Nicaragua (original) (raw)
Republic of Nicaragua
República de Nicaragua
CAPITAL : Managua
FLAG : The national flag consists of a white horizontal stripe between two stripes of cobalt blue, with the national coat of arms centered in the white band.
ANTHEM : Salve a ti, Nicaragua (Hail to You, Nicaragua).
MONETARY UNIT : The gold córdoba ( C )isapapercurrencyof100centavos.Therearecoinsof5,10,25,and50centavosand1and5coˊrdobas,andnotesof1,2,5,10,20,50,100,500,1,000,5,000,10,000,20,000,50,000,100,000,200,000,500,000,1,000,000,5,000,000,and10,000,000coˊrdobas.C) is a paper currency of 100 centavos. There are coins of 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos and 1 and 5 córdobas, and notes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000, 1,000,000, 5,000,000, and 10,000,000 córdobas. C )isapapercurrencyof100centavos.Therearecoinsof5,10,25,and50centavosand1and5coˊrdobas,andnotesof1,2,5,10,20,50,100,500,1,000,5,000,10,000,20,000,50,000,100,000,200,000,500,000,1,000,000,5,000,000,and10,000,000coˊrdobas.C1 = US 0.0668(orUS0.0668 (or US 0.0668(orUS1 = C $14.96) as of May 2003.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES : The metric system is the legal standard, but some local units also are used.
HOLIDAYS : New Year's Day, 1 January; Labor Day, 1 May; Liberation Day (Revolution of 1979), 19 July; Battle of San Jacinto, 14 September; Independence Day, 15 September; All Saints' Day, 1 November; Christmas, 25 December. Movable religious holidays include Holy Thursday and Good Friday.
TIME : 6 AM = noon GMT.
LANGUAGES
Spanish is the official language and is spoken by the overwhelming majority of the population. Some Nahuatl and other Amerindian words and phrases are in common use. English is often spoken as a second language at professional levels.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
In July 1982, the nation's departments were consolidated into six regions and three special zones, each to be administered by an official directly responsible to the central government. However, under the Chamorro government, Nicaragua has returned to the old system, with 15 departments and two autonomous regions along the Atlantic coast.
Local elections for mayoralties accompany national elections.
ARMED FORCES
In 2002 the armed forces numbered an estimated 14,000. The army had around 12,000 personnel equipped with some 127 main battle tanks. The navy had personnel numbering approximately 800, operating five patrol and coastal combatants. The air force of 1,200 had no combat aircraft and 15 armed helicopters. Nicaragua spent $26 million for defense in 1998 or1.2% of GDP.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Nicaragua is a charter member of the UN, having joined on 24 October 1945, and belongs to BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO and WTrO.
INSURANCE
In 1979, the Nicaraguan Institute of Insurance and Reinsurance took over all domestic insurance companies. There were five domestic insurance companies operating in 2000, including the government-owned Iniser; Seguros America, Seguros Centroamericanos, Seguros Metropolitana, and Seguros Pacificano. All private insurance companies were majority owned by Nicaraguan banks.
DEPENDENCIES
Nicaragua has no territories or colonies.
Location, size, and extent
Topography
Climate
Flora and fauna
Environment
Population
Migration
Ethnic groups
Religions
Transportation
History
Government
Political parties
Judicial system
Economy
Income
Labor
Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Fishing
Forestry
Mining
Energy and power
Industry
Science and technology
Domestic trade
Foreign trade
Balance of payments
Banking and securities
Public finance
Taxation
Customs and duties
Foreign investment
Economic development
Social development
Health
Housing
Education
Libraries and museums
Media
Organizations
Tourism, travel, and recreation
Famous nicaraguans
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Borge, Tomás, et al. The Sandinistas Speak: Speeches and Writings of Nicaragua's Leaders. New York: Pathfinder, 1982.
Brentlinger, John. The Best of What We Are: Reflections on the Nicaraguan Revolution . Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.
Dijkstra, Geske. Industrialization in Sandinista Nicaragua: Policy and Practice in a Mixed Economy . Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992.
Health in the Americas, 2002 edition. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, 2002.
Kagan, Robert. A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990 . New York: Free Press, 1996.
Luciak, Ilja A. The Sandinista Legacy: Lessons from a Political Economy in Transition . Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995.
Nicaragua: A Country Study . 2d ed. Edited by James D. Rudolph. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1994.
Nolan, David. The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution. Miami: University of Miami North-South Center, 1984.
Norsworthy, Kent. Nicaragua: A Country Guide. 2d ed. Albuquerque, N.M.: Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center, 1990.
Paths to Central American Prehistory . Edited by Frederick W. Lange. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 1996.
Pezzullo, Lawrence. At the Fall of Somoza. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993.
The Rise and Fall of the Nicaraguan Revolution . New York: Pathfinder, 1994.
Spalding, Rose J. (ed.). The Political Economy of Revolutionary Nicaragua. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987.
Stanislawski, Dan. The Transformation of Nicaragua. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Vanden, Harry E. Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua . Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner, 1993.
Walker, Thomas W. (ed.). Nicaragua in Revolution. New York: Praeger, 1982.
——. (ed.). Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.
——. Nicaragua, the Land of Sandino. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.
Woodward, Ralph Lee, Jr. Central America: A Nation Divided. 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.