CPU History - Computers and CPUs in Space (original) (raw)

The CPUs of Spacecraft
Computers in Space

(Updated Aug 12 2012 - Now w/ Curiosity)

Many CPUs have been used in space craft, space stations and other such probes.
Such CPUs must be highly reliable, and very durable. The temperatures in space, even
with heaters, can vary widely. The radiation that a system is exposed too can be immense.
So when designing one of these systems designers don't always use the latest and greatest
microprocessor. They use a chip that has been tried and tested. That they KNOW will work.

A CPU for use in space must first be MIL-STD-883 (usually Class M or S, ground based is B). This means it has met the over 100 tests
that the Department of Defense has developed to insure reliable operation.
These tests include: thermal, mechanical, AC electrical and DC electrical tests as well as sampling
requirements for individual wafer inspections.

Most CPUs that pass come from the center of a wafer. This eliminates edge defects and
generally makes for a more radiation resistant device.

Also note that MOST spacecraft use many CPUs. Either for redundancy or to split tasks.
Being able to separately control EACH component of a spacecraft is very important.
This would be impossible if one CPU controlled them all. With each sub-system powered
by its own CPU the sub-systems can be better controlled for power management and
fault tolerance. (for example if one CPU dies it only would disable one instrument, not the whole spacecraft)

Date	Space Craft	CPU	Note:
1972	Pioneer 10 and 11	Custom CPU in TTL/Discrete	Early on CPU's were implemented by many chips, basically building the gates of a CPU with a custom instruction set This was very reliable but weighed a lot.
1976	Viking	the computer on the Viking Orbiter were General Electric 18-bit TTL machines (not 12-bit) with a bit-serial, single register accumulator and bit-serial access to plated-wire RAM (4096 words). It executed around 25,000 instructions per second. The Viking Lander computers (Honeywell HDC 402) were a different design with 18,000 24-bit words of plated-wire RAM.	The Viking probes are commonly mistakenly claimed to be run by an 1802, however their is no factual basis to this. The actual processors were a 18bit design with 64 instructions. The Voyager probes used the same design, for one of its computers
1977	Voyager 1 and 2	Voyager used the same computer as the Viking Orbiter in only one of its 3 computerized subsystems (the Command and Control Subsystem). The Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem used an augmented version of the CCS computer that inserted a unit (the Hybrid Buffer Interface Circuit (HYBIC)) between the CPU and RAM, which intercepted instructions to add indexed addressing capability (at the expense of other instructions), and accelerated instructions that used idle cycles. The third computer, used in the Flight Data Subsystem, was a new custom design in CMOS with a 128 register, nibble-serial CPU and 8096 words of 16-bit RAM. It ran about 80,000 instructions per second.	The Voyager probes (like the Viking Probes) are commonly mistakenly claimed to be run by an 1802, however their is no factual basis to this. Both Voyager probes are still operating, 35 years after launch (2012)
1981	Space Shuttle	Intel 8086 and RCA 1802 (display controller) - Later Intel 80386	The Space shuttle uses the APA-101S computer (5 of them for redundancy). They run at about 1.2MIPS and still use a couple megs of ferrite core memory (which is impervious to radiation). The entire control software for the shuttle is less then one meg. The new glass cockpit in the shuttle runs on Intel 80386s
1989	Galileo	RCA 1802 - Command and Data System Sandia Labs Rad hard 2901s - Attitude Control Computers	The 1802s used in space are built using Silicon-on-Sapphire which is much more stable in a radiation environment. In the Gallileo Spacecraft a total of 6 1802s were used (2 for the High level modules, 4 for the low level modules). Combined they had 176k of memory. The 2901s were configured as a 16bit processor (4x4bit2901s) and duplicated for redundancy for a total of 8x2901s
1990	Hubble Space Telescope	Originally a DF-224 (8-bit). First service mission (1993) added a 386 coprocessor. The Hubble now runs on a 80486
1996	Pathfinder	BAE RAD6000 w/ 64MB of Solid State Memory	The RAD 6000 is a radiation hardened IBM POWER CPU made by British Aerospace Electronics. The Pathfinder Lander was used to communicate with the Sojourner mini-rover
1996	Sojourner (on Mars)	Intel 80C85	All communications were handled through the Pathfinder Lander
1996-2006	Mars Global Surveyor	.An 8086 processor is used for the payload data subsystem, and 1750A processors for the standard controls processor and the engineering data formatter. Data is stored on four 0.75 Gb solid state recorders.	Mars Global Surveyor was the first US mission to Mars in 10 years and began the research needed to eventually send and land the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars. Here we see 2 completely different types of processors used on a single spacecraft, which is actually fairly common, use the best part for whatever sub-system you are working on.
1998	International Space Station	Intel 80386SX-20 w/ Intel 80387	There are several computers on the ISS. The most important are the command computers which use the i386.
2004	Spirit and Opportunity Rovers	BAE RAD6000 (25MHz Max): This is a radiation hardened version of the IBM RS/6000 Processor (RSC). Cost is around 200,000−200,000-200,000−300,000	The RAD6000 is becoming very popular for space applications that do not need large processing capabilities. There are over 200 RAD6000 processors currently in use by spacecraft. Higher end designs have transitioned to a RAD750 or Mongoose processor As of August 2012, The Opportunity Rover is still functioning and performing science. (Spirit cease functioning in 2011). Design life was only 3 months so both rovers well exceeded that.
2007	DAWN (Asteroid Rendezvous)	RAD6000 w/ 8GB of Solid State	DAWN is a solar powered spacecraft using Ion engines. It is designed to explore the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres
2011	Curiosity	Dual BAE RAD750 @ 400MIPS (up to 200MHz): Radiation Hardened version of the IBM PowerPC 750 (one configured as a backup, that can take over if the other fails (or a software update disables it). The processor is designed to have no more then one single event upset (a problem requiring intervention from Earth) in its 15 year lifespan.	The Rover Compute Element also includes 256KB of EEPROM (likely for boot config etc) 256MB of DRAM and 2GB of Solid State Memory (Flash). The cameras also have their own Flash memory storage (8GB each for the mast cams). Each RAD750 board cost around $200,000
2012	Morpheus	RAD750 Processor	The Morpheus Lander Concept used Natural Gas as a propellent. Unfortunately it burned and exploded during testing in August 2012. Undoubtably the RAD750 was destroyed
2006-2026	New Horizons (Pluto)	Mongoose-V: The Mongoose-V is a radiation hardened and enhanced version of the venerable MIPS R3000 processor running at 15MHz made by Synova. As of August 2012 Mongoose-V processors are 20,000−20,000-20,000−40,000	New Horizons also includes redundant 8GB banks of Flash Memory. It must store data for long periods as the data rate from the probe is so slow it will be well past Pluto before it can transfer all its data back to earth. It also will almost certainly have to be oriented such that its antenna are not pointing at Earth while conducting its observations of Pluto and other Kuiper Belt Objects.

Other chips are as follows in lesser known space craft:

Notes:
Mongoose V is a MIPS R3000 core
TMS320 is a DSP chip
1750 is a MIL-STD 16 bit non-RISC CPU.
NSSC-1: NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer
F9450: 1750A MMU

As you can see a WIDE variety of chips are used in space. Today most are progressing towards 32-bit CPUs with memory management. This is so that programming is easier and a wider spread of operating systems/applications (Java, Linux, VxWorks etc) are available to use.