successors were both bishop and abbot, and to deal with the affairs of the monastery, a Claustral Prior and a Subprior were appointed by the Abbot-Bishop. There was also a Provost, an Aumonier, a Sacristan, an Infirmarian and an 'Aquaticus Vargerio'.[15] The monastic community followed the Rule of Saint Benedict.[16] In 1648, when the seat of the bishop was transferred to the new diocese of La Rochelle, the Chapter was secularized (no longer composed of the monks of the Abbey of Maillezais) and was also moved to La Rochelle.

Huguenot control (purple) and influence (violet), 16th century

In 1585 the town of Maillezais was taken by Henri de Navarre. On 20 November 1586 the two companies of soldiers who garrisoned Maillezais were taken by surprise by the troops of Catherine de Medicis. The commander of one was killed, and the other lost an eye. They surrendered to the Marquis de Levardan and Captain Saint-Pompoint, who then became Governor of Maillezais. But next year in June, Henri de Navarre retook Maillezais, defended only by one monk and some locals, ordering the town to be fortified, and then returned to La Rochelle. Catherine's forces attacked again from Niort, and drove out the Huguenot companies. But the Protestants returned and sacked the abbey of Maillezais in reprisal, damaging the cathedral.[17]

In 1588 the Duc de Joyeuse and the Catholic army besieged Maillezais and forced the surrender of the Huguenot garrison, but in the last days of December, the Huguenot forces led by Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné retook the city. D'Aubigné took up residence in the episcopal palace. When the Cardinal de Bourbon, who was saluted by the League as King Charles X, was captured by the forces of the new King Henri IV, he was moved from Chinon for greater security, and spent a short time at Maillezais,[18] until he was transferred to Fontenay-le-Comte, where he died on 9 May 1590.[19] D'Aubigné remained as governor of Maillezais, though continuing to campaign with Henry of Navarre, and was with him on the day that Henri III was assassinated. After he became King of France, d'Aubigné frequently visited the Court. He was bought out of the office of Governor of Maillezais by the Duc de Rohan, and on 24 May 1621, Maillezais returned to the possession of King Louis XIII.[20] Its population, after more than thirty years of Huguenot occupation, had mostly become Protestant.

During the war between King Louis XIII and the Huguenots, culminating in the siege of La Rochelle (1627-1628), the cathedral was destroyed.[21] Efforts were made by Cardinal Richelieu to assist Bishop Henri de Bethune to undertake reconstruction,[22] but King Louis XIII decided that the headquarters of the diocese should be moved to Fontenay-le-Comte. On 26 September 1629 he issued a brevet, authorizing the transfer of the episcopal seat from Maillezais to Fontenay-le-Comte, as well as the secularizing of the Chapter of Maillezais, and permitting the request to be made formally to the Papacy.[23] On 14 January 1631 Pope Urban VIII, with a view to a more active struggle against Protestantism, issued bulls which would have transferred the residence of the Bishop of Maillezais to Fontenay-le-Comte.[24] But, as Pope Innocent X noted in his bull, the transfer was never put into effect, considering that Fontenay was much smaller than had been portrayed, and not in keeping with the dignity of an episcopal see. On 4 May 1648 the see of Maillezais was in fact suppressed by Pope Innocent X in the Bull In supereminenti,[25] and confirmed by letters patent of King Louis XIV.[26]

Annexation of Maillezais to new diocese of La Rochelle

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The territory of Maillezais was annexed, along with the tiny province of Aunis and the Isle of Ré, both of which had been detached from the Diocese of Saintes in order to form the diocese of La Rochelle. The bull of Innocent X assigned the new diocese of La Rochelle to the metropolitanate of Bordeaux. The Chapter of the Cathedral of Saintes, which was losing a number of parishes and benefices in the territory which was being annexed to the new diocese of La Rochelle, protested and engaged in negotiations which were not concluded until 15 May 1650.[27] The Benedictines of Saint-Maur also entered protests, according to a memorial of 1653.[28] There was also opposition to the registration of the bull of Pope Innocent X from several priors of abbeys who were dependent upon the Abbey of Maillezais, and they successfully held up legal matters until finally, over their opposition, the Parliament of Paris registered the bull on 7 March 1665.[29]

On 16 November 1666, the Bishop of Poitiers, as commissioner of the Holy See, read out the bull of secularization, bringing to an end the history of the diocese and abbey of Maillezais. A few monks requested and received permission to stay on in the abbey precincts for the rest of their lives.[30]

The diocese became part of the new Diocese of La Rochelle in 1648.

  1. ^ Guy-Marie Oury, "La reconstruction monastique dans l'Ouest: l'abbé Gozbert de Saint-Julien de Tours (v. 990–1007)," Revue Mabillon 54 (1964), pp. 69-124.
  2. ^ Pierre de Maillezais, Entre histoire et légende : la fondation de l'abbaye de Maillezais, récit du moine Pierre, (ed. and tr. by Y. Chauvin and G. Pon), La Roche-sur- Yon, 2000. The Latin text is in Philippe Labbe (1657). Nova Bibliotheca manuscriptorum librorum (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Paris: apud Sebastianum Cramoisy. pp. 222–238.
  3. ^ Lacurie, pp. 26-27.
  4. ^ J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXVI (Paris 1854), pp. 1059-1060.
  5. ^ Philippe Labbe (1657). Nova Bibliotheca manuscriptorum librorum (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Paris: apud Sebastianum Cramoisy. pp. 190–221.
  6. ^ Lacurie, pp. 282-290.
  7. ^ Aillery, p. 140.
  8. ^ Labbe, II, pp. 238-248.
  9. ^ Adrien Pascal (1896). Histoire de la maison royale de Lusignan (in French). Paris: L. Vanier. pp. 189–191.
  10. ^ A. Dubouchet (1887). F. Rabelais à Montpellier 1530-1538: étude biographique d'après les documents originaux avec fac-simile en héliogravure (in French). Montpellier: C. Coulet. Cf. Myriam Marrache-Gouraud, "L'Abbaye de Maillezais: l'expérience rabelaisienne," in: Mathias Tranchant et Cécile Treffort (dir.) (2005), L'abbaye de Maillezais: Des moines du marais aux soldats huguenots Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 49-62, "Rabelais quitta Maillezais sans doute vers 1528, en costume séculier et semble-t-il sans en avoir demandé l'autorisation, pour aller étudier la médecine à Montpellier."
  11. ^ Jean Plattard (1928). Vie de Francois Rabelais (in French). Paris: Boivin. pp. 55–56.
  12. ^ Dubouchet, pp. 43-47.
  13. ^ Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurensis editio (in Latin). Vol. Tomus IV. Turin: Seb. Franco. 1859. pp. 247–249.
  14. ^ Du Tems, p. 523. Eubel, I, p. 36.
  15. ^ The 'aquaticus vergerio' was the official in charge of the maintenance of the drainage canals which had been constructed by the monks over the centuries to drain the swampy areas of the marais to produce pasture and agricultural land.
  16. ^ Pouillie general... (1648), "Benefices dependans de l' Évêsché de Maillezay," p. 1 (p. 147).
  17. ^ Brochet, pp. 42-45.
  18. ^ Agrippa d' Aubigné (1731). Mémoires de la vie de Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné, ayeul de Mad. de Maintenon, écrits par lui-même (in French). Vol. Tome I. Amsterdam: chez Jean-Frederic Bernard. pp. 142–144.
  19. ^ Brochet, pp. 47-48.
  20. ^ Brochet, pp. 53-54.
  21. ^ Aillery, p. 138, no. 24.
  22. ^ Brochet, pp. 55-56.
  23. ^ Bertrand, p. 142.
  24. ^ Bertrand, p. 144.
  25. ^ Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurensis editio (in Latin). Vol. Tomus XV. Turin: A. Vecco. 1868. pp. 567–571.
  26. ^ Du Tems, II, p. 530.
  27. ^ Du Tems, p. 526.
  28. ^ Bertrand, p. 142 note 3, quoting a manuscript in the Bibliothèeque Nationale, entitled Apologie pour l'Ordre de Saint-Benoît et la Congrégation de Saint Maur du même ordre, contre la prétendue sécularisation de l'église cathédrale et monacale de Maillezais.
  29. ^ Du Tems, p. 527.
  30. ^ Brochet, p. 61-62.
  31. ^ Gallia christiana II, pp. 1370-1372. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 324 with note 2. Gams, p. 611, has a Godefredus de Pons, who died in 1333, but he is the same as Gaufredus Povereau.
  32. ^ Guy had previously been Bishop of Luçon (1354–1359). Eubel, I, pp. 315, 324.
  33. ^ Bishop Joannes was transferred to the diocese of Osimo on 2 May 1382 by Clement VII (Avignon Obedience). Eubel, I, pp. 121, 324.
  34. ^ Petrus de Thuryeo was named a cardinal by Pope Clement VII on 12 July 1385. He died on 9 December 1410. Eubel, I, pp. 28, 324.
  35. ^ Thibaud was a Doctor in utroque iure (Civil and Canon Law), and had been Treasurer of Angers. Eubel, II, p. 184.
  36. ^ Jean d'Amboise was transferred to the diocese of Langres on 18 June 1481. Eubel, II, pp. 178, 184.
  37. ^ Federico was created a cardinal by Pope Alexander VI on 9 May 1489, and was allowed to retain the diocese of Maillezais. He died in Rome on 7 August 1516. Eubel, II, p. 21, 184.
  38. ^ Cardinal Accolti never visited his diocese of Maillezais. Aillery, p. 138 no. 17. Eubel, III, p. 234.
  39. ^ Jacques d'Escoubleau was the son of Étienne, Sieur de Sourdis. He had been Abbot of Mauléon, Airvaux, and of Saint-Martin-de-Pontoise. Du Tems, p. 526. Aillery, p. 138. Eubel, III, p. 234.
  40. ^ Pierre de Pontlevoy was the nephew of his predecessor, Jacques d'Escoubleau. Aillery, p. 138. Eubel, III, p. 234.
  41. ^ Aillery, p. 138. Eubel, III, p. 234.
  42. ^ François de Sourdis died on 8 February 1528. Aillery, p. 138. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 6 no. 32, 123. L.-W. Ravenez (1867). Histoire du Cardinal François de Sourdis (in French). Bordeaux: G. Gounouilhou. p. 164.
  43. ^ Henri d'Escoubleau was the nephew of Bishop Henri d'Escoubleau de Sourdis; his mother was the aunt of Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of Henri IV. He was chosen to be Bishop of Maillezais at the age of eighteen, and could not be consecrated until 19 May 1623; this was accomplished in Paris at the Chartreuse by his brother François de Sourdis. He served as Cardinal Richelieu's Majordomo, and was with King Louis XIII at the siege of La Rochelle (1627–1628) and in the campaign in Piedmont. On 16 July 1629 he was appointed Archbishop of Bordeaux by Pope Urban VIII. He died on 18 June 1645. Eugène Sue (1839). Correspondance de Henri d'Escoubleau de Sourdis: augmentée des ordres, instructions, et lettres de Louis XIII et du Cardinal de Richelieu (in French). Vol. Tome I. Paris: Crapelet. pp. iii–iv. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, pp. 123, 229. Aillery, p. 138.
  44. ^ Henri de Bethune had been nominated Bishop of Bayonne on 1 October 1626 by King Louis XIII, for which he needed a papal dispensation since he was only in his twenty-sixth year. But before he was consecrated, he was transferred to the diocese of Maillezais on 19 November 1629. He was consecrated in Paris on 6 January 1630 by Archbishop Jean François de Gondi. On 20 November 1646 he was nominated Archbishop of Bordeaux by King Louis XIV. On 18 May 1648, Henri de Bethune was transferred to the diocese of Bordeaux by Pope Innocent X. Gallia christiana II, p. 1377. Aillery, p. 138. Bertrand (1902), pp. 94–161; Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 123. Oh his dispensation: Bertrand, p. 91.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Luçon". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

46°22′N 0°44′W / 46.37°N 0.74°W / 46.37; -0.74