Vuno (original) (raw)

Not to be confused with Vouno.

Village in Vlorë, Albania

Vuno
Village
Vuno is located in AlbaniaVunoVuno
Coordinates: 40°8′23″N 19°41′37″E / 40.13972°N 19.69361°E / 40.13972; 19.69361
Country Albania
County Vlorë
Municipality Himarë
Municipal unit Himarë
Population
• Total 486
Demonym Vunjot/ëse
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)

Vuno is a village in the municipality of Himarë, Vlorë County, Albania.[1] It is located on the road that connects the centre of Himarë with the village of Dhërmi on the Albanian Riviera. The population of Vuno is exclusively Orthodox Albanian.[2]

The village's name comes from the Greek word Vouno (Greek: Βουνό), meaning 'mountain', due to its location on hills that rise to about 300 metres (980 ft).[3]

In 1628, Neophytos Rodinos, a Catholic missionary, founded a school in Vuno with the aim of converting the local Greek Orthodox population to Catholicism.[4] In 1632, an Albanian school was founded in Vuno.[5][6]

In 1720, the villages of Himarë, Palasë, Ilias, Vuno, Pilur and Qeparo refused to submit to the Pasha of Delvinë.[7]

According to Giuseppe Schirò, an Italian missionary who wrote in 1722, Albanians inhabited Vuno.[8][9]

In 1873, there was a Greek school in the village with 80 pupils. Greek education expanded in the following years, and by the 1898–1899 school season, there were three schools in Vuno: a primary school, a secondary school and a girls' school. Education was sponsored by various notables and members of the diaspora from Vuno and neighbouring settlements. These schools ceased their operations in 1913.[_citation needed_][10] The Greek classes in Vuno were held in an imposing building. However, after the village was incorporated into the newly established Principality of Albania, state policy prohibited Greek education.[11]

In November 1912, during the First Balkan War, Himara revolted under Spyros Spyromilios and expelled the Ottoman forces.[12] On 6 November 1912, Vuno was taken by the Greek military under Stylianos Galeros.[13] After the Albanian Declaration of Independence in Vlorë on 28 November, Himarë was under constant attack by Albanian units, but they were unable to regain control of the area. The region remained under Greek control until the end of the Balkan Wars.[14] After the Greek army evacuated Himara,[_when?_] the local population took over the defence of the region.[15] The rebels from Himara were joined by volunteers from neighbouring villages and army deserters, who set up checkpoints on the roads leading to Himara and continued the resistance.[15] Athanasios Liampou Kotsou commanded a group of volunteers and the people of Vuno.[15] The Vuno rebels were supported by a Greek revolutionary group of 55 fighters led by the guerrilla leader Georgios Tsolakes.[15] On 30 June, the Vuno troops faced strong Albanian resistance and were unable to enter Vranisht. However, they managed to capture it the following day.[15] During the conflict, Tsolakes and other Himariote leaders were later killed in action.[15]

The Himara region came under the control of the Albanian state. In 1921, the Himara question arose regarding the rights of the 'Himariots' and their villages, including Dhërmi, Vuno, Himarë, Pilur, Kudhës and Qeparo. The Albanian government representative, Spiro Jorgo Koleka, oversaw the matter.[16] The government concluded that Albanian would be compulsory in schools as the official language, while Greek could be taught as a second language if the people so wished.[16] Spiro Koleka, a native of Vuno and a local leader of the Albanian national movement, opposed the annexation of the Himara region and wider Vlora area by foreign powers.[17] Koleka organised the Vlora War, in which other local Himariots took part.[17]

After the region was incorporated into Albania in the 1920s, the people of Vuno maintained their Greek school. In 1934–36, they demanded the continuation of Greek education in their village. However, the Albanian state authorities eventually rejected their request.[18]

During the Greco-Italian War, in December 1940, the Italians successfully repelled a Greek attack on Bënçë, Vuno and Bolenë.[19] On 15 January 1941, the Italians again repelled a Greek attack on Vuno, while the Greeks launched an attack on the Dishnicë region.[19] A military cemetery commemorating the fallen Greek soldiers is maintained at Scutara.[20]

During the Second World War, several locals joined the Albanian National Liberation Army as guerrilla fighters. Three of them, Zaho Koka, Kozma Nushi and Llambro Andoni, were posthumously awarded the title of People's Hero of Albania.[21] The village monument bears the names of several participants, including Arqile Vjero, Amali Andoni, Eftihi Baka, Foto Goxho, Herkole Koleka, Irakli Thani, Llambro Sheti, Kleomen A. Ndrenika, Niqita Andoni, Naço Koço, Pano Dhimegjoka, Pilo Varfi, Stefo Cura and Thoma Simo. Vuno was also the central region where Greek Himariotes were organised into the Albanian National Liberation Army.[22]

During the civil unrest in Albania in 1997, an armed group set up a roadblock between Himarë and Vuno.[23]

During his fieldwork, anthropologist V. Nitsiakos (2010) observed that the community is proud of its strong Orthodox Christian identity. They also have friendly feelings towards Greece, and their pro-Greek attitude may be linked to the provision of employment opportunities in Greece. In addition, members of the community receive Greek pensions as Hellenes even though they never refer to themselves as Greeks and use the terms North Epirote or Orthodox without denying their true Albanian national identity, as is the case with a lot of Orthodox Albanians.[24]

Architecture and churches

[edit]

The village has several churches, but they are currently not in use due to the absence of priests.[21]

One of the churches, located on Jali Beach, dates back to the 14th century and is built in the Venetian style.[21] Two other churches, the Church of St Spyridon (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Spiridhonit) (1778) and the Church of St Mary (1783), are relatively well preserved.[21] According to local legend, the inhabitants of the village came from the city of Shkodër and moved to Vuno, where they built the church of St Mary. The church, which was originally Catholic, is still well preserved in a prominent location in the village known as Scutara.[21] The name Scutara may reflect the Byzantine military traditions of the Pronoia, which were well known in the area.[25] The church was later converted into an Orthodox Church.[21]

During the summer months, the beaches of Vuno and Himara are the main tourist attractions of the municipality.[26] The beach of Jaliskari (or Jali), located between Vuno and Dhërmi, has become a popular summer resort, attracting tourists from all over the world.[3]

Identity and language

[edit]

Vuno is a village inhabited by Albanian Orthodox Christians[2][27][28] who are proud of their strong religious identity.[24] The local dialect of the Albanian language spoken in Vuno is the southern Tosk dialect, specifically a sub-dialect of Labërisht, which is composed of non-unified language groups.[29][30] The older population of the village are monolingual Albanian speakers, while some of the younger generation also speak Greek due to migration to Greece.[24]

  1. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η Ελληνική Κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το Πρίσμα της Ιστορικής Γεωγραφίας και Δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in Terms of Historical Geography and Demography]" (in Greek). Εκδόσεις Σιδέρης. p. 53. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b Gregorič p. 46
  4. ^ Tsirpanlis, Zaharias (1972). "Neophytos Rodinos in Epirus". Olympia: 317, 321. doi:10.26268/heal.uoi.9822. Retrieved 9 March 2023. άνέλαβε, τόν 'Ιανουάριο τοϋ 1628, πρώτος αύτός επίσημος μισσιονάριος τής καθολικής Προπαγάνδας, νά προσελκύση στόν καθολικισμό τόν ορθόδοξο έλληνικό πληθυσμό τής περιοχής τής Χιμάρα... Τό πρώτο σχολείο πού ιδρύει τό έντοπίζουμε στό χωριό Βοΰνο... Ή 'ίδρυση χρονολογείται κατά τό 1628
  5. ^ Temo, Sotir (1985). Education in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. "8 Nentori" Publishing House. p. 7. ... the primary schools in Korça (1637), in Pedhanë and Blinisht in the Shkodra district (1639) where a secondary school was opened that same year, the Albanian schools in the region of Himara : Dhërmi, Vuno, Palasë (1632) .
  6. ^ Gaçe, Bardhosh (1999). Lëvizja kombëtare në Vlorë, 1878-1912 (in Albanian). Botimet Toena. p. 224. ISBN 978-99927-1-185-9. Shkollat e para u çelën në Dhërmi, Palasë, Vuno dhe Himarë . Këtu vinin nxënës nga Dukati, Tërbaçi, Kuçi, Lukova, Piqerasi e tjerë . Shkollat e para i çeli Noefit Rodinoja, që besohet se në fshatrat e Himarës arriti në vitin 1632
  7. ^ Etnografia shqiptare. Vol. 15. Akademia e Shkencave e RPSH, Instituti i Historisë, Sektori i Etnografisë. 1987. p. 199.
  8. ^ Bartl 1991, p. 331: "Nach der Relation von Giuseppe Schirò aus dem Jahre 1722 waren von den 14 himariotischen Ortschaften drei (Himara, Dhërmi und Palasa) "di natione greci", die restlichen 11 (Ilias, Vuno, Kalarat, Piluri, Qeparo, Piçerras, Lukovë, Shën-Vasil, Hundëcovë, Nivicë e Bubarit und Lëkurës) wurden als "di natione albanesi" bezeichnet."
  9. ^ Borgia 2014, pp. 317–318: "IV. Relacioni i pare i At Schirò-it ... Fillimisht kjo provincë, e cila motit ishte shumë e populluar me të krishterë, tani nuk ka më shumë se katërmbëdhjetë fshatra, që ushtrojnë ligjin e Krishtit në ritin grek (lindor): domethënë: Cimara (Himara) kryeqendra e provincës, Drimades (Dhërmiu) dhe Balasa (Palasa) të kombësisë greke (di natione greci); Egliates (Iliates, Ilias), Vuno (Vuno), Caloghirates (Kallarati), Piluri (Pilur), Clapero (Qeparo), Pichierasi (Piqeras), Lúculo (Lukovë), S. Basili (Shën Vasil), Gudezzona (Hundëcova), Nivizza (Nivica) e Licunisi (Lëkurësi) të kombësisë shqiptare (di natione albanesi)."
  10. ^ Koltsida, Athina. Η Εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ήπειρο κατά την Ύστερη Περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας (PDF) (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. pp. 173–174. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  11. ^ Manta, Eleftheria (2005). "Aspects of the Italian Influence upon Greek - Albanian Relations during the Interwar Period". Didaktorika.gr. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki: 69, 29. doi:10.12681/eadd/23718. hdl:10442/hedi/23718.
  12. ^ Kondis, Basil (1978). Greece and Albania, 1908-1914. Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 93.
  13. ^ Η συμβολή του σώματος του οπλαρχηγού Στυλιανού Γαλερού στην απελευθέρωση της Χιμάρας στις 5 Νοεμβρίου 1912 Site Himara.gr News from North Epirus
  14. ^ M. V. Sakellariou (1 January 1997). Ηπειρος: 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού. Εκδοτική Αθηνών. p. 367. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Kaphetzopoulos; Flokas; Dima-Dimitriou (2000). The struggle for Northern Epirus. Hellenic Army General Staff. pp. 162–163, 264. ISBN 9789607897404. Athanasios Liampou Kotsou ... volunteer band and of the residents of Vouno village ... The band of Guerrilla Leader Georgios Tsolakes (55 men), to the bands in Vouno ... the Vouno troops ... Vranishte. They were forced instead to retreat towards the height of Mesemeri. The next day they repeated the attack, and in the afternoon entered Vranishte which had been evacuated by its Muslim inhabitants in the meantime.
  16. ^ a b Basil Kondis (1994). The Greek minority in Albania: a documentary record (1921-1993). Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 978-960-7387-02-8. THE PROTOCOL OF HIMARRA, 1921 We, Spiros Kolekas, Deputy of Valone, General Representative of the Albanian Government for the settlement of the question of the Himarra district, i.e. the villages of Drymades, Vouno, Himarra, Piliouri, Koundessi and Kyparou, which have sent their representatives, Mr G. Bolanos, M. Karas, D. Lekkas and Mr A. Simonides as their Secretary, have agreed upon the following: a) Privileges: The Albanian ...
  17. ^ a b Meta, Beqir (2008). "Ballafaqimi shqiptaro-grek për Himarën (1920-1924) [Greek-Albanian confrontation in Himara (1920-1924)]." Studime Historike. 1-2: 43: "Pas mbarimit të Luftës I Botërore lëvizja atdhetare shqiptare në Himarë u rigjallërua. Një vend të veçantë luajti Spiro Gogo Koleka, i cili ndihmoi për mbledhjen e Kongresit të Lushnjës dhe zbatimin e vendimeve të tij. Ai bashkë me patriotë të tjerë ishte nënshkruesi i mjaft dokumenteve dërguar përfaqësuesve të Fuqive të Mëdha në Konferencën e Paqes, në të cilat kundërshtohej çdo përpjekje për aneksimin e Vlorës dhe Himarës1. Në maj të vitit 1920 Spiro G. Koleka u caktua anëtar i qeverisë kombëtare. Ai më vonë u bë njëri nga organizatorët e Luftës së Vlorës kundër italianëve, në të cilën morën pjesë edhe himarjotë të tjerë." "[After the end of World War One, the Albanian patriotic movement in Himarë was revived. A special place Spiro Gogo Koleka played, who assisted at the gathering of the Congress of Lushnja and implementation of its decisions. He and other patriots were signatory to many documents sent to the representatives of the Great Powers during the Peace Conference, that opposed any attempt to annex Vlora and Himarë. In May 1920 Spiro G. Koleka was appointed member of the national government. He later became one of the organizers of the Vlora War against the Italians, where other Himariots participated.]"
  18. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 98. ISBN 9783643107930.
  19. ^ a b Donald A Bertke; Gordon Smith; Don Kindell (15 May 2012). World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean. Lulu.com. pp. 128, 179. ISBN 978-1-937470-01-2.
  20. ^ Mavraganis, Kostas (28 October 2017). "Αυτοί είναι οι ήρωες του Αλβανικού Μετώπου: Τα ονόματα των νεκρών Ελλήνων στρατιωτών του Ελληνοϊταλικού Πολέμου". HuffPost Greece (in Greek). Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Dede, Alqiviadh (15 September 2009). "Bregu i detit – Vunoi dhe Jali si perlat e tij". Gazeta Shqip (in Albanian). Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  22. ^ Moschopoulos, Dionysios (2016). "A Case of International Criminal Law stricto sensu from the Archives of the Prosecution of Appeals of Corfu. The Kidnapping and Execution of Michalis Spiromilios, in the Summer of 1944". Institute of Kefallinian Studies: 439. Retrieved 15 September 2022. Βασικός πυρήνας των Ελλήνων της Χιμάρας που δρούσαν στους κόλπους του αλβανικού ΕΑΜ ήταν το χωριό Βούνο.
  23. ^ "Holidays in Albania - Part 1, 1997". libcom. 26 October 2006.
  24. ^ a b c Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier. LIT Verlag. p. 466. "I can mention the village Vuno, where I conversed several times with the villagers. Quite a few of the young people in the village speak Greek, because they have worked in Greece. The older ones speak only Albanian. They talk proudly about their Orthodox Christian identity and their friendly feelings towards Greece; they are thankful to Greece, for both letting the young people of the village work there and for giving out to them agricultural pensions as "Hellenes". When they mention their national identity they are very careful. They never define themselves directly as Greek and use the terms "Northern Epirote" or "Orthodox" instead. The term "Northern Epirote" is particularly convenient in its ambiguity, but they prefer it because they know it means "Greek" to the Greeks. This way they both appear honest and achieve their goal without falling into the trap of denying the true national identity. This is actually the case with the majority of the Orthodox Christians of the Albanian south."
  25. ^ Kyriazis, Doris. "Διατοπικότητα και διαχρονικότητα των νεοελληνικών γλωσσικών ιδιωμάτων της νότιας Αλβανίας". University of Patras. p. 121. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  26. ^ Gregorič p. 45
  27. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier. LIT Verlag. p. 99. "According to the latest census in the area, the Greek-speaking population is larger but not necessarily continuous and concentrated. The exclusively Greek-speaking villages, apart from Himarë, are Queparo Siperme, Dhërmi and Palasë. The rest are inhabited by Albanian-speaking Orthodox Christians (Kallivretakis 1995:25-58)."
  28. ^ Gregorič, Nataša. "Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania" (PDF). University of Nova Gorica. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010. In their day-to-day conversations locals of Dhermi, Palase, and Himara mainly use a Greek dialect and partly a southern Albanian (Tosk) dialect, while the locals of Ilias, Vuno, Qeparo, Kudhes, and Pilur mainly speak the Albanian tosk dialect
  29. ^ Gjinari, Jorgji (1989). Dialektet e gjuhës shqipe (in Albanian). Academy of Sciences of Albania, Institute of Linguistics. p. 57.
  30. ^ Totoni, M (1971). Dialektologjia shqiptare I, Vëzhgime rreth të folmeve të Kurveleshit (English: Albanian dialectology I, Observations on the Language of Kurvelesh) (in Albanian). p. 85.

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