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Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language [1] spoken primarily in Pakistan and India. The language is written in the Nastaliq script [2], an ornate calligraphic style of the Perso-Arabic script. The 2011 Census of India recorded 50.77 million Urdu speakers [3] in India alone.

The Urdu alphabet is written from right to left [2] and uses a modified version of the Persian alphabet, which itself derives from Arabic script. Urdu is classified as an individual living language [4] with ISO 639-3 code "urd".

The script consists of basic consonant letters, which can be combined with diacritical marks to represent different vowel sounds. Many letters change their shape depending on their position within a word (initial, medial, final, or isolated form).

Urdu alphabet letters:

ا , ب , پ , ت , ٹ , ث , ج , چ , ح , خ , د , ڈ , ذ , ر , ڑ , ز , ژ , س , ش , ص , ض , ط , ظ , ع , غ , ف , ق , ك , گ , ل , م , ن , ں , هـ , و , ھ , ء , ي , ے

Urdu includes special characters unique to South Asian languages, such as retroflex consonants (ٹ, ڈ, ڑ) and the letter ں (noon ghunna), which represents nasalised vowels at the end of words.


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Urdu Script — Zuban-i Urdū-yi Muʿallá

Fig 1. The phrase Zuban-i Urdū-yi Muʿallá ("The language of the exalted camp") written in the Nastaʿlīq script.

Urdu (اُردُو, pronounced /ˈʊərduː/) is an Indo-Aryan language [1] spoken primarily in Pakistan and India. The language is written in the Nastaliq script [2], a calligraphic style of the Perso-Arabic script written from right to left.

The 2011 Census of India recorded 50.77 million Urdu speakers [3] in India. Urdu is classified as an individual living language [4] with ISO 639-3 code "urd" and serves as the national language of Pakistan.

Urdu is a standardised register of Hindustani [5], sharing mutual intelligibility with Hindi. The language evolved from medieval Indo-Aryan dialects between the 6th and 13th centuries, with approximately 99% of Urdu verbs having their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit, whilst a significant portion of vocabulary derives from Persian and Arabic.

Autograph of Bahadur Shah II

Fig 2. Autograph of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II.

In Pakistan, Urdu serves as the national language and lingua franca, facilitating communication across diverse linguistic communities. The language is extensively used in education, literature, media, government, and courts throughout the country.

In India, Urdu has official status in several states [6], including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, Jammu & Kashmir, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The language is recognised in India's Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.