HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. IV [Chapter ] (original) (raw)

Notes to Chapter 10:

1. History, 5th AF, Pt. 111, App. 111, Doc 9; USSBS, Rabaul, pp. 11-12.

2. USSBS, Rabaul, pp. 11-18.

3.Ibid., pp. 12-17.

4. History, 5th AF, Pt. 111, App. 111, Doc. 9; ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, GHQ Outline Plan, Operation "F," 29 Jan. 1944. At Lupin, seven miles east of Arawe Harbor, there was an emergency landing strip built in 1937, but it was never used by Japanese. (AC/S G-2 ALAMO Force, Terrain Report, Arawe Area, 26 Nov. 1943.)

5. USSBS Interrogation No. 483.

6._Ibid.;_USSBS, Japanese Air Power, p. 14.

7. USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 183-85; USSBS, Japanese Air Power, pp. 12-13.

8. USSBS, Japanese Air Power, pp. 12-13. The Fourth Air Army was composed of the Sixth Air Division (324 planes) and the Seventh Air Division (156 planes in New Guinea and 84 in the Ambon area).

9. Lt. Gen. Y. Arisue of general staff and chairman of the Army-Navy Liaison Committee, in Hq. AAF AC/AS-2,Mission Accomplished (Washington: USGPO, 1946), pp. 11-12; USSBS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 183-85.

10. 5th AF Station Lists, 30 Sept. and 30 Oct. 1943; AAF Reference History No. 16, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign-Oct. 1942 to Feb. 1944. This history, written by Maj. Richard L. Watson, gives detailed accounts of personnel, airplane strength, air-base construction, and combat operations including the Fifth Air Force attacks on Rabaul. It has been used extensively by the author.

11. AAFRH-16, p. 10; 5th AF Station Lists, 30 Sept. and 30 Oct. 1943; History of the Fifth Air Force Service Command in New Guinea; GHQSWPA Off. of the CE, Engineer Construction in the South-west Pacific Area, p. 39; Station List, 25 Oct. 1943, in Air Service Command in the SWPA, 1941-1944, Pt. I; Air Evaluation Board, Rabaul, Annex DD.

12. History, 3d Airdrome Sq.; AAFRH-16, pp. 15-16.

13. Memo for Sutherland from Brig. Gen. Carl Connell, 6 Sept. 1943; History of the V AFSC in New Guinea; History, 3d Air Task Force; AAFRH-16, pp. 16-20.

14. AAF Historical Study No. 43, The Fifth Air Force in the Conquest of the Bismarck Archipelago-Nov. 1943 to Mar. 1944, pp. 11-12 and App. 2. This study, written by Maj. Harris G. Warren, gives details of the Fifth Air Force operations against New Britain and the Admiralties.

15. Ltr., Gen. Wilson to CINCSWPA, 26 Aug. 1943, in GHQSWPA G-3 Journal, 26 Aug. 1943.

16. Minutes of a Conference held at GHQSWPA, 10 Sept. 1943, in folder, MacArthur's Plans, 1942.

17.Ibid.

18. CM-IN-1O25 (10-2-43), Brisbane to WAR C-6301, 2 Oct. 1943; CM-IN-6490 (10-11-43), Rear Echelon GHQSWPA to WAR C-6586 11 Oct. 1943; CM-IN-7068 (10-12-1943), Brisbane to WAR, C-6614, 12 Oct. 1943.

19. Extract from ltr., Kenney to Arnold, 10 Oct. 1943, in memo for the C/S, 24 Oct. 1943.

20. AAFRH-16, pp. 96-100; AEB, Rabaul, p. 23; 8th Bomb. Sq., NCMR 284-AA, 12 Oct. 1943. Annex DD, AEB report, indicates that the RAAF unit was No. 30 Squadron (Beaufighters) of No. 71 Wing.

21.N.Y. Times, 15 Oct. 1943; 8th, 13th, 71st, and 90th Bomb. Sqs., NCMR 284-AA, 12 Oct. 1943; Form 34, 8th, 13th, 71st, and 90th Bomb. Sqs., 9-16 Oct. 1943.

22. History, 49th Ftr. Gp.; Form 34, 8th, 13th, 71st, 90th, 405th, 498th, 499th, 500th, 501st Bomb. Sqs. and 9th, 431st, 432d, and 433d Ftr. Sqs., 9-16 Oct. 1943; 433d Ftr. Sq., NCMR 3-67, 12 Oct. 1943; AEB, Rabaul, p. 23.

23. 319th, 320th, 321st. and 400th Bomb. Sqs., NMR 284G, 12 Oct. 1943; 80th Ftr. Sq., ICFR Mission 213, 12 Oct. 1943; Form 34, 319th, 320th, 321st, and 400th Bomb. Sqs., and 39th and 80th Ftr. Sqs., 9-16 Oct. 1943.

24. 64th, 65th, and 403d Bomb. Sqs., NMR 284G, 12 Oct. 1943; Form 34, 64th, 65th, 319th, 320th, 321st, 400th, and 403d Bomb. Sqs. and 39th and 80th Ftr. Sqs., 9-16 Oct 1943.

25. GHQSWPA Allied Air Forces Intelligence Summary (Isum) 147, 16 Oct. 1943.

26. "An Indian Army Captain stated that after the first heavy attack on Vunakanau on 12 October 1943, his men counted approximately 200 wrecked or damaged aircraft on the airfield. Some of the wrecks were later used to conceal fighters. In the raid the Japanese suffered about 300 casualties. They mistook the parafrags for an Allied airborne landing." (AEB, Rabaul, Annex GG.) In this and other instances, the GHQ policy of basing the daily communiqué on preliminary reports rather than photo-interpreted figures caused later embarrassment.

27. Isum 147, 16 Oct. 1943; 64th and 65th Bomb. Sqs., NMR FFO 285L, and 400th Bomb. Sq., NMR 285K, 13 Oct. 1943; Form 34, 64th, 65th, 403d, 319th, 320th, 321st, 400th, 528th, and 531st Bomb. Sqs. 9-16 Oct. 1943.

28. Isum 148, 20 Oct. 1943, p. 1. On 15 October, the entire force of twenty-seven Val dive bombers and their escorting twenty fighters were shot down. (AAFRH-16, p. 104.)

29. Form 34, 9th, 39th,40th, 431st, 432d, and 433d Ftr. Sqs., and 64th, 65th, 71st, 319th, 320th, 321st, 400th, 405th, 498th, 499th, 500th, 501st, 528th, and 531st Bomb. Sqs., 17-23 Oct. 1943.

30. Form 34 data, as cited in n. 29; 499th, 500th, 501st, and 319th Bomb. Sqs., NMR FFO 290, 23 Oct. 1943. Three B-25's were lost, but an estimated forty planes were destroyed on the ground and twenty-eight in the air. Also destroyed were the three ships.

31. Isum 149, 23 Oct. 1943; ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 24 Oct. 1943; Form 34, 64th, 65th, 403d, 319th, 320th, 321st, and 400th Bomb. Sqs. and 9th, 39th, 80th, 431st, 432d, and 433d Ftr. Sqs., 24-30 Oct. 1943.

32. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 24 Oct. 1943; Form 34, 8th, 13th, 90th, 498th, 499th, 500th, and 501st Bomb. Sqs., and 9th, 39th, 80th, 431st, 432d, and 433d Ftr. Sqs., 24-30 Oct. 1943.

33. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 24Oct. 1943; Form 34, as cited in n. 31.

34. Form 34, as cited in n. 31; Major MacDonald shot down one Zeke. Thirty-nine aircraft were shot down and photographs showed twenty-one destroyed on the ground.

35. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 24 Oct. 1943.

36. AAFRH-16, p. 119; AEB, Rabaul, p 7. 25. 37.

37. Form 34, as cited in n. 31.

38. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 4 Nov. 1943; AAFRH-16, pp. 120-23; Isums 152 and 153, 3 and 6 Nov. 1943; Form 34, 8th Photo Sq., 31 0ct.-6 Nov. 1943.

39. 5th AF, Rabaul; History, 38th Bomb. Gp., Jan. 1940-31 Mar. 1944, p. 206; Form 34, 9th 39th, 80th, 431st, 432nd, 433d Ftr. Sqs. and 8th, 13th, 71st, 90th, 405th, 498th, 499th, 500th, and 501st Bomb. Sqs., 31 Oct-6 Nov 1943.

40. 40. Form 34, as cited in n. 39; History, 3d Bomb. Gp. Major Wilkins, when he saw that his squadron would have to pass close to the cruisers, placed his own plane on the exposed left flank drawing most of the fire. He was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.

41. History, 3d Bomb. Gp.; USSBS, Rabaul, p. 266, Table 6. A shortage of oil tankers at this time and throughout the remainder of the Pacific war seriously limited the range and mobility of the Imperial navy. The JANAC listed only two ships: one of 1,503 and the other of 3,119 tons.

42. USSBS, Rabaul, Table 6.

43. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 4 Nov. 1943.

44. Incl. (ltr., Comdr. 3d Fleet to COMINCH, South Pacific Campaign-Narrative Account, 3 Sept. 19441, The South Pacific Area, 20 Apr. 1942 to 15 June 1944 (hereinafter cited as Halsey Rpt.); Hq. USAFISPA G-2 Per. Rpt. 42,9 Nov. 1943, p. 5; ltr., Twining to Arnold, 14 Nov. 1943; Flt. Adm. William F. Halsey and Lt. Comdr. Julian Bryan, 111,"Admiral Halsey Tells His Story," in Saturday Evening Post, 19 July 1947.

45. Isums 153 and 154, 6 and 10 Nov. 1943; CM-IN-3585 (11-6-43). CTF 39 to USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War,p. 155; History, V FC. Only one P-38 was lost on the mission, since the Navy fighters had pretty well cleared the skies. COMSOPAC, 050712, 5 NOV. 1943;

46. Isum 154, 10 Nov. 1943.

47. Halsey Rpt.; USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War,pp. 155-57; ltr., Twining to Arnold, 14 Nov. 1943; ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 10 Nov. 1943.

48. AEB, Rabaul, p. 27; ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 11 Nov. 1943; msgs., COMAFADVON 5 to COMAF 5, 10 Jan. 1944, MacArthur to Comdr. SOPAC, 11 and 16 Jan. 1944, and Comdr. 3d Fleet to MacArthur, 15 Jan. 1944, all in GHQSWPA, G-3 Journal, 9 Jan. 1944. The night strikes by RAAF planes continued against Rabaul until 10 Jan. 1944 when their target was switched to central New Britain and Kavieng.

49. Radio 022100Z, 2 July 1942, JCS to CINCSWPA, CINCPAC, and COMSOPAC, File C/S, GHQSWPA 33; Radio Q147, CINCSWPA to C/S, WD, WDC in C/S GHQ File WD 173, 2 Aug. 1943.

50. JCS Radio 2407, 29 Mar. 1943, to CINCSWPA, in G-3 Journal GHQ-SWPA, 30 Mar. 1943; ELKTON 111; Minutes of Conference at GHQSWPA on 10 Sept. 1943 between SWPA and SOPAC on coordination of 1943 plans, in MacArthur's Plans, File No. 706.322 1942 in AFSHO.

51. Hq. ALAMO Force, Report of the DEXTERITY Operation, 15 Dec. 1943-10 Feb. 1944 (hereinafter cited as DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt.), pp. 1-3; ltr., 7th Amph. Force to CINCSWPA, Cape Gloucester Opns., 13 Feb. 1944, in G-3 Journal, 22 Dec. 1943

52. Ltr., Sutherland to Comdr. ALAMO Force, Plans of Opns., DEXTERITY, 14 Oct. 1943.

53.Ibid., p. 1.

54. Opns. Instructions 39 together with ltr., ADVON 5th AF to CG 5th AF, both dated 28 Oct. 1943.

55. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 4. 56. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 11 Nov. 1943.

56. Ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 11 Nov. 1943.

57. Memo for C/S from Gen. Chamberlin, 11 Oct. 1943, in G-3 Journal, 11 Oct. 1943. Cf. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, pp. 326-27.

58. Ltr., ADVON 5th AF to CG 5th AF, Opns. Instr. 39, 28Oct. 1943; memo for Kenney from Whitehead, Airdromes for DEXTERITY Opn., 13 Nov. 1943; ltr., Whitehead to Kenney, 13 Nov. 1943.

59. Memo for C/S by GHQSWPA G-3; penciled note: "Not sent but discussed with Kenney and Sutherland-action approved," in G-3 Journal, 26 Oct. 1943.

60. Ltr., Krueger to CINCSWPA, 12 Nov. 1943, in G-3 Journal, 14 Nov. 1943.

61. Memo for MacArthur from Chamberlin, 21 Nov. 1943, in G-3 Journal, 21 Nov. 1943.

62. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 3.

63.Ibid., p. 5.

64. Check Sheet, D/Opns. AAF to G-3, 8 Dec. 1943, in G-3 Journal, 8 Dec. 1943.

65. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 7; Isum 150, 27 Oct. 1943, p. 1a; Isum 160, 1 Dec. 1943, p. 1; Isum 162, 8 Dec. 1943, p. 1.

66. Isum 164,15 Dec. 1943, p. 14; Comdr. 7th Amph. Force, Report on Cape Gloucester Operation (hereinafter cited as 7th Amph. Rpt.), 3 Feb. 1944; History, 5th Tactical Air Communications Sq., May 1942-Apr. 1944, p. 11; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Annex A, p. 36; ltr., Col. H. V. White, AC/AS G-2 6th Army to AC/AS G-2 GHQ, 4 Nov. 1943, in G-3 Journal, 5 Nov. 1943.

67. History, 8th Photo Rcn. Sq., Activation to 1 Feb. 1944, p. 4; Form 34's, 8th Photo Rcn. Sq. and 90th Bomb. Sq., Nov. 1943. On 19 November, the 90th Bombardment Squadron sent nine B-25's on a photographic and strafing mission of the Cape Gloucester area. (Form 34's, Fifth AF bomb. sqs., Nov. 1943; AAFRH-16, p.137.)

68. Radio msgs., MacArthur to C/S WD: 3179 (12-5-43), C-8546, 5 Dec. 1943; 3700 (12-6-431, C-8576, 6 Dec. 1943; 5158 (12-8-43), C-8653, 8 Dec. 1943

69. Form 34's, 5th AF, Nov.-Dec. 1943; AAFRH-16, pp. 133, 138-41; Isums 154, 156, 157, 159, Of 10, 17, 20, 27 Nov. 1943.

70. Form 34's, 5th AF, Nov.-Dec. 1943; MacArthur's daily communiqués to C/S WD, Nov.-Dec. 1943; map, Japanese Antiaircraft Installations in New Britain, in History, 5th AF, Pt. III, App. III, Doc. 19; AAFHS-43 pp. 25-27.

71. Form 34s, 5th AF, Nov.-Dec. 1943; Isums 146-47, 149, 151-53, of 13, 16, 23, 30 Oct., 3, 6 Nov. 1943; AAFHS-43, pp. 27-28.

72. AAFHS-43, p. 28.

73.Ibid. and App. 3.

74. 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Annex A, p. 45, and Phase I, Hq. Combat Team C Opns. Order 1-43, 20 Dec. 1943.

75. 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Annex A, pp. 45-48, and App. I, Hq. LT 21 Opns. Order 3-43, 23 Dec. 1943; AAFHS-43, p. 17.

76. 403d Bomb. Sq., NMR No. 353-CG, 22 Dec. 1943.

77. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 8.

78. Form 34, 5th AF, 12-18 Dec. 1943; NMR's, 5th AF, 12-18 Dec. 1943; AAFHS-43, pp. 29-30 and 140, n. 41.

79. Hq. ADVON 5th AF Frag Field Order 173, 15 Dec. 1943, in AAFHS-43, App. 4.

80. 112th Cavalry Regt., Historical Report--24 Nov. 1943-10 Feb. 1944 (hereinafter cited as 112th Cavalry Rpt.), pp. 1-5; DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 8.

81. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 8; 112th Cavalry Rpt., p. 6; AGF Board Report, SWPA 6, Airborne Supply during the Arawe and Cape Gloucester Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 7 Feb. 1944 (hereinafter cited as AGF Rpt. 6). Another supply mission dropped 204 mines on 20 December and three B-17's dropped sandbags and barbed wire and pickets on 28-29 December. (AAFHS-43, p. 42.)

82. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., pp. 8-9; 13th Bomb. Sq., NMR 348-AA, 15 Dec. 1943; AAFHS-43, pp. 32-33.

83. 112th Cavalry Rpt., p. 7; 112th Cavalry S-3 Journal, Opns. Diary, p 3. Neither MacArthur's communiqué nor the DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt. lists any shipping losses. (Form 34, 5th AF, 12-18 Dec. 1943; AAFHS-43,p. 142, n. 60.)

84. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., Lessons Learned, p. 7; 112th Cavalry S-3 Journal; Form 34's, 5th AF fighter sqs., Dec. 1943-Jan. 1944. The Allied air losses were light in view of pilots' reports that the Japanese encountered were experienced pilots. (Incl. 1, p. 6, in DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt.)

85. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 9; AAF-HS-43, pp. 34-37; 33d Bomb. Sq., NMR 352-FF, 19 Dec. 1943.

86. Form 34's, 5th AF bomb. sqs., Dec. 1943-Jan. 1944; DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 10; 64th, 65th, and 403d Bomb. Sqs., NMR 16-A-I, 17 Jan. 1944; 500th and 501st Bomb. Sqs., NMR 16-B-1, 16 and 17 Jan. 1944; 8th and 9th Bomb. Sqs., NMR 20-B-1, 20 Jan. 1944; AAFHS-43, pp. 37-38 and 144, n. 72.

87. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 10; Form 34's and NMRs, 5th AF bomb. sqs., Dec. 1943; AAFHS-43, pp. 44-47 and App. 3.

88. AAFHS-43, pp. 44-47 and App. 3; History, XIII BC, p. 5.

89. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 11; Hq. BACKHANDER Force Opns. Order 2-43, Annex C, Air Support Plan, 14 Nov. 1943, in AAFHS-43, App. 5.

90. SWPA Allied Geographical Sec. Terrain Study 63 (Revised), Locality Study of Cape Gloucester, 26 Aug. 1943, p. 1; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, p. 3; 7th Amph. Rpt., p. 1.

91. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., pp. 10-11.

92.Ibid., p. 4; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, p. 2; 7th Amph. Rpt., pp. 6-7

93. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 11; 7th Amph. Rpt., pp. 7-9; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, pp. 3-4; Col. Horace O. Cushman, Inf. with 1st Marine Div., Report of Liaison Officer, 26 Dec. 1943-1 Jan. 1944 (hereinafter cited as Cushman Rpt.), p. 5; 500th Bomb. Sq., NMR 359-EE, 27 Dec. 1943; 499th Bomb. Sq., NMR 359-EE, 28 Dec. 1943; 3d Bomb. Gp., NMR 359-GG, 27 Dec. 1943; AAF-HS-43, App. 6.

94. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 11; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, p. 4; AAFHS-43, App. 6; 400th Bomb. Sq., NMR 359-NN, 27 Dec. 1943.

95. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 13; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, Pt. 11, pp. 1-4; 13th Bomb. Sq., NMR 359-FF, 26 Dec. 1943; Task Group 76.3, Bombardment and Landing Operation at Tauali (Cape Gloucester) , New Britain, 26 Dec. 1943; USS Reid Action Report, Serial 025, pp. 1-2.

96. History, 5th Tac. Air Com. Sq., pp. 49-50; History, 33d Ftr. Control Sq., 11 Dec. 1943-31 Mar. 1944, p. 5; DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 13. The 2d Air Liaison Party operated with the First Marines, and the 3d Air Liaison Party came in with supporting troops on the afternoon of D-day. The 7th ALP accompanied the Tauali Force. (1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, Pt. 11, pp. 1-4.)

97. 80th Ftr. Sq., NCR 278, 26 Dec. 1943; 431st Ftr. Sq., NCR 1-147, 27Dec. 1943; 36th Ftr. Sq., NCR 2, 26 Dec. 1943; 35th Ftr. Sq., NCR 5-4, 26 Dec. 1943; 7th Amph. Rpt., p. 10; 500th Bomb. Sq., NMR 359-KK, 26 Dec. 1943; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase 11,p. 5. The Japanese had sent out a morning strike which hit Arawe. They apparently knew of the Gloucester landing in the morning but may have been unable to divert the Arawe attack.

98. 41st Ftr. Sq., NCR 2-29, 26 Dec. 1943; 342d Ftr. Sq., NCR 2-29, 26 Dec. 1943; 7th Amph. Rpt., p. 10; AAFHS-43, pp. 58-59.

99. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 11; memo from Maj. J. B. Bonham in Cushman Rpt., Annex C, p. z; 8th and 9th Bomb. Sqs., NMR 361-AA, 29Dec. 1943.

100. Col. J. F. Bird, Report on BACKHANDER Operation from 1 Jan. 1944 to 7 Jan. 1944, in Cushman Rpt., Annex D, p. 2; AAFHS-43, pp. 61-62; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase II, pp. 7-11 and Annex A, p. 17.

101. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., pp. 13, 18; ltr., Whitehead to Krueger, 28 Jan. 1944, and radio, Krueger to GHQSWPA, 9 Jan. 1944, both in History, 5th AF, Pt. III, App. 11, Docs. 67 and 119.

102. History, 347th Troop Carrier Gp., pp. 58-59. Feb. 1944, p. 2; 65th TC Sq., Daily Opns. Rpts., Feb. 1944; History, 67th TC Sq., Feb.-Mar. 1944; History, 40th TC Sq., Feb. 1944.

103. AAFHS-43, pp. 61-64.

104. 13th Bomb. Sq., NMR 4-J-1,4 Jan. 1944; 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase III, pp. 2-4

105. 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase III, pp. 6-11; 43d Bomb. Gp., NMR's 7-A-I, 7-B-I, 7-H-I, 8 Jan. 1944; 90th Bomb. Sq., NMR 19-D-I, 10 Jan. 1944; 321st Bomb. Sq., NMR 10-B-I, 11 Jan. 1944.

106. 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase III, pp. 13-15; AAFHS-43, pp. 66-67.

107. 1st Marine Div. Gloucester Rpt., Phase IV; 1st Marine Div., APPEASE Operation, Special Action Report; AAFHS-43 pp. 67-72.

108. 1st Marine Div., APPEASE Rpt., pp. 5-11.

109. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., p. 21.

110. Col. Henry P. Dexter, Hq. AGF, Report on Air Support in Southwest Pacific Area during the Period I Nov. 1943 to 1 Feb. 1944, p. 11, in Army War College File; AAFHS-43, pp. 82-85.

111. Msg., Barbey to Kenney, Whitehead, and Smith, 25 Dec. 1943, in G-3 Journal, 26 Dec. 1943; AAFHS-43, pp. 82-85.

112. DEXTERITY-ALAMO Rpt., pp. 15-17.

113. MICHAELMAS Operation Diary, 16 Dec. 1943-10 Feb. 1944.

114. ONI Weekly, 11,49, 50, 51, and 52 (8, 15, 22, and 29 Dec. 1943).

115. Isums 161-68, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, and 29 Dec. 1943

116. ADVON 5th AF, Brief Plan for Close Support of MICHAELMAS Task Force. 19 Dec. 1943; memo for CG 5th AF by Brig. Gen. Clarence A. Martin, 21 Dec. 1943; ltr., Comdr. 7th Amph. Force to COMINCH, 3 Feb. 1944.

117. MICHAELMAS Opn. Diary

118.Ibid.

119. Report of MICHAELMAS Operation, App. 5, Operations Air Liaison Party; MICHAELMAS Opn. Diary. The reason for such an error is not clear. The MICHAELMAS diary states that later inquiries showed that the orders of the MICHAELMAS Task Force, which would have cleared up the matter and which were delivered to the "Fifth Air Force," failed to reach the First Air Task Force, which had prepared the detailed plan of air support.

120. Form 34's, all 5th AF bomb. sqs., 1 Jan. 1944.

121. Ltr., Comdr. 7th Amph. Force to COMINCH, 3 Feb. 1944; Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger, Report on Saidor, Arawe, Cape Gloucester, 17 May 1944.

122. Form 34's, all 5th AF bomb. sqs., 2 Jan. 1944

123. G-2 Estimate of the Enemy Situation, 21 Dec. 1943, Incl. I to Annex 2, Hq. Saidor Task Force, Saidor Plan; AGF Board Rpt. 35, 26 Feb. 1944; Isum 170, 5 Jan. 1944.

124. Isum 170, 5 Jan. 1944; Form 34, 2 Jan. 1944, 7th Sq.; MICHAELMAS Opn. Diary.

125. One enemy attempt on 16 January to attack an Allied convoy resulted in the Japanese losing nineteen aircraft. (MICHAELMAS Opn. Diary; MICHAELMAS Opn. Rpt., as cited in n. 119; Form 34, 16 Jan. 1944, 35th Sq.; History, 35th Ftr. Sq.)

126. AGF Board Report 35, 26 Feb. 1944; MICHAELMAS Opn. Diary; Histories, 56th Ftr. Control Sq., 3d Airdrome Sq., and 54th TC Wing; Krueger Rpt. on Saidor, etc.

127. Krueger Rpt. on Saidor, etc.; Histories, 56th Ftr. Control Sq., 2015 QM Truck Co., and 3d Airdrome Sq.

128. MICHAELMAS Opn. Diary; cable opns. rpts.; MICHAELMAS Opn. Rpt., as cited in n. 119.

129. History, Third Air Task Force; Form 34, 20 Dec. 1943,7th Ftr. Sq.; memo for "all concerned" by TATF, 2 Feb. 1944, in A-2 Lib.

130Memo for "all concerned" by TATF, 2 Feb. 1944; Form 34, Jan. 1944, 38th and 22d Bomb. Gps. RAAF Vengeances also participated in these attacks but with less success. (CM-IN-13020 [1-20-44] Rear Echelon GHQSWPA to WAR, C-723, 20 Jan. 1944; Adv. LHQ SWPA, The New Guinea Campaign: Ramu Valley-Shaggy Ridge, Report on Jan.-6 Feb. 1944, in GHQ G-3 Journal, 6 Feb. 1944.)

131. The statistics on the sorties and tonnage against Madang and Alexishafen were calculated from Form 34's for January. Only those sorties actually carried out against the airfields, the towns, and the supply depots specifically identified were considered in the calculation. It should be pointed out, however, that all B-25 and A-20 units were repeatedly hitting tracks and supply points along the coast and in the Ramu valley of the general Alexishafen-Madang area.

132. These figures were similarly calculated from Form 34's (see note above). Hansa Bay is considered to include Nubia and Bogia.

133. Aus. Intr., 5 M.H. Fld. Team, Rabaul.

134. Ms. for Robert Sherrod, History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II, Pt. 12, The Elimination of Rabaul, pp. 3-4; COMAIRNORSOLS Ftr. Comd. War Diary; ONI, The Combat Strategy and Tactics of Major Gregory Boyington, USMCR, 15 Feb. 1944.

135. 13th AF, Campaigns of the Northern Solomons, p. 10; AEB, Rabaul, Annex GG; History, XIII BC, pp. 5, 26; History, XIII FC, Jan.-Mar. 1944, pp. 11, 21; Report on Rabaul Operations; Sherrod, History of MC Aviation, Pt. 12, p. 4; SOPACFOR Intel. Sec., The Air Assault on Rabaul, 17 Dec. 1943-19 Feb. 1944 (hereinafter cited as SOPACFOR Rpt.), pp. 6-7; Isum 169, 1 Jan. 1944.

136. History, XIII BC, pp. 23-24. The F6F's flying cover made several direct approaches on the bombers out of the sun and were fired on. (Ibid.; 307th Bomb.

137. Sherrod, History of MC Aviation, p. 6.

138. Isum 171, 8 Jan. 1944; History, XIII BC, Annex IV; XIII FC Brief Log of Mission (hereinafter cited as XIII FC Log). On 6 January, sixteen P-38's rendezvoused with thirty-two F4U's and twenty-six F6F's for a fighter sweep to Rabaul. After weather turned back the F4U's and F6F's, the P-38's encountered thirty to thirty-five Zekes and Hamps. They destroyed nine Japanese fighters and claimed four to fourteen probables for a loss of two P-38's. (XIII FC Log; Sherrod, History of MC Aviation, pp. 6-7.)

139. History, XIII FC, p. 26.

140. History, XIII BC, Annexes I, IV, VII, XI; XIII FC Log. One of the B-25 squadron commanders, who turned his flight back because of no observable fighter cover, was relieved after the 12 January mission. (Ltr., M. F. Harmon to Gen. Owens, 26 Dec. 1943.)

141. History, XIII BC, Annexes IV and XI; XIII FC Log; SOPACFOR Rpt., p. 7.

142. Ltr., Harmon to Owens, 26 Dec. 1943; History, XIII BC, pp. 13-19 and Annexes I, IV, VII, XI; History, XIII FC, pp. 11, 26; XIII FC Log; Isum 178, 2 Feb. 1944; SOPACFOR Rpt., pp. 7-10. A total estimate for January was 503 Japanese planes destroyed on the ground and in the air. (SOPACFOR Rpt., p. 15.)

143. Isum 178, 2 Feb. 1944; AEB, Rabaul, pp. 33-34; USSBS, Rabaul, pp. 26, 30; History, XIII FC, pp. 13-15, 22; COMSOPAC, Report on the Reduction of Rabaul, 8 June 1944; Sherrod, History of MC Aviation, Pt. 12, p. 7; SOPACFOR Rpt., pp. 7-12; History, XIII BC, Annexes II, V, and VIII.

144. AEB, Rabaul, pp. 34-35; Isum 179, 5 Feb. 44; History, XIII BC, Annexes II, V, VIII; XIII FC Log; Rpt. on Rabaul Opns.

145. AEB, Rabaul, p. 38; History, XIII BC, Annexes II, V, VIII; USSBS: The Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 194; Rpt. on Rabaul Opns.; SOPACFOR Rpt., pp. 10-15; USSBS, Rabaul, pp. 23-32.

146. USSBS, Rabaul, pp. 17-18.

147. History, XIII BC, pp. 8, 10, and Annexes II-III, V-VI, VIII-X; AEB, Rabaul, Annex GG; History, XIII FC, pp. 12, 14.

148.General Kenney Reports, p. 353.

149. History, V Ftr. Comd., Jan.-June 1944, p. 24; Isum 182, 16 Feb. 1944; NMRs 42-A-I and 42-B-I

150. History, V Ftr. Comd., p. 24; Isum 183, 19 Feb 1944.

151. History, V Ftr. Comd., pp. 25, 26; History, 345th Bomb. Gp., Feb. 1946 p. 10; History, 38th Bomb. Gp., Jan. 1940-March 1944, pp. 260-64; Isum 184 22 Feb. 1944; History, 5th AF, Pt. III, Feb.-June 1944, p. 11; NMRs 15-B-309, 46-B-I;General Kenney Reports,p. 357.

152. Isum 184, 22 Feb. 1944, Isum 185, 26 Feb. 1944; Isum 186, 1 March 1944; NMR's 47-B-1, 47-C-I, 48-E-I, 48-F-I, I9G309, 52-P-I; JANAC;General Kenney Reports, p. 357.