Germany (original) (raw)

Germany

Holy Roman Empire�

25 Dec 800 Roman Empire� ("Reich")(originally simply Imperium; from

1034, Romanum Imperium), the king of the Franks crowned as
the Emperor.

11 Aug 843 Empire divided into kingdoms, including the Kingdom of the
East Franks (Regnum Francorum Orientalium).
2 Feb 962 King of the East Franks crowned as the Roman Emperor (this
provision continues during existence of the Empire), having
acquired the Kingdom of Italy in Dec 961, and eventually in
1041, restyling himself as the 'Roman King.'
6 Sep 1032 Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles is inherited by the King/Emperor.
1254 First use of designation Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium,

and from 1340 in German: Heiliges R�misches Reich)(name
confirmed by the Golden Bull of 25 Dec 1356).
25 Dec 1356 The Golden Bull confirms that the King is to be elected by 7 prince-

electors (by 1806 their number had increased to 10), four of them

theoretically representing the 4 original Germanic tribal duchies

and three Archchancellors.
1500 Italy omitted from the structure and the constitutional order
of the Empire by the Imperial Reforms.
1512 Informal suffix "of the German Nation" prescribed by the Imperial
Diet (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation [in German:
_Heiliges R�misches Reich Deutscher Nation_]; in Latin: Sacrum

Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae), it follows the 1508
restyling of the Roman King as the King in Germany.
8 Feb 1649 Peace of Westphalia treaties go into effect; rulers of states
of the Empire, while remaining vassals of the Emperor, are
recognized having limited sovereignty (Landeshoheit) and rights
to enter into foreign treaties that are not against the Empire.
25 Feb 1803 Final Imperial Recess refers to the Empire only as the German
Empire (Deutsches Reich)(as does the 1806 dissolution).

6 Aug 1806 Empire dissolved by the Emperor.

Emperors
25 Dec 800 - 28 Jan 814 Karl I "der Grosse" (Charlemagne) (b. 742 - d. 814)
813 - 20 Jun 840 Ludwig I "der Fromme" (b. 778 - d. 840)
(co-ruler to 28 Jan 814)
5 Apr 823 - 29 Sep 855 Lothar I (Lothair) (b. 795 - d. 855)
(co-ruler to 20 Jun 840)
29 Sep 855 - 28 Aug 875 Ludwig II "der Deutsche" (b. 825 - d. 875)
(King of the East Franks)
28 Aug 875 - 6 Oct 877 Karl II "der Kahle" (b. c.823 - d. 877)
28 Aug 876 - 22 Mar 880 Karlman (Carloman) (b. c.830 - d. 880)
(King of the East Franks)
28 Aug 876 - 20 Jan 882 Ludwig III "der J�ngere" (b. c.835 - d. 882)
(King of the East Franks)
12 Feb 881 - 13 Jan 888 Karl III (b. 839 - d. 888)
(also King of the West Franks to 20 Jan 882)
13 Jan 888 - 21 Feb 891 interregnum
21 Feb 891 - 12 Dec 894 Guy (d. 894)
30 Apr 892 - 15 Oct 898 Lambert (b. c.875 - d. 898)
(co-rulers to 12 Dec 894; in opposition from 22 Feb 896)
22 Feb 896 - 8 Dec 899 Arnolf (Arnulf) (b. c.850 - d. 899)
(from 30 Nov 887, King of East Franks)
8 Dec 899 - 4 Feb 900 Hatto, Erzbischof von Mainz (b. c.850 - d. 913)
-Imperial chancellor (1st time)
4 Feb 900 - 24 Sep 911 Ludwig III "das Kind" (b. c.893 - d. 911)
(also King of the East Franks)
4 Sep 900 - 24 Sep 911 Hatto, Erzbischof von Mainz -Regent(s.a.)
24 Sep 911 - 10 Nov 911 Hatto, Erzbischof von Mainz (s.a.)
-Imperial chancellor (2nd time)
10 Nov 911 - 23 Dec 918 Konrad I "der J�ngere" -King (b. c.881 - d. 918)
(also King of the East Franks)
23 Dec 918 - 12 May 919 Heriger, Erzbischof von (d. 927)
Mainz -Imperial chancellor
12 May 919 - 2 Jul 936 Heinrich I "der Vogler" -King (b. c.876 - d. 936)
(also King of the East Franks)
2 Jul 936 - 7 Aug 936 Hildebert, Erzbischof von Mainz
7 Aug 936 - 7 May 973 Otto I "der Grosse" (b. 912 - d. 973)
(King of the East Franks to 2 Feb 962)
9 May 973 - 7 Dec 983 Otto II "der Rote" (b. 955 - d. 983)
(king to 26 May 961)
7 Dec 983 - 25 Dec 983 Willigis, Erzbischof von Mainz (b. c.940 - d. 1011)
-Imperial chancellor (1st time)
25 Dec 983 - 24 Jan 1002 Otto III (b. 980 - d. 1002)
(king to 21 May 996)
25 Dec 983 - 15 Jun 990 Theophanu (Theof�neia) (f) -Regent (b. c.955 - d. 990)
15 Jun 1990 - 6 Jul 994 Adelheid von Burgund (f) -Regent (b. 931 - d. 999)
24 Jan 1002 - 7 Jun 1002 Willigis, Erzbischof von Mainz (s.a.)
-Imperial chancellor (2nd time)
7 Jun 1002 - 13 Jul 1024 Heinrich II "der Heilige" (b. 973 - d. 1024)
(king to 14 Feb 1014)
8 Sep 1024 - 4 Jun 1039 Konrad II (b. c.990 - d. 1039)
(king to 26 Mar 1027)
4 Jun 1039 - 5 Oct 1056 Heinrich III (b. 1016 - d. 1056)
(king from 14 Apr 1028, Emperor from 25 Dec 1046)
5 Oct 1056 - 31 Dec 1105 Heinrich IV (b. 1050 - d. 1106)
(king from Nov 1053)
15 Mar 1077 - 15 Oct 1080 Rudolf von Rheinfelden -King (b. c.1025 - d. 1080)
(in opposition)
26 Dec 1081 - 29 Sep 1088 Hermann von Salm -K ing (b. c.1035 - d. 1088)
(in opposition)
30 May 1087 - 1 Apr 1098 Konrad (III) -King (in opposition) (b. 1074 - d. 1101)
6 Jan 1106 - 23 May 1125 Heinrich V (b. 1085 - d. 1125)
(co-King from 1099 - 31 Dec 1105)
23 May 1125 - 30 Aug 1125 Adalbert, Erzbischof von (b. c.1075 - d. 1137)
Mainz -Imperial chancellor
30 Aug 1125 - 3 Dec 1137 Lothar (Lothair) II (III) (b. 1075 - d. 1137)
(King to 4 Jun 1133)
3 Dec 1137 - 7 Mar 1138 Imperial Vicars
- Albero von Montreuil, Erzbischof (b c.1080 - d. 1152)
von Trier (to 1 Feb 1138)
- Arnold, Erzbischof von K�ln (b. c.110 - d. 1151)
(from 1 Feb 1138)
7 Mar 1138 - 15 Feb 1152 Konrad III -King (b. 1093? - d. 1152)
30 Mar 1147 - 30 Apr 1150 Heinrich (VI) Berengar -co-King (b. 1136? - d. 1150)
Jun 1147 - May 1149 Imperial governors (for Heinrich)
- Wibald, Abt zu Stablo-Malmedy (b. c.1098 - d. 1158)
- Heinrich von Wiesenbach
15 Feb 1152 - 9 Mar 1152 Heinrich von Harburg, Erzbischof (b. c.1080 - d. 1153)
von Mainz -Imperial chancellor
9 Mar 1152 - 10 Jun 1190 Friedrich I "Barbarossa" (b. 1122 - d. 1190)
(king to 8 Jun 1155)
14 Apr 1191 - 28 Sep 1197 Heinrich VI (b. 1165 - d. 1197)
(co-King from 15 Aug 1169)
28 Sep 1197 - 8 Mar 1198 Konrad von Wittelsbach, Erzbischof (b. c.1120 - d. 1200)
von Mainz -Imperial chancellor
8 Mar 1198 - 21 Jun 1208 Philipp -King (b. 1177 - d. 1208)
(coronation 8 Sep 1198)
21 Jun 1208 - 11 Nov 1208 Siegfried von Eppstein, Erzbischof (b. c.1149 - d. 1249)
von Mainz -Imperial chancellor
11 Nov 1208 - 19 May 1218 Otto IV (b. 1175 - d. 1218)
(rival king 8 Jun 1198 - 11 Nov 1208, Emperor from 21 Oct 1209)
22 Nov 1220 - 13 Dec 1250 Friedrich II (b. 1194 - d. 1250)
(King to 12 Nov 1220)
6 Apr 1220 - 4 Jul 1235 Heinrich (VII) -co-King (b. 1211 - d. 1242)
(elected 6 Apr 1220, coronation 8 May 1222;
in rebellion Sep 1234 - 2 Jul 1235)
6 Apr 1220 - 25 Dec 1228 Imperial governors (for Heinrich)
- Engelbert, Erzbischof von K�ln (b. 1185? - d. 1225)
(to 7 Nov 1225)
- Ludwig I, Herzog von Bayern und (b. 1173 - d. 1231)
Pfalzgraf bei Rhein
(Jul 1226 - 25 Dec 1228)
4 Jul 1235 - 1245 Imperial governors (for Konrad IV)
- Siegfried, Erzbischof von Mainz (to 1241)
- Heinrich Raspe (1242-1245) (b. 1204 - d. 1247)
- Wenzel I, K�nig von B�hmen (b. 1205 - d. 1253)
(1242-1245)
22 May 1246 - 16 Feb 1247 Heinrich Raspe -King (s.a.)
(rival King to Friedrich II)
3 Oct 1247 - 28 Jan 1256 Wilhelm von Holland -King (b. 1227 - d. 1256)
(rival King to Friedrich II and Konrad IV to 21 May 1254)
13 Dec 1250 - 21 May 1254 Konrad IV -King (b. 1228 - d. 1254)
(elected King May 1237)
Jun 1251 - 29 Nov 1253 Imperial governor (for Konrad IV)
- Otto II Herzog von Bayern (b. 1206 - d. 1253)
28 Jan 1256 - 13 Jan 1257 Gerhard Wildgraf von Dhaun (d. 1259)
und Kyrburg**,** Erzbischof von
Mainz -Imperial chancellor
13 Jan 1257 - 4 Apr 1272 Richard von Cornwall -King (b. 1209 - d. 1272)
(coronation 27 May 1257)
1 Apr 1257 - 22 Oct 1275 Alfons (rival claimant) (b. 1221 - d. 1284)
4 Apr 1272 - 29 Sep 1273 Werner von Eppstein**,Erzbischof (b. c.1225 - d. 1284) von Mainz -Imperial Chancellor**
29 Sep 1273 - 15 Jul 1291 Rudolf I -King (b. 1218 - d. 1291)
15 Jul 1291 - 5 May 1292 Gerhard von Eppstein**,Erzbischof (b. c.1230 - d. 1305)
von Mainz -Imperial Chancellor** (1st time)
5 May 1292 - 23 Jun 1298 Adolf -King (b. c.1255 - d. 1298)
24 Jun 1298 - 27 Jul 1298 Gerhard von Eppstein**,Erzbischof (s.a.)
von Mainz -Imperial Chancellor**
(2nd time)
27 Jul 1298 - 1 May 1308 Albrecht I -King (b. 1255 - d. 1308)
24 Aug 1313 - 20 Oct 1314 Peter von Aspelt, Erzbischof von (b. c.1245 - d. 1320)
Mainz -Imperial Chancellor
(1st time)
27 Feb 1308 - 24 Oct 1313 Heinrich VII (b. c.1275 - d. 1313)
(coronation 6 Jan 1309, Emperor from 29 Jun 1312)
24 Aug 1313 - 20 Oct 1314 Peter von Aspelt,Erzbischof von (s.a.)
Mainz -Imperial Chancellor
(2nd time)
20 Oct 1314 - 11 Oct 1347 Ludwig IV (b. 1282 - d. 1347)
(coronation 25 Nov 1314; Emperor from 17 Jan 1328)
19 Oct 1314 - 23 Sep 1322 Friedrich (III) (b. c.1289 - d. 1330)
(in opposition, then jointly 5 Sep 1325 - 13 Jan 1330)
21 Nov 1346 - 29 Nov 1378 Karl IV (b. 1316 - d. 1378)
(in opposition to 11 Oct 1347; Emperor from 6 Jan 1355)
30 Jan 1349 - 24 May 1349 G�nther von Schwarzburg (b. 1304 - d. 1349)
(in opposition)
29 Nov 1378 - 20 Aug 1400 Wenzel (Wenceslas) (b. 1361 - d. 1419)
(elected king 10 Jun 1376)
21 Aug 1400 - 18 May 1410 Ruprecht -King (b. 1352 - d. 1410)
(coronation 6 Jan 1401)
18 May 1410 - 1 Oct 1410 **Imperial vicars
- Ludwig III (1st time) (b. 1378 - d. 1436)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Rudolf III (1st time) (b. c.1378 - d. 1419)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
1 Oct 1410 - 18 Jan 1411 Jobst (b. c.1234 - d. 1411)
(elected 1 Oct 1410)
18 Jan 1411 - 8 Nov 1411 **Imperial vicars
- Ludwig III (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Rudolf III (2nd time) (b. c.1378 - d. 1419)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
8 Nov 1411 - 9 Dec 1437 Sigismund (b. 1368 - d. 1437)
(elected king 21 Jul 1411; Emperor from 31 May 1433)
9 Dec 1437 - 18 Mar 1438 Imperial vicars
- Ludwig IV (1st time) (b. 1424 - d. 1449)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Friedrich II (1st time) (b. 1412 - d. 1464)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
18 Mar 1438 - 27 Oct 1439 Albrecht II -King-elect (b. 1397 - d. 1438)
27 Oct 1439 - 2 Feb 1440 Imperial vicars
- Ludwig IV (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Friedrich II (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
2 Feb 1440 - 19 Aug 1493 Friedrich III (b. 1415 - d. 1493)
(elected 2 Feb 1440, crowned 19 March 1452)
Emperors-elect�
19 Aug 1493 - 12 Jan 1519 Maximilian I (b. 1459 - d. 1519)
(elected 16 Feb 1486)
12 Jan 1519 - 17 Jun 1519 Imperial vicars
- Ludwig V (b. 1478 - d. 1544)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Friedrich III (b. 1463 - d. 1525)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
28 Jun 1519 - 26 Aug 1556 Karl V (b. 1500 - d. 1558)
(coronation 24 Feb 1530)
26 Feb 1558 - 25 Jul 1564 Ferdinand II (b. 1503 - d. 1564)
(elected 5 Jan 1531)
25 Jul 1564 - 12 Oct 1576 Maximilian II (b. 1527 - d. 1576)
(elected 28 Nov 1562)
2 Nov 1576 - 20 Jan 1612 Rudolf II (b. 1552 - d. 1612)
(elected 27 Oct 1575)
20 Jan 1612 - 13 Jun 1612 Imperial vicars
- Friedrich V (1st time) (b. 1596 - d. 1632)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Johann Georg I (1st time) (b. 1585 - d. 1656)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
24 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619 Matthias II (b. 1557 - d. 1619)
(elected 13 Jun 1612)
20 Mar 1619 - 28 Aug 1619 Imperial vicars
- Friedrich V (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Johann Georg I (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637 Ferdinand III (b. 1578 - d. 1637)
15 Feb 1637 - 2 Apr 1657 Ferdinand IV (b. 1608 - d. 1657)
(elected 22 Dec 1636)
2 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658 Imperial vicars
- Karl I Ludwig (b. 1617 - d. 1680)
(count palatine of the Rhine;
in dispute with Ferdinand Maria)
- Ferdinand Maria (duke of Bavaria)(b. 1636 - d. 1679)
(in dispute with Karl I Ludwig)
- Johann Georg II (b. 1613 - d. 1680)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
1 Aug 1658 - 5 May 1705 Leopold I (b. 1640 - d. 1705)
(elected 18 Jul 1658)
5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Joseph I (b. 1678 - d. 1711)
(elected 23 Jan 1690, crowned 26 Jan 1690)
17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial vicars
- Johann Wilhelm (b. 1658 - d. 1716)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Friedrich August I "der Starke" (b. 1670 - d. 1740)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Karl VI (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(elected 12 Oct 1711)
20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial vicars
- Karl Albrecht (b. 1697 - d. 1745)
(duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August II (1st time) (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Karl VII (s.a.)
(Karl Albrecht, duke of Bavaria)
(elected 14 Jan 1742)(in Frankfurt am Main)
20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial vicars
- Maximilian III Joseph (b. 1727 - d. 1777)
(duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August II (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Franz I (b. 1708 - d. 1765)
(elected 13 Sep 1745)
18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Joseph II (b. 1741 - d. 1790)
(elected 27 Mar 1764, crowned 3 Apr 1764)
20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial vicars
- Karl IV Philipp Theodor (b. 1724 - d. 1799)
(1st time) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August III (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
"der Gerechte" (1st time)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
9 Oct 1790 - 1 Mar 1792 Leopold II (b. 1747 - d. 1792)
(elected 30 Sep 1790)
1 Mar 1792 - 7 Jul 1792 Imperial vicars
- Karl IV Philipp Theodor (s.a.)
(2nd time) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August III (s.a.)
"der Gerechte" (2nd time)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
14 Jul 1792 - 6 Aug 1806 Franz II (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
(elected 7 Jul 1792)

Archchancellors for Germany �
25 Dec 1356 - 25 Jul 1806 the Archbishops of Mayence (Mainz)
Archchancellors for Gaul and the Kingdom of Arles (Burgundy) �
25 Dec 1356 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops of Trier
Archchancellors for Italy �
25 Dec 1356 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops of Cologne Imperial Vice-Chancellors � [heads of the Imperial Chancellery]
3 Jul 1519 - 1525 Nikolaus Ziegler
1525 - 28 Jun 1531 Balthasar Merklin Bischof von (b. c.1579 - d. 1531)
Konstanz und Hildesheim
Jul 1531 - Jun 1541 Matthias Held von Arle (b. 1496 - d. 1564)
Jun 1541 - 20 Feb 1547 Johann von Naves (b. c.1500 - d. 1547)
(= Jean Naves de Messancy)
1547 - 28 Dec 1558 Jakob von Jonas (b. c.1500 - d. 1558)
28 Dec 1558 - Dec 1563 Georg Sigismund Seld (b. 1516 - d. 1565)
Aug 1564 - 27 Apr 1570 Johann Ulrich Zasius von Rabenstein(b. 1521 - d. 1570)
1570 - 1577 Johannes Baptist Weber (b. 1526 - d. 1584)
23 Apr 1577 - 23 Apr 1587 Siegmund Vieh�user (b. c.1545 - d. 1587)
1587 - 11 Mar 1594 Jacob Kurz Freiherr von Senftenau (b. 1553 - d. 1594)
1594 - Sep 1597 Johann Wolf Freymann von Oberhausen(b. 1546 - d. 1610)
Sep 1597 - 24 Nov 1606 Rudolf Coradutz (d. c.1618)
Nov 1607 - 1612 Leopold Freiherr von Stralendorf (b. c.1545 - d. 1626)
29 Sep 1612 - 16 Jul 1627 Hans Ludwig von Ulm (b. 1567 - d. 1627)
(from 20 Sep 1622, Hans Ludwig Freiherr von Ulm zu Erbach)
25 Sep 1627 - 19 Oct 1637 Peter Heinrich von Stralendorf, (b. 1580 - d. 1637)
Freiherr von Goldrebe
1637 - 24 Mar 1659 Ferdinand Sigismund Kurtz, Graf (b. 1592 - d. 1659)
von Senftenau
28 Apr 1660 - 30 Jun 1669 Wilderich Freiherr von Walderdorff (b. 1617 - d. 1680)
11 Jul 1669 - 5 Feb 1694 Leopold Wilhelm Graf von K�nigsegg-
Rothenfels (b. 1630 - d. 1694)
10 Feb 1694 - 25 Dec 1695 Gottlieb Amadeus Graf von Windisch-
Graetz (b. 1630 - d. 1695)
1696 - 11 Jan 1705 Dominik Andreas Graf von Kaunitz (b. 1654 - d. 1705)
13 Feb 1705 - May 1734 Friedrich Karl Graf von Sch�nborn- (b. 1674 - d. 1746)
Buchheim (from 30 Jan 1729, F�rstbischof
zu Bamberg [from 18 May 1729] und zuW�rzburg)
20 Aug 1734 - 28 Nov 1740 Johann Adolf Graf von Metsch (b. 1672 - d. 1740)
21 May 1737 - 1742 Rudolph Joseph Graf von Colloredo- (b. 1706 - d. 1788)
Waldsee (1st time)(substitute to 1740)
1742 - 1745 Johann Georg Graf von K�nigsfeld (b. 1679 - d. 1750)
(in Frankfurt am Main)
22 Sep 1745 - 1 Nov 1788 Rudolph Joseph Graf von Colloredo- (s.a.)
Waldsee (from 29 Dec 1763, Rudolph Joseph
Reichsf�rst von Colloredo-Waldsee)
(2nd time)
24 Dec 1788 - 6 Aug 1806 Franz de Paula Gundaker F�rst von (b. 1731 - d. 1807)
Colloredo-Waldsee

�Constitutionally the entity dealt here is the Reich ruled by the king elected by the electors (Kurf�rsten) and crowned king. (It is a matter of dispute whether the king acquires his ruling authority with the election or only with the coronation; both dates are given in the following record.) In theory, his title is just King (K�nig) without territorial appendage. By the time period of the 16th century, it was understood that the king had acquired the dignity and notional authority of a Roman emperor (see below), and the scope of his authority as such was styled the Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges R�misches Reich - Sacrum Romanum Imperium); the addition "of the German Nation" (deutscher Nation - nationis germanicae) comes into official use in the 15th century (e.g., Act of the Imperial Diet [_Reichsschluss_] of 1486); its meaning has been the subject of considerable dispute since the 17th century. In the time period covered, the imperial authority extended de facto (except for some vestigial remnants, such as the chartering of notaries-public throughout Western Europe) only to the (German) Reich, and official use made no distinctions.
Upon his election (and coronation) the person acquired the style of king, whether during the lifetime of the ruler or after an interregnum. Theoretically, he was king just as much as an existing ruler, but this was just theory. In honor of the imperial status of the ruler, the elected and crowned king, if not yet emperor-elect (see above), was styled, not just King or German King, but Roman King (R�mischer K�nig - Rex Romanorum, literally "king of the Romans").
With the demise of the imperial authority, by death or abdication, if a Roman King was in existence, he took the style of Roman Emperor-Elect, King in Germany (see above). The imperial coronation by the pope having been discontinued (except for Karl V 24 Feb 1530), it was decided 4 Feb 1508 to forego the formal acquisition of the style of Roman Emperor and to fall back on the theory that an elected German king was ipso facto Roman emperor-elect and to make this point by incorporating this concept into the ruler's style.
The full style from 1658 (to which were, of course, attached the styles belonging to the states ruled by the emperor-elect, such as Archduke of Austria) was as follows: Von Gottes Gnaden erw�hlter r�mischer Kaiser, R.I.S.A., K�nig in Germanien - Divina favente clementia Romanorum imperator electus et semper augustus, R.I.S.A., rex in Germania. The initials R.I.S.A. stood for Romanorum imperator semper augustus, but were misinterpreted to stand for Romani imperii semper auctor, and this misinterpretation had by the period covered come into official use, being rendered in German as zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs ("at all times increaser of the empire").
Under the provisions of the Golden Bull of 1356, when there was no king the royal authority was exercised by two imperial vicars (Reichsvikare - vicarii imperii), each with a separate territorial jurisdiction. They were specified to be the count palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) and the count palatine of Saxony (Pfalzgraf von Sachsen). By the time period covered, the count palatine of Saxony was the duke of Saxony, elector; and the count palatine of the Rhine was the elector with that title, until the interregnum of 1657, when the electorate in question, and with it the county palatine, were in dispute with Bavaria.

�Due to the Empire losing its Burgundian and Italian territories, the Archchancellors for Germany remained the only Imperial Archchancellors (Reichserzkanzler). Permanent deputies to the Archchancellors, who remained in Mainz, were appointed from 1520 with title of Imperial Vice-Chancellor (Reichsvizekanzler) and a seat in Vienna for directing the Imperial Chancellery (Reichshofkanzlei) there.
In 1620, the Chancellery became purely an Imperial institution upon the separation of the Austrian Chancellery. Absence of the Archchancellor from Vienna increased the role of the Vice-Chancellor who developed into an administrator of the day-to-day Imperial government.

The Confederation of the Rhine

25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813

Note: Under the aegis of Napol�on I, Emperor of the French and King of Italy, a confederation of states resigning from the Reich was formed 25 Jul 1806, Napol�on becoming protecteur de la Conf�d�ration du Rhin in addition to his other styles. The Charter (Rheinbundsakte in German) was written in the French language, and called the entity �tats conf�d�r�s du Rhin, but used the term Conf�d�ration. The official German term was Rhein-Confoederation, but it was informally styled Rheinbund, the name by which it is known to history. The constituents of the Confederation were technically not states, but rulers. By joining the Confederation some had their rank elevated, notably a few who became grand-dukes (Grossherzog), who were regarded as of royal status. The Diet of the Confederation, as well as its College of Kings, was chaired by the former Archbishop of Mayence, Imperial Archchancellor and Elector, in his capacity as Prince-Primate (F�rstprimas).

25 Jul 1806 Confederation of the Rhine founded.
Charter members:
- King of Bavaria (left 8 Oct 1813)
- King of W�rttemberg (left 2 Nov 1813)
- Prince-Primate (formerly archbishop of Mayence) and Prince
of Regensburg und Aschaffenburg [from 16 Feb 1810 Grand
Duke of Frankfurt]).
- Elector of Baden, becomes a grand duke.
- Duke of Berg and Cleves, becomes a grand duke.
- Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, becomes a grand duke.
- Prince of Nassau-Usingen, senior of these two becomes a duke.
- Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (to 30 Aug 1806)
- Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Prince of Salm-Salm (to 13 Dec 1810)
- Prince of Salm-Kyrburg (to 13 Dec 1810)
- Prince of Isenburg-Birstein
- Duke of Arenberg (to 11 Feb 1811)
- Prince of Liechtenstein
- Count of Leyen in Hohengeroldseck, becomes a prince.
From 25 Sep 1806:
- Grand Duke of W�rzburg (left 26 Oct 1813)
From 11 Dec 1806:
- King of Saxony
From 15 Dec 1806:
- Duke of Saxe-Weimar
- Duke of Saxe-Gotha
- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen
- Duke of Saxe-Coburg
From 18 Apr 1807:
- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke of Anhalt-K�then
- Prince of Lippe-Detmold
- Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
- four Princes of Reuss (Reuss-Schleiz-Gera,
Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Ebersdorf, Reuss-Lobenstein)
- Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince of Waldeck
From 15 Nov 1807:
- King of Westphalia
From 10 Feb 1808:
- Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (left 30 Mar 1813)
From 22 Mar 1808:
- Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (left 25 Mar 1813) From 14 Oct 1808:
- Duke of Oldenburg (to 13 Dec 1810)
19 Oct 1813 Confederation dissolves after the Battle of Leipzig.
4 Nov 1813 Dissolution pronounced by the Allies.

Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine1
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Napol�on I (France) (b. 1769 - d. 1821)

Prince-Primate1
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Carl Theodor Anton Maria Freiherr (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
von und zu Dalberg, F�rst-Primas,
F�rst von Regensburg und Aschaffenburg
(from 16 Feb 1810, Grossherzog von Frankfurt) (Frankfurt)

1titles:(a) Protecteur de la Conf�d�ration du Rhin/Protector des Rheinischen Bundes("Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine");(b) Prince-Primat de la Conf�d�ration du Rhin/F�rstprimas des Rheinbundes ("Prince-Primate of Confederation of the Rhine").

Transitional Central Administration 1813-1814

Note: After the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation, there was no central authority in Germany until the creation of the German Confederation. An attempt to administer the former French satellites and occupied territories in Germany was, however, made, and was headed by a body called the Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat).

1 Oct 1813 Central Administrative Council Germany (Zentralverwaltungsrat
Deutschland/Conseil d'Administration Centrale) formed by Austria,
Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and Sweden to oversee the
administration of liberated German territory.
21 Oct 1813 - 15 Jun 1814 Central Administration Department Germany (in Frankfurt ma Main).
(Zentralverwaltungsdepartement Deutschland/
D�partement Central d'Administration Temporaire).

President of the Central Administration
21 Oct 1813 - 15 Jun 1814 Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr (b. 1757 - d. 1831)
vom und zum Stein (Prussia)

German Reich

20 Jun 1815 German Confederation (signed 8 Jun 1815 at Vienna).

5 Nov 1816 Diet of the German Confederation opens.

15 May 1820 Final Act of the Ministerial Conference to Complete and

Consolidate the Organization of the German Confederation signed.

12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 German Empire (declared at Frankfurt; officially from 28 Mar 1849
by adoption of the constitution, accepted by most of the member

states- except Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Hannover).

28 Mar 1849 Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia elected Emperor;

(on 28 Apr 1849, he rejects the election).

24 Aug 1866 End of the German Confederation.
1 Jul 1867 North German Confederation
1 Jan 1871 German Empire (Deutsches Reich)
10 Nov 1918 Germany a republic (but style Deutsches Reich not abandoned).

Presidents of the German Confederation
5 Oct 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 the Emperors of Austria
Presidential Envoys to the Federal Parliament (in Frankfurt am Main)(all Austrian)
5 Oct 1815 - 16 Dec 1815 Franz Joseph Freiherr von Albini (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
auf D�rrenried
16 Dec 1815 - 24 Feb 1823 Johann Rudolf Graf von Buol- (b. 1763 - d. 1834)
Schauenstein
24 Feb 1823 - 12 Mar 1848 Joachim Eduard Freiherr von (b. 1786 - d. 1866)
M�nch-Bellinghausen
12 Mar 1848 - 14 May 1848 Franz Graf von Colloredo-Wallsee (b. 1799 - d. 1859)
14 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Anton von Schmerling (b. 1805 - d. 1893)
1 May 1850 - 1 Nov 1852 Friedrich Graf von Thun-Hohenstein (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
2 Jan 1853 - 12 Oct 1855 Anton Freiherr Prokesch (b. 1795 - d. 1876)
12 Oct 1855 - 4 May 1859 Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg (b. 1806 - d. 1899)
und Rothenl�wen
23 May 1859 - 24 Aug 1866 Aloys Freiherr von K�beck (b. 1819 - d. 1873)

Presidents of the National Constituent Assembly(in Frankfurt am Main)
18 May 1848 - 19 May 1848 Friedrich Lang (Hanover) (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
(president by age)
19 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr (b. 1799 - d. 1880) R-Lib
von Gagern (Hesse-Darmstadt)
Provisional Central Authorities of the German Reich
12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 Johann Erzherzog von �sterreich (b. 1782 - d. 1859)
(Imperial Vicar [Reichsverweser])
6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849 German Imperial Regency
(in Stuttgart, in rebellion)
- Peter Franz Joseph Raveaux (b. 1810 - d. 1851) Dem
(Baden) (president)
- August Christoph Carl Vogt (b. 1817 - d. 1895) Dem
(Hesse-Darmstadt)
- August Heinrich Simon (b. 1805 - d. 1860) Dem
(Prussia)
- Friedrich Sch�ler (Bavaria) (b. 1791 - d. 1873) Dem
- August Heinrich Becher (b. 1816 - d. 1890) Dem
(W�rttemberg)
20 Dec 1849 - 1 May 1850 Provisi onal Federal Central Commission
(on behalf of the Emperor of Austria
and the King of Prussia)
- Karl Friedrich K�beck Freiherr (b. 1780 - d. 1855) Con
von K�bau (Austria)
- Karl Freiherr von Sch�nhals (b. 1788 - d. 1857) Mil
(Austria)
- Carl Wilhelm von B�tticher (b. 1791 - d. 1868) Con
(Prussia)
- Joseph Maria von Radowitz (b. 1797 - d. 1853) Con
(to 31 Mar 1850)(Prussia)
- Eduard von Peucker (Prussia) (b. 1791 - d. 1876) Mil
(from 19 Jan 1850; acting to 31 Mar 1850)
President of the North German Confederation4
1 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870 the king of Prussia
Emperors4
18 Jan 1871 - 9 Mar 1888 Wilhelm I (b. 1797 - d. 1888)
4 Jun 1878 - 5 Dec 1878 Friedrich Wilhelm von (b. 1831 - d. 1888)
Prussen -Regent
(acting for incapacitated Wilhelm)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Friedrich III (s.a.)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Wilhelm von Preussen -R egent (b. 1859 - d. 1941)
(acting for incapacitated Friedrich)
15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm II (s.a.)
(confirmed abdication 28 Nov 1918, Amerongen, Netherlands)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils of Greater Berlin
11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918 Richard M�ller (b. 1880 - d. 1943) USPD
+ Hans-Georg von Beerfelde (b. 1877 - d. 1960) Mil
(to 12 Nov 1918)
+ Hugo Brutus Hermann Molkenbuhr (b. 1881 - d. 1959) SPD
(from 12 Nov 1918)
Chairmen of the Central Council of the German Socialist Republic
20 Dec 1918 - 4 Feb 1919 Robert Leinert (b. 1873 - d. 1940) SPD
+ Emmanuel "Max" Cohen-Reuss (b. 1876 - d. 1963) SPD
+ Hermann M�ller (b. 1876 - d. 1931) SPD
Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly
6 Feb 1919 - 7 Feb 1919 Wilhelm Pfannkuch (b. 1841 - d. 1923) SPD
(president by age)
7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919 Eduard Heinrich Rudolph David (b. 1863 - d. 1930) SPD
Presidents
11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 Friedrich Ebert (b. 1871 - d. 1925) SPD
28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925 Hans Luther (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1962) Non-party
12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925 Walter Simons (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1937) Non-party
12 May 1925 - 2 Aug 1934 Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von (b. 1847 - d. 1934) Non-party
Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg
F�hrer and Reichs Chancellor4
2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler (b. 1889 - d. 1945) NSDAP
President
30 Apr 1945 - 23 May 1945 Karl D�nitz (b. 1891 - d. 1980) Mil

Presidents of the Reich Council of Ministers
5 Aug 1848 - 16 Sep 1848 Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Emich (b. 1804 - d. 1856) Lib-Con
F�rst zu Leiningen (Baden)
(interim from 5 Sep 1848)
16 Sep 1848 - 17 Dec 1848 Anton Ritter von Schmerling (b. 1805 - d. 1893) Lib-Con
(Austria) (interim)
17 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849 Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr (s.a.) R-Lib
von Gagern (Hesse-Darmstadt)
(interim from 21 Mar 1849)
16 May 1849 - 3 Jun 1849 Maximilian Carl Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1781 - d. 1860) Con
Gr�vell (Prussia) (interim)
3 Jun 1849 - 20 Dec 1849 August Ludwig Prinz von Sayn- (b. 1788 - d. 1874) Non-party
Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Prussia)
Federal Chancellor
14 Jul 1867 - 21 Mar 1871 Otto Eduard Leopold Graf von (b. 1815 - d. 1898) Non-party
Bismarck-Sch�nhausen (from 21 Mar 1871,
F�rst von Bismarck-Sch�nhausen)
Reichs Chancellors
21 Mar 1871 - 20 Mar 1890 Otto Eduard Leopold F�rst von (s.a.) Non-party
Bismarck-Sch�nhausen
20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 Georg Leo von Caprivi de Caprara (b. 1831 - d. 1899) Non-party
de Montecuculi
(from 18 Dec 1891, Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuculi)
29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 Chlodwig Carl Victor F�rst zu (b. 1819 - d. 1901) Non-party
Hohenlohe-Schillingsf�rst,
Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey
17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 Bernhard Martin Heinrich Carl von (b. 1849 - d. 1929) Non-party
B�low
(from 6 Sep 1905, F�rst von B�low)
14 Jul 1909 - 13 Jul 1917 Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred (b. 1856 - d. 1921) Non-party
von Bethmann-Hollweg
14 Jul 1917 - 1 Nov 1917 Georg Michaelis (b. 1857 - d. 1936) Non-party
1 Nov 1917 - 3 Oct 1918 Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling (b. 1843 - d. 1919) Z
3 Oct 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Maximilian Prinz von Baden (b. 1867 - d. 1929) Non-party
9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Friedrich Ebert (s.a.) SPD
Chairmen of the Council of the People's Deputies
10 Nov 1918 - 29 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (1st time) (s.a.) SPD
+ Hugo Haase (b. 1863 - d. 1919) USPD
30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert (2nd time) (s.a.) SPD
+ Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann (b. 1865 - d. 1939) SPD
Presidents of the Reich Ministry
13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919 Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann (s.a.) SPD
21 Jun 1919 - 14 Aug 1919 Gustav Adolf Bauer (b. 1870 - d. 1944) SPD
Reich Chancellors
14 Aug 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 Gustav Adolf Bauer (s.a.) SPD
13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion) (b. 1858 - d. 1922) ADV
27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920 Hermann M�ller (1st time) (s.a.) SPD
21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 Konstantin Fehrenbach (b. 1852 - d. 1926) Z
10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 Joseph Karl Wirth (b. 1879 - d. 1956) Z
22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno (b. 1876 - d. 1933) Non-party
13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Gustav Stresemann (b. 1878 - d. 1929) DVP
30 Nov 1923 - 15 Jan 1925 Wilhelm Marx (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1946) Z
15 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 Hans Luther (s.a.) Non-party
13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926 Otto Karl Gessler (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1955) DDP
17 May 1926 - 29 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx (2nd time) (s.a.) Z
29 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 Hermann M�ller (2nd time) (s.a.) SDP
30 Mar 1930 - 1 Jun 1932 Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth (b. 1885 - d. 1970) Z
Br�ning
1 Jun 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria (b. 1879 - d. 1969) Z
von Papen
3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann (b. 1882 - d. 1934) Non-party
von Schleicher
30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler (s.a.) NSDAP
30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Joseph Paul Goebbels (b. 1897 - d. 1945) NSDAP
2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin (b. 1887 - d. 1977) Non-party
von Krosigk
(chairman [_Leitender Minister_] of interim government, at Flensburg)

�According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Pr�sidium or Bundespr�sidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.

�According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Pr�sidium des Bundes). The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia on behalf of the North German Confederation."

4Full official style of the rulers:
(a) 1 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870: K�nig von Preussen im Namen des Norddeutschen Bundes ("King of Prussia on behalf of the North German Confederation");
(b) 18 Jan 1871 - 9 Nov 1918: Von Gottes Gnaden Deutscher Kaiser und K�nig von Preussen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu N�rnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, souver�ner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, L�neburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, J�lich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Th�ringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, F�rst zu R�gen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, M�nster, Minden, Osnabr�ck, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Moers, gef�rsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt ("By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of N�rnberg, Count of Hohenzollern, Sovereign and Supreme Duke of Silesia as well as of the County of Glatz, Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen, Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, L�neburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, J�lich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of R�gen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, M�nster, Minden, Osnabr�ck, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt");
(c) 2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945: in official use for internal affairs (from 17 May 1939): Der F�hrer; ("The Leader"), in official use for external affairs (from 28 Jul 1942): Der F�hrer des Grossdeutschen Reichs ("The Leader of the Greater German Reich").

Noble titles:Erzherzog = Archduke; Freiherr = Baron; _F�rst_= Prince; Graf = Count; Grossherzog = Grand Duke; _Herzog_= Duke; Kaiser = Emperor; K�nig = King; Prinz = Prince; Reichsfreiherr = Imperial Baron;_Reichsgraf_= Imperial Count;_Ritter_= Knight.

Party abbreviations (from 1 Dec 1933, all political parties except NSDAP were banned): ADV = Alldeutscher Verband (All-German [or Pan-German] League, nationalist, imperialist, 9 Apr 1891-13 Mar 1939); DDP = Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic Party, liberal democratic, center-left, 16 Nov 1918-28 Jun 1933); DVP = Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's Party, national liberal, moderate nationalist, constitutional monarchist, 15 Dec 1918-4 Jul 1933, merged into NSDAP);NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, German nationalist, national socialist, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945 only legal party, 24 Nov 1920-10 Oct 1945); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, Marxist to 1925, 27 May 1875-22 Jun 1933, re-est.Oct 1945); USPD = Unabh�ngige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands(Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, democratic socialist, centrist Marxist, pacifist, split from SPD, 6 Apr 1917-1 Nov 1931, merged into Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands [Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]); Z = Deutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Konservative (Conservative, 1848-1918 as Conservative Party [Konservative Partei]); Dem = Democrat; Lib = Liberalen (Liberal); Lib-Con = Liberal-Conservative; R-Lib = Right Liberal

Allied Military Occupation

2 May 1945 Soviet forces begin the Allied occupation of Berlin.
8 May 1945 Allies accept the unconditional surrender of Germany.
23 May 1945 Allied occupation.
5 Jun 1945 Four Allied Powers issue a declaration on "assumption of supreme
authority with respect to Germany."
11 Mar 1946 German Economic Council for the British Zone created in Minden.
1 Jan 1947 German Economic Council for the Anglo-American Zone ("Bizone" or
"Bizonia") formed.
11 Jun 1947 German Economic Commission established in the Soviet Zone (from 12
Feb 1948 granted legislative power to issue orders and directives
to all German organs within the Soviet Zone).
25 Jun 1947 Economic Council of the "Bizone" established in Frankfurt am Main
(re-organized on 9 Feb 1948 as part of the United Economic Area).
20 Mar 1948 End of four-power administration of Germany, Soviet representatives
of the Allied Control Commission leave this body in protest at the
London Six Power Conference (of 23 Feb - 6 Mar 1948 by U.S.,
U.K., France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg).
8 Apr 1949 Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone to "Bizone."
24 Jun 1948 - 12 May 1949 Berlin Blockade; Soviet Union blocks the Western Allies railway,
road, and canal access to the Berlin sectors under Western control.
23 May 1949 American, British, and French zones become Federal Republic
of Germany ("West" Germany).
21 Sep 1949 - 23 Oct 1954 American, French, and British form Allied High Commission.
7 Oct 1949 Soviet zone becomes German Democratic Republic ("East" Germany).
5 May 1955 End of formal Allied occupation of "West" Germany, sovereignty given
to the ("West") Germany by the Paris Treaties.
21 Sep 1955 Soviet military occupation of "East" Germany ends.
3 Oct 1990 Re-unification of Germany, end of allied control on 15 Mar 1991.

American Zone

Military Governors
8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945 Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945 George Smith Patton, Jr. (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
26 Nov 1945 - 5 Jan 1947 Joseph Taggart McNarney (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 Lucius DuBignon Clay (b. 1897 - d. 1978)
15 May 1949 - 1 Sep 1949 Clarence Ralph Huebner (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
High Commissioners
2 Sep 1949 - 1 Aug 1952 John Jay McCloy (b. 1895 - d. 1989)
1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952 Walter Joseph Donnelly (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 Samuel Reber (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1971)
10 Feb 1953 - 5 May 1955 James Bryant Conant (b. 1893 - d. 1978)

British Zone

Military Governors
22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery (b. 1887 - d. 1976)
(from 1 Jan 1946, Bernard Law
Montgomery, Viscount Montgomery
of Alamein)
1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 Sir William Sholto Douglas (b. 1893 - d. 1969)
1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
High Commissioners
21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson (s.a.)
24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick (b. 1897 - d. 1964)
29 Sep 1953 - 5 May 1955 Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar (b. 1900 - d. 1989)

Head of the Central Office for Economic Affairs in the British Zone Apr 1946 - Dec 1946 Viktor Agartz (b. 1897 - d. 1964) SPD

French Zone

Military Commander
8 May 1945 - 25 Jul 1945 Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
Lattre de Tassigny
Military Governor
25 Jul 1945 - 30 Sep 1949 Marie-Pierre Joseph Fran�ois (b. 1898 - d. 1970)
Koenig
High Commissioner
21 Sep 1949 - 5 May 1955 Andr� Fran�ois-Poncet (b. 1887 - d. 1978)

Soviet Zone

Military Commanders
Apr 1945 - 9 Jun 1945 Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
(1st Belarussian Front commander, in Brandenburg and Berlin)
+ Konstantin Konstantinovich (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
Rokossovskiy
(2nd Belarussian Front commander, in Mecklenburg)
+ Ivan Stepanovich Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
(1st Ukrainian Front commander, in Saxony)
Chief Administrators of Soviet Military Administration
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov (s.a.)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasiliy Danilovich Sokolovskiy (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949 Vasiliy Ivanovich Chuykov (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission
10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 Vasiliy Ivanovich Chuykov (s.a.)
High Commissioners
28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954 Vladimir Semyonovich Semyonov (b. 1911 - d. 1992)
16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 Georgiy Maksimovich Pushkin (b. 1909 - d. 1963)

Chairman of the German Economic Commission
9 Mar 1948 - 7 Oct 1949 Heinrich Gottlob "Heiner" Rau (b. 1899 - d. 1961) SED

**Commanders-in-chief of Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (from 24 Mar 1954 , Group of Soviet Forces in Germany; from 1 Jul 1989, Western Group of Forces)
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasiliy Danilovich Sokolovskiy (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 26 May 1953 Vasiliy Ivanovich Chuykov (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
27 May 1953 - 16 Nov 1957 Adrey Antonovich Grechko (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
17 Nov 1957 - 14 Apr 1960 Matvey Vasilyevich Zakharov (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
15 Apr 1960 - 9 Aug 1961 Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovskiy (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
(1st time)
9 Aug 1961 - 18 Apr 1962Ivan Stepanovich Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
19 Apr 1962 - 26 Jan 1965 Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovskiy (s.a.)
(2nd time)
27 Jan 1965 - 31 Oct 1969 Pyotr Kirillovich Koshevoy (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1 Nov 1969 - 13 Sep 1971Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov (b. 1921 - d. 2013)
14 Sep 1971 - 19 Jul 1972 Semyon Konstantinovich Kurkotkin (b. 1917 - d. 1990)
20 Jul 1972 - 25 Nov 1980 Evgeniy Filippovich Ivanovskiy (b. 1918 - d. 1991)
26 Nov 1980 - 6 Jul 1985 Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (b. 1923 - d. 2009)
7 Jul 1985 - 11 Jul 1986 Pyotr Georgiyevich Lushev (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
12 Jul 1986 - 12 Nov 1987 Valeriy Aleksandrovich Belikov (b. 1925 - d. 1987)
26 Nov 1987 - 13 Dec 1990 Boris Vasilyevich Snetkov (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
13 Dec 1990 - 31 Aug 1994 Matvey Prokopyevich Burlakov (b. 1935 - d. 2011)

German areas temporarily annexed by Belgium

23 Apr 1949 Belgian administration begins in the frontier areas of ("West")
Germanyas authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation
for the 1940-45 German occupation of Belgium (including -
Bildchen west of Aachen; parts of Leykaul and several farms of the
Kalterherberg municipality; Losheim in Hellenthal municipality
Losheimergraben; Hemmeres and a part of Winterspelt municipality).
24 Sep 1956 By Belgian-German Treaty, the territories are to be returned to
("West") Germany (effective 28 Aug 1958).
28 Aug 1958 Areas are returned to ("West") Germany (except for the place
Losheimergraben and the western part of Leykaul municipality
which remain Belgian).

Military Commandant of the Territories Transferred to Belgium
23 Apr 1949 - 28 Aug 1958 Paul Fran�ois Bolle (b. 1890 - d. 19..) Mil

German area temporarily annexed by Luxembourg

23 Apr 1949 Luxembourg administration begins in the frontier areas of ("West")
Germany as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation for
the 1940-1945 German occupation of Luxembourg (including - the
small Kammerwald forest, the settlement of Roth an der Our and
the estate of Neuscheuerhof [Bauler] near the Luxembourg
settlement of Vianden. Shortly thereafter, however, Luxembourg
declines to annex Roth and Neuscheuerhof, so that only the
uninhabited area of the Kammerwald is separated from Germany).
11 Jul 1959 By Luxembourg-German Treaty, the Kammerwald is to be returned to
("West") Germany and the border to revert to the status quo ante,
in return for a payment of 53 million German Marks as a war
indemnity (ratified 29 Aug 1961).
29 Sep 1961 Areas are returned to ("West") Germany.

Note: No separate administration was established. The nearest unit of the Luxembourg Water and Forestry Administration (Administration des Eaux et For�ts/Wasser- und Forstverwaltung) became responsible for the area.

German areas temporarily annexed by The Netherlands

22 Mar 1949 By the Treaty of Paris, The Netherlands are authorized to occupy

and annex some frontier parts of Germany as a compensation

for the German occupation 1940-45.

23 Apr 1949 Dutch administration begins in two frontier areas of ("West") Germany, as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation for the 1940-45 German occupation of The Netherlands; two_Drostambten_ come into existence (including - municipalities

of Havert, Hillensberg, Millen, S�sterseel, T�ddern [Dutch:
Tudderen], Wehr, parts of H�ngen, Gangelt, Sch�mm, Saeffelen
as and Elten and Hoch-Elten).

26 Sep 1951 The areas are annexed to the neighboring Netherlands provinces
(Elten to Gelderland, Tudderen to Limburg); the_landdrosten_
continue in office.

8 Apr 1960 Germany agrees to a 280 million German Mark payment as a war

indemnity for the return of the areas (effective 1 Aug 1963).

1 Aug 1963 Areas are returned to ("West") Germany (except for a small area

near Wyler village, called Duivelsberg/Wylerberg, which remains

Dutch).

Landdrosten of Elten (subordinated to the Netherlands government, from 26 Sep 1951
to the Queen's Commissioners for Gelderland)
23 Apr 1949 - 28 Oct 1961 Adriaan Blaauboer (b. 1906 - d. 1961) PvdA
5 Nov 1961 - 1 Aug 1963 Hans Georg Inundat baron van Tuyll (b. 1917 - d. 1988) VVD
van Serooskerken

Landdrost of Tudderen (subordinated to the Netherlands government, from 26 Sep 1951
to theQueen's Commissioners for Limburg)
23 Apr 1949 - 1 Aug 1963 Hubert "Huub" Michiel Jozef Dassen (b. 1909 - d. 1978) KVP

Party abbreviations:KVP = Katholieke Volkspartij (Catholic People's Party, confessionalist [catholic], conservative, 22 Dec 1945-10 Oct 1980, merged into Christen-Democratisch App�l [Christian-Democratic Appeal]); PvdA = Partij van de Arbeid (Labour Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.9 Feb 1946); VVD = Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, conservative liberal, center-right, est.24 Jan 1948)

Bizonal Economic Council

1 Jan 1947 Economic union of the American and British Zones ("Bizone" or
"Bizonia").
25 Jun 1947 Economic Council (Wirtschaftsrat) of the "Bizone" established in
Frankfurt am Main.
9 Feb 1948 United Economic Area (Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebietes)(of the
"Bizone") and reorganization of the Economic Council.
20 Jun 1948 Currency reform in the three Western zones, introduction of the
Deutsche Mark by the Western Allies.
8 Apr 1949 Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone to "Bizone."
20 Sep 1949 Dissolved.

Chairmen of the Economic Council of the Bizone
1946 - 16 Jan 1947 Rudolf Mueller (b. 1904 - d. 1997) Non-party
16 Jan 1947 - Jun 1947 Viktor Agartz (b. 1897 - d. 1964) SPD
Chairmen of the Land Council of the United Economic Area
25 Jun 1947 - 1948 Erich K�hler (b. 1892 - d. 1958) CDU
24 Feb 1948 - 1949 Heinrich K�hler (b. 1878 - d. 1949) CDU
Jul 1949 - Aug 1949 Christian Paul Stock (b. 1884 - d. 1967) SPD

Director of the Administration of Economic Affairs of the United Economic Area
2 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1949 Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (b. 1897 - d. 1977) Non-party

Director-General of the Economic Council
2 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1949 Hermann Josef P�nder (b. 1888 - d. 1976) CDU

Federal Republic of Germany

Adopted 9 May 1949

Note: Data below for "West" Germany; For data on Germany since 3 Oct 1990 see the table at the top of the page.

7 Sep 1949 Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
("West Germany" to 2 Oct 1990), by promulgation the Basic Law
(adopted 8 May 1949).
5 May 1955 ("West") Germany obtains sovereignty by the Paris Treaties.
3 Oct 1990 East Germany incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.

Presidents
7 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1949 Karl Arnold (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1958) CDU
12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959 Theodor Heuss (b. 1884 - d. 1963) FDP
13 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969 Karl Heinrich L�bke (b. 1894 - d. 1972) CDU
1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974 Gustav Walter Heinemann (b. 1899 - d. 1976) SPD
1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979 Walter Scheel (b. 1919 - d. 2016) FDP
1 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984 Karl Walter Carstens (b. 1914 - d. 1992) CDU
1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1994 Richard Karl Freiherr von (b. 1920 - d. 2015) CDU
Weizs�cker
1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999 Roman Herzog (b. 1934 - d. 2017) CDU
1 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004 Johannes Rau (b. 1931 - d. 2006) SPD
1 Jul 2004 - 31 May 2010 Horst K�hler (b. 1943) CDU
31 May 2010 - 30 Jun 2010 Jens B�hrnsen (acting) (b. 1949) SPD
30 Jun 2010 - 17 Feb 2012 Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff (b. 1959) CDU
17 Feb 2012 - 18 Mar 2012 Horst Lorenz Seehofer (acting) (b. 1949) CSU
18 Mar 2012 - 18 Mar 2017 Joachim Wilhelm Gauck (b. 1940) Non-party
19 Mar 2017 - Frank-Walter Steinmeier (b. 1956) SPD

Chancellors
20 Sep 1949 - 15 Oct 1963 Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (b. 1876 - d. 1967) CDU
16 Oct 1963 - 1 Dec 1966 Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (b. 1897 - d. 1977) CDU
1 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger (b. 1904 - d. 1988) CDU
21 Oct 1969 - 7 May 1974 Willy Brandt (b. 1913 - d. 1992) SPD
7 May 1974 - 16 May 1974 Walter Scheel (acting) (s.a.) FDP
16 May 1974 - 1 Oct 1982 Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt(b. 1918 - d. 2015) SPD
1 Oct 1982 - 27 Oct 1998 Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (b. 1930 - d. 2017) CDU
27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005 Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schr�der (b. 1944) SPD
22 Nov 2005 - 8 Dec 2021 Angela Dorothea Merkel (f) (b. 1954) CDU
8 Dec 2021 - Olaf Scholz (b. 1958) SPD

Party abbreviations: CDU= Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, christian-democratic, liberal conservative, center-right, est.26 Jun 1945); CSU = Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Christian Social Union in Bavaria, christian democratic, christian democratic, conservative, center-right, Bavaria regionalist, est.13 Oct 1945); FDP = Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, liberal, centrist, est.12 Dec 1948); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, Marxist to 1925, 27 May 1875-22 Jun 1933, re-est.Oct 1945)

German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

7 Oct 1949 German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)
("East Germany").
3 Oct 1990 Incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.

General Secretaries (28 Jul 1953 - 22 May 1976, First Secretaries) of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party of Germany (SED)
22 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950 Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (b. 1876 - d. 1960)
+ Otto Grotewohl (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
(co-chairmen)
25 Jul 1950 - 3 May 1971 Ernst Paul Walter Ulbricht (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
3 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker (b. 1912 - d. 1994)
18 Oct 1989 - 3 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz (b. 1937)
("leading role" of the party abolished 1 Dec 1989)
18 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990 Gregor Gysi (b. 1948)
(chairman of the SED-PDS)

Co-Chairmen of the Presidium of the German People's Council
19 Mar 1948 - 7 Oct 1949 Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (s.a.) SED +Wilhelm K�lz (to 10 Apr 1948) (b. 1875 - d. 1948) LDPD
+ Otto Nuschke (to 18 Mar 1949) (b. 1883 - d. 1957) CDU
+ Ernst Goldenbaum (b. 1898 - d. 1990) DBD
(from 18 Mar 1949)
+ Lothar Bolz (from 18 Mar 1949) (b. 1903 - d. 1986) NDPD
+ Hermann Kastner (from 18 Mar 1949)(b. 1886 - d. 1957) LDPD
Presidents
7 Oct 1949 - 11 Oct 1949 Johannes Dieckmann (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1969) LDPD
(acting)
11 Oct 1949 - 7 Sep 1960 Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (s.a.) SED
7 Sep 1960 - 12 Sep 1960 Johannes Dieckmann (2nd time) (s.a.) LDPD
(acting)
Chairmen of the Council of State
12 Sep 1960 - 1 Aug 1973 Ernst Paul Walter Ulbricht (s.a.) SED
1 Aug 1973 - 3 Oct 1973 Friedrich Ebert (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1979) SED
3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Willi Stoph (b. 1914 - d. 1999) SED
29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker (s.a.) SED
24 Oct 1989 - 6 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz (s.a.) SED
6 Dec 1989 - 5 Apr 1990 Manfred Gerlach (acting) (b. 1928 - d. 2011) LDPD
President of the People's Chamber
5 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (f) (b. 1946) CDU

**Minister-pres ident
12 Oct 1949 - 8 Dec 1958 Otto Grotewohl (s.a.) SED
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers)�
8 Dec 1958 - 21 Sep 1964 Otto Grotewohl (s.a.) SED
21 Sep 1964 - 3 Oct 1973 Willi Stoph (1st time) (s.a.) SED
(acting to 24 Sep 1964 [acting for
Grotewohl Nov 1960 - 21 Sep 1964])
3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Horst Sindermann (b. 1915 - d. 1990) SED
29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989 Willi Stoph (2nd time) (s.a.) SED
13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Hans Modrow (b. 1928 - d. 2023) SED
Minister-pres ident
12 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Lothar de Maizi�re (b. 1940) CDU

�Although initially the government was officially called Regierung, the term Ministerrat was used unofficially and, from 16 Nov 1954, officially; the term_Vorsitzender des Ministerrates_ for its head was made official 8 Dec 1958, replacing the earlier Ministerpr�sident.

Territorial Disputes: It was U.S. policy that the final borders of Germany had not been
established; the U.S. sought to settle the property claims of U.S. nationals against the G.D.R.; East Berlin was not officially recognized as the capital of the G.D.R. by France, U.K., and U.S., which together with the U.S.S.R. had special rights and responsibilities in Berlin; the G.D.R. considered that Berlin (West) had never been a "Land of the Federal Republic of Germany" and did not form part of the Federal Republic of Germany and was not governed by it. This was re-affirmed and given legal effect in the Quadripartite Agreement of 3 Sep 1971, declarations by the Federal Republic of Germany extending international agreements to "Land Berlin" were regarded as having no legal effect.

Party abbreviations: SED = Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Marxist-Leninist communist, 1949-89 government party, 21 Apr 1946-4 Feb 1990, named SED-PDS Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands-Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus [Socialist Unity Party of Germany-Party of Democratic Socialism] 16 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990);
- the four "bloc parties" below were in alliance with the SED until 1989 (all 5 Parties, along with some mass organizations, on 7 Oct 1949 formed NFDD = Nationalen Front des demokratischen Deutschlands [National Front of Democratic Germany], which from 1973 became_NFDDR = Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik [National Front of the German Democratic Republic]) -_
LDPD = Liberaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, liberal, 5 Jul 1945-11 Aug 1990, from 9 Feb 1990 as Liberaldemokratische Partei, merged 12 Feb 1990 into BFD which on 11 Aug 1990 merged into FDP); CDU = Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian-Democratic Union of [East] Germany, 26 Jun 1945-3 Oct 1990, merged into [West] German CDU);NDPD = National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (National-Democratic Party of Germany, national conservative, 25 May 1948-27 Mar 1990, merged into FDP); DBD = Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmer's Party of Germany, socialist, 29 Apr 1948-15 Sep 1990, merged into CDU);
- new parties from 1989 -
DSU = Deutsche Soziale Union (German Social Union, social conservative, est.20 Jan 1990); FDP = Freie Demokratische Partei ([East German] Free Democratic Party, liberal, centrist, 4 Feb 1990-11 Aug 1990, merged into [West German] FDP); DFP = Deutsche Forumpartei (German Forum Party, liberal, centrist, 27 Jan 1990-11 Aug 1990, merged into [West German] FDP); SDP = Sozialdemokratische Partei in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Social Democratic Party in the German Democratic Republic, 7 Oct 1989-13 Jan 1990, renamed SPD or Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands [Social Democratic Party of Germany]); AD = Allianz f�r Deutschland (Alliance for Germany, electoral alliance for 18 Mar 1990 elections by the CDU, DA, and DSU); BFD = Bund Freier Demokraten (Alliance of Free Democrats, liberal alliance, LDP and NDPD, 12 Feb 1990 - 11 Aug 1990, merged into [West German] FDP)

Heligoland (Helgoland)

1402 Part of the Duchy of Schleswig (confirmed 1470).
10 Aug 1490 Part of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp (under Danish royal
administration 1684-1689)(subordinated to Gottorp amt to
1639, them to Husum amt).
7 Aug 1714 Part of Denmark royal part of Duchy of Schleswig.
31 Dec 1720 Storm separates Sandy Island from Heligoland.
5 Sep 1807 British occupation.
14 Jan 1814 British colony (formally ceded to U.K. by Denmark in Treaty of Kiel)
7 Jan 1864 Ancient Frisian constitution abolished.
1 Jul 1890 Ceded to Germany by U.K. in the Anglo-German Agreement
(Heligoland�Zanzibar Treaty).
9 Aug 1890 Formal handover to Germany by U.K.
15 Dec 1890 Annexed to Germany (from 18 Feb 1891, part of Prussian
province of Schleswig-Holstein).
8 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1952 British occupation (population evacuated Apr 1945).

Lieutenant governors
5 Sep 1807 - 16 Oct 1807 Corbet James d'Auvergne (acting) (b. 1767 - d. 1826)
16 Oct 1807 - 1815 William Osborne Hamilton (b. 1750? - d. 1818)
Apr 1815 - 1840 Henry King (b. 1777/78 - d. 1854)
(from 5 Jun 1834, Sir Henry King)
13 Oct 1840 - 7 Mar 1857 John Hindmarsh (b. 1775 - d. 1860)
(from 7 Aug 1851, Sir John Hindmarsh)
1857 - 1863 Richard Pattinson (b. 1809 - d. 1875)
2 Jun 1863 - Feb 1864 Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse (b. 1832 - d. 1883)
Governors
Feb 1864 - 1881 Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse (s.a.)
(from 1 May 1877, Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse)
26 Oct 1881 - 1888 John Terence Niolls O'Brien (b. 1830 - d. 1903)
(from 24 May 1887, Sir John Terence Nicolls O'Brien)
27 Nov 1888 - 9 Aug 1890 Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly (b. 1843 - d. 1890)
German Administrator
9 Aug 1890 - 1891 Adolf Wermuth (interim) (b. 1855 - d. 1927)

Saarland (Saargebiet, Saarbecken)

Oct 1792 French rule.
1814 - 20 Nov 1815 Allied occupation.
20 Nov 1815 Annexed to Prussia (part of Rhein province); small parts are
annexed to Bavaria (part of Pfalz province).
11 Nov 1918 - 26 Feb 1920 Allied (French) occupation.
26 Feb 1920 League of Nations administration (Saargebiet/Saar Territory/
Territoire de la Sarre)(also in official use: Saarbecken = Bassin de la Sarre and Saarbeckengebiet =Territoire du Bassin de la Sarre).
13 Jan 1935 In a plebiscite 90.73% vote to re-join Germany.
1 Mar 1935 Re-incorporated into Germany (but not in Prussia) as Saar state
(Sa arland).
8 Apr 1940 Palatinate (Pfalz), a district of Bavaria, administered by Saarland,
jointly known as Saarpfalz (from 11 Mar 1941, Westmark).
20 Mar 1945 - 31 Jul 1945 U.S. occupation.
10 May 1945 Part of Saar-Pfalz-Rheinhessen (from 1 Jun 1945, Mittelrhein-Saar).
31 Jul 1945 French administration, separated from Mittelrhein-Saar (Saargebiet =
Territoire de la Sarre)(also in official use: Sarre(French);
Saarland(German, gradually into official use after 8 Oct 1946).
17 Dec 1947 Constituted as an autonomous state in economic and customs union
with France (Saarland)(semi-official (French) before incorporation
into Germany: Sarre), separated from Germany.
23 Oct 1955 Referendum votes against proposal for an independent Saarland
under Western European Union (WEU) protection, 67.7% to 32.3%
1 Jan 1957 Incorporated into Federal Republic of Germany as a state
(for Saarland from 1957 see under German states).

Administrateurs-sup�rieur (Supreme Administrators_)_
20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919 Henri Wirbel (France)(1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1948)
17 Feb 1919 - 20 Nov 1919 Joseph Louis Marie Andlauer (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
(France)
20 Nov 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Henri Wirbel (France)(2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents of the Governing Commission of the Territory of the Saar Basin
21 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926 Victor Michel �mile Marie Rault (b. 1858 - d. 1930?)
(France)
1 Apr 1926 - 9 Jun 1927 George Washington Stephens (Canada)(b. 1866 - d. 1942)
1 Apr 1927 - 20 Jun 1927 Franti�ek Vezensky (Czechoslovakia)(b. 18.. - d. 1938)
(acting [for absent Stephens to 9 Jun 1927])
20 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932 Sir Ernest Colville Collins Wilton (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
(U.K.)
1 Apr 1932 - 28 Feb 1935 Geoffrey George Knox (U.K.) (b. 1884 - d. 1958)
(from 1 Mar 1935, Sir Geoffrey George Knox)
Chairman of the Tripartite Committee of the League of Nations for the Saar Territory
28 Feb 1935 - 1 Mar 1935 Barone Pompeo Aloisi, conte di (b. 1847 - d. 1949)
Allumiere (Italy)
Reichskommissar f�r die R�ckgliederung des Saarlandes (from 17 Jun 1936,
Reichskommissar f�r das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940, Reichskommissar f�r
die Saarpfalz; from 11 Mar 1941, Reichsstatthalter in der Westmark)
(also chiefs of civil administration in Lorraine 7 Aug 1940 - 19 Mar 1945)
1 Mar 1935 - 28 Sep 1944 Josef B�rckel (b. 1895 - d. 1944) NSDAP
29 Sep 1944 - 21 Mar 1945 Willi St�hr (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1994?) NSDAP
Allied Military Governors
Mar 1945 - 7 Jul 1945 Louis G. Kelly (U.S.) (b. 1897 - d. 1970) Mil
7 Jul 1945 - 7 Sep 1945 Louis ConstantMorli�re (France) (b. 1897 - d. 1980) Mil
Superior Delegate for the Military Government of Saarland
30 Aug 1945 - 7 Sep 1945 Gilbert Yves �dmond Grandval (b. 1904 - d. 1981) Mil
Governor of the Saar
7 Sep 1945 - 10 Jan 1948 Gilbert Yves �dmond Grandval (s.a.) Mil
High Commissioner of the French Republic in the Saar
10 Jan 1948 - 1 Jan 1952 Gilbert Yves �dmond Grandval (s.a.)
Chiefs of the Diplomatic Mission of the French Republic in the Saar
1 Jan 1952 - 8 Jul 1955 Gilbert Yves �dmond Grandval (s.a.)
8 Jul 1955 - 27 Oct 1956 Charles Marie Eric de Carbonnel (b. 1910 - d. 1965)

Presidents of the Landesrat (Vorsitzender des Landesrates)
19 Jul 1922 - 23 Mar 1924 Bartholom�us Kossmann (b. 1883 - d. 1952) ZP
24 Mar 1924 - 1 Mar 1935 Peter Scheuer (b. 1882 - d. 1944) ZP
Presidents of the Government (Regierungspr�sidenten) 1 Mar 1935 - 8 Apr 1940 Philipp Wilhelm Jung (b. 1884 - d. 1965) NSDAP
8 Apr 1940 - Mar 1945 Karl Barth (b. 1895 - d. 1962) NSDAP
Mar 1945 - 4 May 1945 Vacant 4 May 1945 - 8 Oct 1946 Hans Neureuter (b. 1901 - d. 1953) Non-party
Chairman of the Administration Commission
(Vorsitzender der Verwaltungskommission des Saarlandes)
8 Oct 1946 - 20 Dec 1947 Erwin M�ller (b. 1906 - d. 1968) Non-party
Minister-presidents (Ministerpr�sident; semi-official French: Ministre-Pr�sident)
15 Dec 1947 - 29 Oct 1955 Johannes Hoffmann (b. 1890 - d. 1967) CVP
29 Oct 1955 - 10 Jan 1956 Heinrich Welsch (b. 1888 - d. 1976) Non-party
10 Jan 1956 - 1 Jan 1957 Hubert Ney (b. 1892 - d. 1984) CDU
(continues to 4 Jun 1957)

Party abbreviations: CDU= Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, christian-democratic, liberal conservative, center-right, est.26 Jun 1945); CVP = Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes (Saarland Christian People's Party, christian democratic, Saarland regionalist, 10 Jan 1946-19 Apr 1959, merged into CDU); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, German nationalist, national socialist, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945 only legal party, 24 Nov 1920-10 Oct 1945);ZP = Zentrumspartei des Saargebietes (Center Party of Saarland, catholic centrist, Saarland regionalist, 1920-1935); Mil = Military

Allied Occupation of the Rhineland

1 Dec 1918 Allied occupation of territories in western Germany begins
(Belgian zone - north Rhine prov., Aachen, and from 1919
Eupen-Malmedy; British zone - northern-central Rhine prov.,
and K�ln; French zone - southern Rhine prov., Hessian Rhine prov.,
Bavarian Pfalz district, Mainz, Kehl and from 1921 Wiesbaden; and
U.S. zone - south-central Rhine prov., Birkenfeld, and
Koblenz).
1 Jun 1919 - 1919 Rhineland Republic, failed French attempt to back separatists.
6 Apr 1920 - 18 May 1920 France briefly occupies the Hessian towns of Bad-Homburg, Darmstadt,
Frankfurt, Hanau, and Offenbach.
8 Mar 1921 Franco-Belgian occupation of D�sseldorf, Duisberg and Ruhrort.
24 Jan 1923 Withdrawal U.S. forces, former U.S. zone taken over by France.
11 Jan 1923 - 1 Aug 1924 Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr.
23 Aug 1923 Germany establishes a separate ministry for the western territories
under allied occupation.
21 Oct 1923 - 26 Nov 1924 Rhineland Republic, 2nd failed French attempt to back separatists
(Palatine Republic proclaimed at Speyer (2 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924).
Dec 1929 Withdrawal of British forces, zone taken over by Belgium and France.
30 Jun 1930 End of Allied occupation, Rhineland a demilitarized zone.
7 Mar 1936 Rhineland is remilitarized by Germany.

**President and French Representative of the Permanent Inter-Allied Armistice Commission
Nov 1918 - 1920 Alphonse Pierre Nudant (France) (b. 1861 - d. 1952)
****General Controller of the Administration of the Occupied Territories
Dec 1918 - 10 May 1920 Paul Tirard (France) (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
Chairman of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (IARHC)(in Koblenz)
10 May 1920 - 30 Jun 1930 Paul Tirard (France) (s.a.)

Commanders-in-Chief of the Allied Armies

in Germany
(Belgian forces remained under direct command of King Albert)
1 Dec 1918 - 1919 Ferdinand Jean Marie Foch (France) (b. 1851 - d. 1929)
1919 - 30 Jun 1930 the Commanders of the French Zone

Reichskommissa re (Imperial and Prussian State Commissioners) for Occupied Rhenish Territories
29 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Johannes Fuchs (b. 1874 - d. 1956) Non-party
30 Nov 1923 - 15 Jan 1925 Anton H�fle (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1925) Z
15 Jan 1925 - 21 Nov 1925 Josef Alois Frenken (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1945) Z
21 Nov 1925 - 20 Jan 1926 Heinrich Brauns (b. 1868 - d. 1939) Z
20 Jan 1926 - 16 May 1926 Wilhelm Marx (1st time)(acting) (b. 1863 - d. 1946) Z
16 May 1926 - 29 Jan 1927 Johannes Bell (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1949) Z
29 Jan 1927 - 28 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.) Z
28 Jun 1928 - 7 Feb 1929 Theodor von Gu�rard (b. 1863 - d. 1943) Z
7 Feb 1929 - 13 Apr 1929 Carl Severing (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1952) SPD
13 Apr 1929 - 30 Mar 1930 Joseph Wirth (b. 1879 - d. 1956) Z
30 Mar 1930 - 30 Sep 1930 Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (b. 1891 - d. 1971) DNVP; 23 Jul
1930: KVP

Ruhr Occupation Area 1923-24

Commander of the French occupation forces (32nd Army Corps)
(subordinated to commander of French Rhine Army)
11 Jan 1923 - 1 Aug 1924 Alphonse �douard Caron (b. 1862 - d. 1951)

Commander of the Belgian occupation forces (detachement be lge de la Rhur)
(subordinated to the French commander in the Ruhr)
11 Jan 1923 - 1924? Albert Borremans (b. 1868 - d. 1943)

Presidents of the Inter-Allied Mission for the Control of Factories and Mines
(Mission Interalli�e de Contr�le des Usines et des Mines [MICUM])
1923 �mile Gustave Alfred Coste (France)(b. 1864 - d. 1945)
1923 - 1924 Paul Herman Frantzen (France) (b. 1880 - d. 1935)

Party abbreviations: DNVP = Deutschnationale Volkspartei (German National Party, conservative, nationalist, monarchist, split from DKP, 24 Nov 1918-27 Jun 1933, merged into NSDAP); DVP = Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's Party, national liberal, moderate nationalist, constitutional monarchist, 15 Dec 1918-4 Jul 1933, merged into NSDAP); KVP = Konservative Volkspartei (Conservative People's Party, republicanconservative, split from DNVP, Jul 1930-14 Jul 1933); SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, Marxist to 1925, 27 May 1875-22 Jun 1933, re-est.Oct 1945); Z = Deutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933); USPD = Unabh�ngige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands(Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, democratic socialist, centrist Marxist, pacifist, split from SPD, 6 Apr 1917-1 Nov 1931)

American Zone

****American Commissioners to the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission Apr 1920 - May 1920 Pierrepont Burt Noyes (b. 1870 - d. 1959)
May 1920 - 24 Jan 1923 Henry Tureman Allen (s.a.)
24 Jan 1923 - 30 Jun 1930 **Vacant

Commander of the American Expeditionary Force
5 Jul 1917 - 1 Jul 1919 John Joseph Pershing (b. 1860 - d. 1948)
Commanding Generals of the U.S. Third Army
7 Nov 1918 - 2 May 1919 Joseph Theodore Dickman (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
2 May 1919 - 2 Jul 1919 Hunter Liggett (b. 1857 - d. 1935)
Commander of American Forces in Germany
8 Jul 1919 - 24 Jan 1923 Henry Tureman Allen (b. 1859 - d. 1930)

Belgian Zone

**Belgian High Commissioners to the Inter-Allied High Rhineland Commission 1920 - 1921 �mile �douard Charles Louis (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
Digneffe
1921 - Jul 1925 �douard, baron Rolin-Jaecquemyns (b. 1863 - d. 1936)
Jul 1925 - 4 Mar 1929 Pierre Forthomme (b. 1877 - d. 1959)
4 Mar 1929 - 30 Jun 1930 Jules Le Jeune de M�nsbach (b. 1869 - d. 1941)

Commanders-in-chief of the Belgian Army of Occupation
Dec 1918 - 1 Jun 1920 Augustin�douard, baron Michel du (b. 1855 - d. 1951)
Faing d'Aigremont
1 Jun 1920 - Dec 1923 Louis, baron Rouquoy (b. 1861 - d. 1937)
Dec 1923 - 26 Jun 1928 Laurent Burguet
26 Jun 1928-Dec 1929/1930 Ferdinand II de Posch (b. 1869 - d. 1952)

British Zone

British High Commissioners to the Inter-Allied High Rhineland Commission
Apr 1920 - Oct 1920 Sir Harold Arthur Stuart (b. 1860 - d. 1923)
Oct 1920 - Dec 1920 Malcolm Arnold Robertson (b. 1878 - d. 1951)
Dec 1920 - 20 Feb 1928 Victor Alexander Sereld Hay, (b. 1876 - d. 1928)
Baron Kilmarnock (from 8 Jul 1927)
Earl of Erroll
May 1928 - Jan 1930 William Seeds (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
30 Jan 1930 - 30 Jun 1930 James Herbertson (b. 1883 - d. 1974)

General Officers Commanding-in-Chief for British Army of the Rhine
Dec 1918 - Apr 1919 Sir Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
22 Apr 1919 - Mar 1920 Sir William Robert Robertson (b. 1860 - d. 1933) 3 Mar 1920 - 1922 Sir Thomas Lethbridge Napier (b. 1865 - d. 1925)
Morland
8 Mar 1922 - 1924 Sir Alexander John Godley (b. 1867 - d. 1957)
17 Jun 1924 - 1927 Sir John Philip Du Cane (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
30 Apr 1927 - Dec 1929 Sir William Thwaites (b. 1868 - d. 1947)

French Zone

General Controller of the Administration of the Occupied Territories
Dec 1918 - 1920 Paul Tirard (France) (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
Chairman of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission
10 May 1920 - 30 Jun 1930 Paul Tirard (France) (s.a.)

Commander of the French 10th Army (Xe Arm�e)
Dec 1918 - 21 Oct 1919 Charles Marie Emmanuel Mangin (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
**Commander of the French 8th Army (VIIIe Arm�e)
Dec 1918 � 21 Oct 1919 Augustin Gr�goire Arthur G�rard (b. 1857 - d. 1926)
Commanders of the French Army of the Rhine (Arm�e du Rhin)
21 Oct 1919 - 1924 Jean Marie Joseph Degoutte (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
1924 - 30 Jun 1930 Louis Adolphe Guillaumat (b. 1863 - d. 1940)

Rhineland republics
1 Jun 1919 - Jun 1919 Failed attempt to proclaim a Rhenish Republic (_Rheinische Republi_k)
at Wiesbaden (supported by French occupation forces).
21 Oct 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Provisional Government of the Rhenish Republic (Vorl�ufige Regierung
der Rheinischen Republik); from 23 Oct 1913 capital at Koblenz
(supported by French and Belgian occupation forces).
12 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924 Autonomous Palatinate Republic, federated with the Rhenish Republic,
declared in rebellion (see Bavaria under German states from 1918).

President of the Government of the Rhenish Republic
1 Jun 1919 - Jun 1919 Johannes "Hans" Adam Dorten (b. 1880 - d. 1963) Z
Minister-president (prime minister) of the Rhenish Republic
25 Oct 1923 - 29 Nov 1923 Josef Friedrich Matthes (b. 1886 - d. 1943) VRB
(provisional)

Party abbreviations: Z = Deutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Center Party "Center", catholic, centrist, christian democratic, 13 Dec 1870-5 Jul 1933); VRB = Vereinigte Rheinische Bewegung (United Rhenish Movement, Rhenish separatist, 15 Aug 1923-1924)

French Departments in Germany 1797-1814

2 Oct 1794 French invasion of the Rhineland begins (Aachen on 6 Oct 1794,
Cologne 26 Oct 1794, Bonn 8 Nov 1794).
Nov 1794 French create central administration (Pays d'entre Meuse et Rhin).
18 Oct 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio cedes de facto Rhineland territories
to France.
4 Nov 1797 A French commissioner is appointed to supervise and organize
the territories into d�partements (not yet considered to be
part of France); Roer, Sarre, Mont Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle.
9 Feb 1801 By the Treaty of Lun�ville the Rhineland is de jure annexed
to France.
30 Jun 1802 Rhine d�partements become regular d_�partements_ of France.
23 Sep 1802 Unified administration terminated.
1813 - 1815 Allied administration; territories later restored to Prussia,
Bavaria, Oldenburg, etc.

Commanders of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse (northern zone)
2 Jul 1794 - 20 Dec 1794 Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1st time) (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
21 Dec 1794 - 28 Feb 1795 Jacques Maurice Hatry (b. 1742 - d. 1802)
1 Mar 1795 - 21 Jan 1796 Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jan 1796 - 28 Feb 1796 Jean-Baptiste Kl�ber (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1800)
29 Feb 1796 - 30 Jul 1796 Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (3rd time) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1796 - 7 Aug 1796 Jean-Baptiste Kl�ber (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1796 - 23 Sep 1796 Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (4th time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1796 - 23 Jan 1797 Pierre Riel de Beurnonville (b. 1752 - d. 1821)
- together with -
14 Dec 1796 - 23 Jan 1797 Jean-Baptiste Kl�ber (3rd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1797 - 18 Sep 1797 Louis Lazare Hoche (b. 1768 - d. 1797)
Commander of the Army of the Rhine (southern zone)
14 Jan 1794 - 10 Apr 1795 Claude Ignace Fran�ois Michaud (b. 1751 - d. 1835)
Commander of the Army of the Moselle
2 Jul 1794 - 9 Feb 1795 Jean Victor Moreau (b. 1763 - d. 1813)
Commanders of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle
20 Apr 1795 - 4 Mar 1796 Jean Charles Pichegru (b. 1761 - d. 1804)
21 Apr 1796 - 9 Sep 1797 Jean Victor Moreau (s.a.)
10 Sep 1797 - 18 Sep 1797 Louis Lazare Hoche (s.a.)
18 Sep 1797 - 7 Oct 1797 Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (b. 1764 � d. 1830)
Commander of the Army of Germany
7 Oct 1797 - 12 Dec 1797 Charles Pierre Francois Augereau (b. 1757 - d. 1816)
French Government Commissioners Army of Germany
4 Nov 1797 - 21 Feb 1799 Fran�ois Joseph Rudler (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
26 Mar 1799 - Aug 1799 Jean Joseph Marquis (b. 1747 - d. 1823)
Aug 1799 � 29 Nov 1799 Joseph Lakanal (b. 1762 - d. 1845)
29 Nov 1799 - Dec 1799 Louis Thibaut Dubois-Dubais (b. 1743 - d. 1834)
(did not exercise office)
22 Dec 1799 � Oct 1800 Henri Sh�e (b. 1739 - d. 1820)
22 Sep 1800 - Feb 1802 Jean-Baptiste Mois� Jollivet (b. 1753 - d. 1818)
Feb 1802 - 22 Sep 1802 Andr� Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint- (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
Andr�

Bouches-de-l'Elbe

13 Dec 1810 French d�partement of Bouches-de-l'Elbe formed from
free cities of Hamburg and L�beck and parts of Holstein.
1814 End of French rule.

Prefects
10 Jan 1811 - 6 Mar 1813 Patrice Charles Ghislain de (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
Coninck-Outryve
25 Mar 1813 - 1814 Achille Stanislas �mile Le (b. 1781 - d. 1864)
Tonnelier, baron de Breteuil

Bouches-du-Weser

13 Dec 1810 French d�partement of Bouches-du-Weser formed from
free city of Bremen, Duchy of Oldenburg, county of
Hoya and part of Hanover.
1814 End of French rule.

Prefect
10 Jan 1811 - 1814 Charles Philippe Alexandre (b. 1776 - d. 1814)
d'Arberg

Ems-Oriental

Jul 1807 Principality of East Frisa (Ostfriesland), Barony of Kniphausen
(Knyphausen), and H�uptlingschaft Jever ceded to France
by Prussia and Russia respectively (see East Frisia).
11 Nov 1807 Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland as d�partement
of Oost-Friesland (East Friesland).
1 Jan 1811 Incorporated into Franceas d�partement of Ems-Oriental
(Eastern Ems).

Commissioner-general
13 Jun 1807 - 5 Feb 1808 Johan Frederik Rudolph van Hoof (b. 1755 - d. 1816)
Landdrost
5 Feb 1808 - 22 Dec 1808 Godert Alexander Gerard Philip (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
van der Capellen
22 Dec 1808 - 25 Feb 1811 Willem Queysen (arrived 1 Jan 1809)(b. 1754 - d. 1817)
Prefect
25 Feb 1811 - 8 Nov 1813 S�bastien Louis Joseph Jannesson (b. 1779 - d. 1864)
(arrived 1 Mar 1811)

Ems-Sup�rieur

1 Jan 1811 French d�partement of Ems-Sup�rieur formed from Bishopric
of Minden (Prefecture Osnabr�ck).
Oct 1813 End of French rule.

Prefect
13 Jan 1811 - Oct 1813 Karl Ludwig Joseph von Keverberg (b. 1768 - d. 1841)

Lippe

27 Apr 1811 French d�partement of Lippe formed from parts
of Bouche-l'Yssel, Ems-Occidental and Yssel-Sup�rieur.
Nov 1813 End of French rule.

Prefect
13 Jun 1811 - Nov 1813 Jean Charles Annet Victorin de (b. 1768 - d. 1833)
Lasteyrie du Saillant

Mont-Tonnerre

9 Mar 1801 French d�partement of Mont-Tonnerre (German: Donnersberg)
formed from southern parts of Electorate of Mainz and parts
of Bishoprics of Speyer and Worms and of Palatinate and
Duchy of Zweibr�cken.
Jan 1814 End of French rule.

Prefects
22 Sep 1800 - 1801 Jean-Baptiste Mo�se Jollivet (b. 1753 - d. 1818)
9 Mar 1801 - 1801 Henri d'Alton-Sh�e (b. 1739 - d. 1820)
20 Dec 1801 - 10 Dec 1813 Andr� Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint- (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
Andr� (from 9 Jan 1810, Andr�
Jeanbon, baron de Saint-Andr�)
14 Dec 1813 - 1814 Charles Philippe Alexandre (b. 1776 - d. 1814)
d'Arberg (not installed)

Rhin-et-Moselle

9 Mar 1801 French d�partement of Rhin-et-Moselle (Rhine and Moselle)
formed from parts of Electorates of Trier and Cologne and the
Lower County of Catzenellenbogen (Obergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen)
of Hesse-Darmstadt.
1814 End of French rule.

Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 1803 Philippe Boucqueau de Villeraie (b. 1773 - d. 1834)
14 Jun 1803 - 1805 Fran�ois Louis Ren� Mouchard (b. 1757 - d. 1814)
de Chaban
1 Feb 1805 - 3 May 1806 Alexandre Th�odore Victor (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
de Lameth
15 May 1806 - 1810 Paul Adrien Fran�ois Marie de (b. 1769 - d. 1814)
Lezay-Marn�sia
7 Aug 1810 - Jan 1814 Jean Marie Th�r�se Doazan (b. 1774 - d. 1839)

Catzenellenbogen

20 Nov 1806 Upper County of Catzenellenbogen (Niedergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen)
of Hesse-Cassel occupied by France. Administered by France as the
Reserved Country of Catzenellenbogen (Pays r�serv� de Catzenellenbogen), administered by the Imperial prefectural
councilor in Langenschwalbach in d�partement Rhin-et-Moselle
(but part of the d�partement).
1 Nov 1813 French withdraw from areas of the right bank of the Rhine.
6 Nov 1813 - 2 Dec 1813 Provisional administration by General Government of Frankfurt.
2 Dec 1813 - 16 Oct 1815 Administered by Hesse-Darmstadt.
16 Oct 1815 - 17 Oct 1816 Administered by Prussia.
17 Oct 1816 Ceded to the Duchy of Nassau.

Imperial Prefectural Councilor
1806 - Nov 1813 Balthasar Pietsch (b. 1747 - d. 1826)

Roer

9 Mar 1801 French d�partement of Roer formed from duchies of J�lich,
Guelders, and Kleve, Principality of Meurs, parts of
Electorate of Cologne, and free cities of Cologne and Aachen.
1814 End of French rule.

Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 4 Mar 1802 Nicolas S�bastien Simon (b. 1749 - d. 1802)
Mar 1802 - 23 Sep 1802 Johann Friedrich Jacobi (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
+ Heinrich Joseph Cogels de Weert
(acting)
23 Sep 1802 - 1804 Alexandre Edme M�chin (b. 1772 - d. 1849)
1804 - 15 Sep 1804 Johann Friedrich Jacobi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
15 Sep 1804 - 1806 Jean Charles Joseph Laumond (b. 1753 - d. 1825)
3 May 1806 - 19 Feb 1809 Alexandre Th�odore Victor (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
de Lameth
31 Mar 1809 - 1814 Jean Charles Fran�ois de (b. 1772 - d. 1848)
Ladoucette (from 3 May 1809, Jean
Charles Fran�ois, chevalier de
Ladoucette [from 31 Dec 1809, Jean
Charles Fran�ois, baron de Ladoucette])

Sarre

9 Mar 1801 French d�partement of Sarre formed from parts of Electorate
of Trier and Duchy of Zweibr�cken.
1814 End of French rule.

Prefects
22 Jun 1800 - 1803 Joseph Bexon d'Ormeschville (b. 1738 - d. 1814)
24 Mar 1803 - 1810 Maximilien Xavier K�pler (Keppler) (b. 1758 - d. 1837)
(from 16 Sep 1808, Maximilien Xavier,
chevalier K�pler [from 14 Feb 1810,
Maximilien Xavier, baron K�pler])
7 Aug 1810 - 6 Jan 1814 Alexandre Fran�ois de Bruneteau (b. 1769 - d. 1853)
de Sainte-Suzanne (from 19 Jan
1812, Alexandre Fran�ois de
Bruneteau, baron de Sainte-Suzanne)

Neu-Schwabenland ( New Swabia)

19 Jan 1939 - 6 Feb 1939 Antarctic area 20�E to 10�W is explored by a German expedition led

by Alfred Ritscher (b. 1879 - d. 1963) and named Neu-Schwabenland

(New Swabia), although Germany made no formal territorial

claims.

� Ben Cahoon