Wei (state) (original) (raw)
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Ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period
This article is about the state of Wei founded by Bi Wan of Jin during the Warring States period. For other states, see Wei (disambiguation).
| State of Wei魏_*N-qʰuj-s_ | |
|---|---|
| 403 BCE–225 BCE | |
 |
|
| Capital | Anyi (安邑, first)Daliang (大梁) |
| Common languages | Old Chinese |
| Government | Marquessate (侯)Kingdom (王; after 344 BCE) |
| Historical era | Warring States period |
| • Partition of Jin | 403 BCE |
| • Conquered by Qin | 225 BCE |
| Currency | spade moneyother ancient Chinese coinage |
Preceded by Succeeded by  Jin (Chinese state) Qin (state) |
|
| Today part of | People's Republic of China |
| Wei | |
|---|---|
 "Wei" in seal script (top) and regular Chinese (bottom) characters |
|
| Chinese | 魏 |
| TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWèiGwoyeu RomatzyhWeyWade–GilesWei4IPA[wêɪ]Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationNgaihJyutpingNgai6IPA[ŋɐj˨]Southern MinHokkien POJGuīOld ChineseBaxter–Sagart (2014)*N-qʰuj-s | |
Wei (;[1] Chinese: 魏; pinyin: Wèi) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng)[2] during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang (Chinese: 梁; pinyin: Liáng).
Not to be confused with the Wey state 衞, which is still sometimes only differentiated by its Chinese character in scholarship.
Surviving sources trace the ruling house of Wei to the Zhou royalty: Gao, Duke of Bi (畢公高), was a son of King Wen of Zhou. His descendants took their surname, Bi, from his fief. After the destruction of Bi, Bi Wan (畢萬) escaped to Jin, where he became a courtier of Duke Xian's, accompanying his personal carriage. After a successful military expedition, Bi Wan was granted Wei, from which his own descendants then founded the house of Wei.
Spring and Autumn period
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Jin's political structure was drastically changed after the slaughter of its ruling dynasty during and after the Li Ji Unrest.[3] Afterwards, "Jin ha[d] no princely house" (晉無公卿) and its political power diffused into extended relations of the ruling family, including the Wei. In the last years of the Spring and Autumn period, the founders of Wei, Zhao, and Han joined to attack and kill the dominant house of Zhi (知) in 453 BCE, resulting in the partition of Jin. King Weilie of Zhou finally legitimized the situation in 403 BCE, when he elevated the three houses' heads to the rank of marquess (Chinese: 侯; pinyin: hóu).
Warring States Period
[edit]
The state reached its apogee during the reigns of its first two rulers, Marquess Wen of Wei and Marquess Wu of Wei. The third ruler, King Hui of Wei (reign 369–319 BC), declared himself an independent sovereign and concentrated on economic developments, including irrigation projects at the Yellow River and adoption of Legalist reforms proposed by Li Kui (Chinese: 李悝, c. 459 – c. 395 BCE). Hui felt that Qin in the west was weak and their land a barren waste. He focused on conquering the well-settled eastern lands which were richer in known resources, but a series of battles including the battle of Maling in 341 BCE checked Wei's ambitions while Qin's expansion went largely unimpeded, boosting its economy and military strength.
Wei eventually lost the western Hexi (河西) region, a strategic area of pastoral land on the west bank of the Yellow River between the border of modern-day Shanxi and Shaanxi, to Qin. Thereafter, it remained continuously at war with Qin, requiring the capital to be moved from Anyi to Daliang. Wei surrendered to Qin in 225 BCE, after the Qin general Wang Ben diverted the Yellow River into Daliang, destroying the capital in a flood.
- Marquess Wen of Wei, personal name Si (斯) or Du (都), (445–396 BCE)
- Marquess Wu of Wei, personal name Ji (擊), son of Marquess Wen, (396–370 BCE)
- King Hui of Wei, personal name Ying (罃), son of Marquess Wu, (370–319 BCE) [4]
- King Xiang of Wei (魏襄王), personal name Si (嗣) or He (赫), son of King Hui, (319–296 BCE)
- King Zhao of Wei (魏昭王), personal name Chi (遫), son of King Xiang, (296–277 BCE)
- King Anxi of Wei (魏安釐王),personal name Yu (圉), son of King Zhao, (277–243 BCE)
- King Jingmin of Wei (魏景湣王), personal name Zeng (增) or Wu (午), son of King Anxi, (243–228 BCE)
- King Jia, (魏王假), personal name Jia (假), son of King Jingmin, (228–225 BCE)
According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian written in the first centuryBCE, the list of rulers is slightly different: King Hui died in 335BCE and was succeeded by his son King Xiang in 334BCE. King Xiang died in 319BCE and was succeeded by his son King Ai (哀王), who died in 296BCE and was succeeded by his son King Zhao. However, the majority of scholars and commentators believe that King Ai, whose personal name is not recorded, never existed. It seems that Sima Qian assigned the second part of the reign of King Hui (starting in 334BCE, on which date Marquess Hui probably proclaimed himself King) to his son King Xiang and added King Ai to fill in the gap between 319 and 296BCE. On the other hand, a minority of scholars believe King Ai did indeed exist.[_citation needed_]
Family tree of Wei rulers
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| Wei state family tree |
|---|
| Bi Wan 毕万 Mang Ji 芒季 Wei Chou 魏犨Viscount Wu of Wei 魏武子 Wei Ke 魏颗令狐氏Wèi Qí 魏锜吕氏?–575Viscount Dao of Wei 魏悼子 Wèi Jié 魏颉令狐文子?–570Wei Xiang 魏相吕宣子?–622Wei Jiang 魏絳Viscount Zhao of Wei 魏昭子 Wei Shu 魏舒Viscount Xian of Wei 魏獻子565–509 BC Wei Qu 魏取Viscount Jian of Wei 魏简子Wèi Wù 魏戊 Wei Chi 魏侈Viscount Xiang of Wei 魏襄子 Wei Ju 魏驹Viscount Huan of Wei魏桓子 ?–446 BC (1)Wei Si 魏斯**Wen of Wei** 魏文侯Marquess of Wei?–424–396 BCWei Cheng 魏成 (2)Wei Ji 魏擊**Wu of Wei** 魏武侯Marquess of Wei?–396–370 BC少子挚 (3)Wei Ying 魏罃**Hui of Wei** 魏惠王King of Wei400–370–319 BC魏緩 Crown Prince Shen 太子申 (4)Wei He 魏赫**Xiang of Wei** 魏襄王King of Wei?–319–296 BC Prince Gao 公子高 Crown Prince Zheng太子政(5)Wei Chi 魏遫**Zhao of Wei** 魏昭王King of Wei?–296–277 BC (6)Wei Yu 魏于**Anxi of Wei** 魏安釐王King of Wei?–277–243 BCWei Wuji 魏無忌Lord Xinling信陵君?–243 BC (7)Wei Zeng 魏增**Jingmin of Wei** 魏景湣王King of Wei?–243–228 BC (8)Wei Jia 魏假**Jia of Wei** 魏王假King of Wei?–228–225 BC |
- Li Kui, a Legalist philosopher and chancellor
- Yue Yang, ancestor of Yue Yi and prime minister of Zhongshan
- Pang Juan, a successful general who was defeated by Lord Mengchang of Qi and Sun Bin at the battle of Maling
According to the Records of the Warring States, a king of Wei had a lover named Lord Longyang, with whom he enjoyed fishing. One day, Longyang began to weep. When questioned, Longyang said he saw his own future in how he had treated a fish. Happy to have the catch at first, Longyang had wanted to throw it back when he caught a better fish. He wept, "I am also a previously-caught fish! I will also be thrown back!" To show his fidelity to Longyang, the king declared that, "Anyone who dares to speak of other beauties will be executed along with his entire family".[5]
In traditional Chinese astronomy, Wei is represented by one star in the "Twelve States" asterism of the "Girl" lunar mansion of the "Black Turtle" symbol and other star in the "Left Wall" of the "Heavenly Market" enclosure. Sources differ, however, in whether those two stars are (respectively) 33 Capricorni[6] and Delta Herculis[7] or whether they are Chi Capricorni and Phi Capricorni.[8]
- Liang (state), the earlier state of that name
- Liang (realm), the continuation of the title in later dynasties
- Liang (Han dynasty kingdom), the Han dynasty kingdom established on the territories of Wei
- ^ "Wei". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019-07-25). Introduction to the Urban History of China. Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-981-13-8207-9.
- ^ Crone, Thomas (September 2023). "The Scribal Witness: Narrative authority in ancient Chinese literature". Early China. 46. Cambridge University Press: 265–285. doi:10.1017/eac.2022.25. p. 275: Li Ji plots to make her son Xiqi 奚齐 successor to Lord Xian, drives the official heir to the throne, Shensheng 申生, to suicide and forces his remaining two brothers to flee the country. Her coup causes political unrest and punitive actions by other countries against Jin.
- ^ Mencius: A New Translation Arranged and Annotated For The General Reader. University of Toronto Press. 1963-12-15. ISBN 978-1-4426-3829-7.
- ^ Hinsch, Bret. Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 32. University of California Press, 1990.
- ^ Ian Ridpath's Startales – Capricornus the Sea Goat
- ^ Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy. "天文教育資訊網". 23 June 2006. (in Chinese)
- ^ Star Names – R.H.Allen p.142