Xiapu dialect (original) (raw)

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Dialect of Eastern Min Chinese

Xiapu
霞浦話
Native to Southern China
Region Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Language family Sino-Tibetan SiniticChineseMinCoastal MinEastern MinXiapu
Early forms Proto-Sino-TibetanOld Chinese[a] Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None
Linguasphere 79-AAA-ibe
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The Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

The Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

| | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | | | | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | | | Nasal | m蒙 | | n日 | ŋ語 | | | | Stop | Aspirated | pʰ波 | | tʰ他 | kʰ氣 | | | Tenuis | p邊 | | t低 | k求 | ʔ鶯 | | | Fricative | (β) | θ時 | (ʒ) | x喜 | | | | Affricate | Aspirated | | | ʦʰ出 | | | | Tenuis | | | ʦ曾 | | | | | Lateral | | | l柳 | | | |

a ia ua ai au uai
aŋ iaŋ uaŋ aiŋ ɔuŋ
aʔ iaʔ uaʔ aiʔ ɔuʔ
ɛ, ɔ ɛu
ɔʔ
e, o ø oi eu
eiŋ, ouŋ yoŋ
eiʔ, ouʔ øʔ, yoʔ
u iu ui
uŋ yuŋ
uʔ yuʔ
i, y
iŋ
iʔ
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level陰平 light level陽平 rising上聲 dark departing陰去 light departing陽去 dark entering陰入 light entering陽入
Tone contour ˦ (44) ˨ (22) ˦˨ (42) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˨ (212) ˥ (5) ˨ (2)

Initial assimilation

[edit]

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/ /p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/; /x/ change to the null initial; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/ /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/; /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

| | the second syllable | | | | | | | | | | ---------------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------- | | | the first syllable | dark level44 | light level22 | rising42 | dark departing35 | light departing212 | dark entering5 | light entering2 | | | dark departing35 | 55 | | | 51 | | | | | | dark entering5 | | | | | | | | | | rising42 | 51 | 5 | | | | | | | | dark level44 | 44 | | | | | | | | | light departing212 | | | | | | | | | | light entering2 | | | | | | | | | | light level22 | 22 | | | | | | | |

  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

  2. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766

  3. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.