Psocodea (original) (raw)
Parasitic Lice (=Phthiraptera), Book Lice, and Bark Lice
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Summary of the phylogeny of Psocodea based on mophological (Yoshizawa & Johnson 2006) and molecular data (Johnson et al. 2004) shows evidence for paraphyly of Psocoptera. These analyses indicate that parasitic lice evolved from within the Psocoptera suborder Troctomorpha.
References
Clay, T. 1949. Some problems in the evolution of a group of ectoparasites. Evolution 3: 279-299.
Clay, T. 1951. An introduction to a classification of the avian Ischnocera (Mallophaga): Part I. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 102,2:171-195.
Clay, T. 1970. The Amblycera (Phthiraptera: Insecta). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History Entomology 25: 75-98.
Demastes, J. W. and M. S. Hafner 1993. Cospeciation of pocket gophers (Geomys) and their chewing lice (Geomydoecus). Journal of Mammalogy 74(3): 521-530.
Durden, L. A. and G. G. Musser 1994. The sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura) of the world: A taxonomic checklist with records of mammalian hosts and geographic distributions. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 218: 90 pp.
Hafner, M. S. and R. D. M. Page 1995. Molecular phylogenies and host-parasite cospeciation: gophers and lice as a model system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. 349: 77-83.
Hopkins, G. H. E. and T. Clay 1952. A checklist of the genera and species of mallophaga. London, British Museum of Natural History.
Johnson, K. P., Yoshizawa, K. and V. S. Smith. 2004. Multiple origins of parasitism in lice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 271: 1771-1776.
Lakshminarayana, K. V. 1986. Data book for the study of chewing lice (Phthiraptera : Insecta). Records of the Zoological Survey of India: Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper 81: 1-63.
Lyal, C. H. C. 1985. A cladistic analysis and classification of trichodectid mammal lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 51(3): 187-346.
Page, D. M., R. D. Price, et al. 1995. Phylogeny of Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus pocket gopher lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) infered from cladistic analysis of adult and first instar morphology. Systematic Entomology 20: 129-143.
Page, R. D. M. 1994. Parallel phylogenies: Reconstructing the history of host-parasite assemblages. Cladistics 10: 155-173.
Pilgrim, R. L. C. and R. L. Palma 1982. A list of the chewing lice (Insecta: Mallophaga) from birds in New Zealand. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 6: 1-32.
Rothschild, M. and T. Clay (1952). Fleas, flukes & Cuckoos: A study of bird ectoparasites. Colins (New Naturalist Series).London.
Rozsa, L. 1993. Speciation patterns of ectoparasites and "straggling" lice. International Journal for Parasitiology 23(7): 859-864.
Yoshizawa, K. and K. P. Johnson. 2006. Morphology of male genitalia in lice and their relatives and phylogenetic implications. Systematic Entomology 31: 350-361.
Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
| Scientific Name | Antarctophthirus microchir |
|---|---|
| Specimen Condition | Dead Specimen |
| Identified By | Vince Smith |
| Sex | Male |
| Life Cycle Stage | Adult |
| Copyright | © 2006  |
| Scientific Name | Mesopsocus unipunctatus |
|---|---|
| Specimen Condition | Live Specimen |
| Identified By | K. Yoshizawa |
| Sex | Female |
| Life Cycle Stage | micropterous adult |
| View | anterolateral |
| Size | 3mm |
| Copyright | © 2006 Kazunori Yoshizawa |
| Scientific Name | Liposcelis bostrychophila |
|---|---|
| Location | Urbana, Illinois |
| Specimen Condition | Dead Specimen |
| Identified By | E. Mockford |
| Sex | Female |
| Life Cycle Stage | adult |
| Body Part | head |
| View | anterior/lateral |
| Size | 2mm body length |
| Copyright | © 2006 Emilie Bess |
| Scientific Name | Psococerastis sp. |
|---|---|
| Specimen Condition | Live Specimen |
| Identified By | K. Yoshizawa |
| Life Cycle Stage | adult |
| View | lateral |
| Size | 4mm |
| Copyright | © 2006 Kazunori Yoshizawa |
| Scientific Name | Haematomyzus elephantis |
|---|---|
| Specimen Condition | Dead Specimen |
| Sex | Male |
| Life Cycle Stage | adult |
| Copyright | © 2002 K.C. Emerson Entomology Museum, Stillwater Oklahoma |
About This Page
Emilie Bess
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA
The Natural History Museum
Charles Lienhard
Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland
Kevin P. Johnson
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Emilie Bess at , Vince Smith at , Charles Lienhard at , and Kevin P. Johnson at
Page copyright © 2005 Emilie Bess, , Charles Lienhard, and Kevin P. Johnson
All Rights Reserved.
- Content changed 08 October 2006
Citing this page:
Bess, Emilie, Vince Smith, Charles Lienhard, and Kevin P. Johnson. 2006. Psocodea. Parasitic Lice (=Phthiraptera), Book Lice, and Bark Lice. Version 08 October 2006 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Psocodea/8235/2006.10.08 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
- View previous versions of this page
see full version history