Laguerre Polynomial (original) (raw)

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LaguerreL

The Laguerre polynomials are solutions L_n(x) to the Laguerre differential equation with nu=0 . They are illustrated above for x in [0,1] and n=1 , 2, ..., 5, and implemented in the Wolfram Language as LaguerreL[n,_x_].

The first few Laguerre polynomials are

When ordered from smallest to largest powers and with the denominators factored out, the triangle of nonzero coefficients is 1; , 1; 2, , 1; , 18, 1; 24, , ... (OEIS A021009). The leading denominators are 1, , 2, , 24, , 720, , 40320, , 3628800, ... (OEIS A000142).

The Laguerre polynomials are given by the sum

	(5)

where (n; k) is a binomial coefficient.

The Rodrigues representation for the Laguerre polynomials is

	(6)

and the generating function for Laguerre polynomials is

A contour integral that is commonly taken as the definition of the Laguerre polynomial is given by

	(9)

where the contour gamma encloses the origin but not the point z=1 (Arfken 1985, pp. 416 and 722).

The Laguerre polynomials satisfy the recurrence relations

	(10)

(Petkovšek et al. 1996) and

	(11)

Solutions to the associated Laguerre differential equation with nu!=0 and an integer are called associated Laguerre polynomials L_n^k(x) (Arfken 1985, p. 726) or, in older literature, Sonine polynomials (Sonine 1880, p. 41; Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 352).

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References

Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (Eds.). "Orthogonal Polynomials." Ch. 22 in Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. New York: Dover, pp. 771-802, 1972.Andrews, G. E.; Askey, R.; and Roy, R. "Laguerre Polynomials." §6.2 in Special Functions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 282-293, 1999.Arfken, G. "Laguerre Functions." §13.2 in Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 721-731, 1985.Chebyshev, P. L. "Sur le développement des fonctions à une seule variable." Bull. Ph.-Math., Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Pétersbourg 1, 193-200, 1859.Chebyshev, P. L. Oeuvres, Vol. 1. New York: Chelsea, pp. 499-508, 1987.Iyanaga, S. and Kawada, Y. (Eds.). "Laguerre Functions." Appendix A, Table 20.VI in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 1481, 1980.Koekoek, R. and Swarttouw, R. F. "Laguerre." §1.11 in The Askey-Scheme of Hypergeometric Orthogonal Polynomials and its -Analogue. Delft, Netherlands: Technische Universiteit Delft, Faculty of Technical Mathematics and Informatics Report 98-17, pp. 47-49, 1998.Laguerre, E. de. "Sur l'intégrale int_x^(+infty)x^(-1)e^(-x)dx ." Bull. Soc. math. France 7, 72-81, 1879. Reprinted in Oeuvres, Vol. 1. New York: Chelsea, pp. 428-437, 1971.Petkovšek, M.; Wilf, H. S.; and Zeilberger, D. A=B. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, pp. 61-62, 1996. http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~wilf/AeqB.html.Roman, S. "The Laguerre Polynomials." §3.1 i The Umbral Calculus. New York: Academic Press, pp. 108-113, 1984.Rota, G.-C.; Kahaner, D.; Odlyzko, A. "Laguerre Polynomials." §11 in "On the Foundations of Combinatorial Theory. VIII: Finite Operator Calculus." J. Math. Anal. Appl. 42, 684-760, 1973.Sansone, G. "Expansions in Laguerre and Hermite Series." Ch. 4 in Orthogonal Functions, rev. English ed. New York: Dover, pp. 295-385, 1991.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A000142/M1675 and A021009 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."Sonine, N. J. "Sur les fonctions cylindriques et le développement des fonctions continues en séries."Math. Ann. 16, 1-80, 1880.Spanier, J. and Oldham, K. B. "The Laguerre Polynomials L_n(x) ." Ch. 23 in An Atlas of Functions. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, pp. 209-216, 1987.Szegö, G. Orthogonal Polynomials, 4th ed. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., 1975.Whittaker, E. T. and Watson, G. N. Ch. 16, Ex. 8 in A Course in Modern Analysis, 4th ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. 352, 1990.