Spanner (database) (original) (raw)

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Cloud-based distributed SQL DBMS service

Cloud Spanner Booth at Google Cloud Summit

Spanner is a distributed SQL database management and storage service developed by Google.[1] It provides features such as global transactions, strongly consistent reads, and automatic multi-site replication and failover. Spanner is used in Google F1, the database for its advertising business Google Ads, as well as Gmail and Google Photos.[2][3]

Spanner stores large amounts of mutable structured data. Spanner allows users to perform arbitrary queries using SQL with relational data while maintaining strong consistency and high availability for that data with synchronous replication.

Key features of Spanner:

Spanner was first described in 2012 for internal Google data centers.[4]

Spanner's SQL capability was added in 2017 and documented in a SIGMOD 2017 paper.[5] It became available as part of Google Cloud Platform in 2017, under the name "Cloud Spanner".[6]

Spanner uses the Paxos algorithm as part of its operation to shard (partition) data across up to hundreds of servers.[1] It makes heavy use of hardware-assisted clock synchronization using GPS clocks and atomic clocks to ensure global consistency.[1] TrueTime is the brand name for Google's distributed cloud infrastructure, which provides Spanner with the ability to generate monotonically increasing timestamps in data centers around the world.[7]

Google's F1 SQL database management system (DBMS) is built on top of Spanner,[2] replacing Google's custom MySQL variant.[8]

  1. ^ a b c Corbett et al. 2012.
  2. ^ a b Shute et al. 2012.
  3. ^ "Announcing Cloud Spanner Price Performance Updates".
  4. ^ Clark, Jack (September 18, 2012). "Google reveals Spanner, the database tech that can span the planet". ZDNet. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  5. ^ Spanner: Becoming a SQL System. 9 May 2017. pp. 331–343. doi:10.1145/3035918.3056103. ISBN 9781450341974. S2CID 3055672.
  6. ^ Srivastava, Deepti (February 14, 2017). "Introducing Cloud Spanner: a global database service for mission-critical applications". Google Cloud Blog. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  7. ^ "Cloud Spanner: TrueTime and external consistency". Google Cloud. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  8. ^ Shute et al. 2012, p. 19: ‘Summary: We've moved a large and critical application suite from MySQL to F1.’