Apocrita (original) (raw)
Tree after Dowton and Austin (2001), Ronquist (1999), Sharkey and Roy (2002), and Whitfield (1998).
References
Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): a biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C.A.B. International, Oxon.
Brothers, D.J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 50:483-648.
Carpenter, J. M. 1987. On the evolutionary genetics of social wasps and the phylogeny of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insectes Sociaux 34(1):58-64.
Dowton, M. and A. D. Austin. 1994. Molecular phylogeny of the insect order Hymenoptera: Apocritan relationships. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9911-9915.
Dowton, M. and A. D. Austin. 2001. Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita - evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74:87-111.
Fergusson, N. D. M. 1988. A comparative study of the structures of phylogenetic importance of female genitalia of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 13(1):13-30.
Gibson, G.A.P. 1986. Evidence for the monophyly and relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera: Terebrantes). Can. Ent. 118:205-240.
Leluk, J., J. Schmidt, et al. 1989. Comparative studies on the protein composition of hymenopteran venom reservoirs. Toxicon 27(1):105-114.
Plant, J. D. and H. F. Paulus. 1987. Comparative morphology of the postmentum of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) with special remarks on the evolution of the lorum. Zeitschrift Fuer Zoologische Systematik Und Evolutionsforschung 25(2):81-103.
Saini, M. S. 1986. Comparative studies on the metapostnotal modifications in suborder Symphyta and Hymenoptera Parasitica. Journal Of Entomological Research 10(1):85-90.
Schmidt, J. O., M. S. Blum, et al. 1986. Comparative enzymology of venoms from stinging Hymenoptera. Toxicon 24(9):907-922.
Schoenitzer, K. and G. Lawitzky. 1987. A phylogenetic study of the antenna cleaner in Formicidae, Mutillidae, and Tiphiidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology 107(5):273-286.
Sharkey, M. J. and A. Roy. 2002. Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a reanalysis of the Ronquist et al. (1999) reanalysis, emphasizing wing venation and apocritan relationships. Zoologica Scripta 31:57-66.
Whitfield, J. B., N. F. Johnson, et al. 1989. Identity and phylogenetic significance of the metapostnotum in nonaculeate Hymenoptera. Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America 82(6):663-673.
Whitfield, J.B. 1998. Phylogeny and evolution of host-parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 43:129-151.
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Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Apocrita. Wasps. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Apocrita/11162/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/