Yine language (original) (raw)

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Maipurean language spoken in Peru

Piro
Piro
Pronunciation [ˈjine]
Native to Peru
Ethnicity Yine people, Manchineri
Native speakers (5,000 cited 2000–2004)[1]
Language family ArawakanSouthernPiroPiro
Official status
Official language in Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:pib – Yinempd – Machinere (Manitenére)
Glottolog yine1238 Yinemach1268 Machinere
ELP PiroMaxineri

Yine is the principle variety of Piro, which is a Maipurean language spoken in Peru. It belongs to the Piro group which also includes Iñapari (†) and Apurinã. The Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak what may be a dialect of Yine (Aikhenvald, Kaufman). A vocabulary labeled Canamaré is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language.[2]

This language is also called Contaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. Cushichineri has been reported as a language, but is actually a family name used with Whites (Matteson 1965). The name Mashco has sometimes been incorrectly applied to the Yine. (See Mashco Piro.)

Extinct varieties of Piro (Yine):[3]: 244

As of 2000, essentially all of the 4,000 ethnic Yine people speak the language. They live in the Ucayali and Cusco Departments, near the Ucayali River, and near the Madre de Dios River in the Madre de Dios Region in Peru. Literacy is comparatively high. A dictionary has been published in the language and the language is taught alongside Spanish in some Yine schools. There are also a thousand speakers of Machinere.[1]

| | Front | Central | Back | | | --------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Close | i iː | | ɯ ɯː | | Mid | e eː | | o oː | | Open | | a aː | |

| | Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | | | -------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Nasal | m | n | | | | | | Plosive | p | t | | | k | | | Affricate | | t͡s | t͡ʃ | c͡ç | | | | Fricative | | s | ʃ | ç | | h̃ | | Flap | | ɾ | | | | | | Approximant | w | l | | j | | |

Piro has an active–stative syntax.[5]

  1. ^ a b Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Machinere (Manitenére) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.
  3. ^ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.
  4. ^ Urquía Sebastián & Marlett, (2008)
  5. ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.