The Mediterranean & Middle East, Vol. I (UK Military Series (original) (raw)

Page

Editor's Preface

xv

Introduction

xxi

CHAPTER I.

THE GROWING TENSION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Italy's East African Adventure

1

The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936

5

The Spanish Civil War and the Gentlemen's Agreement

7

Italy ceases to be a reliable friend

8

The Fleet Base and the security of Egypt

9

The Anglo-Italian Agreement of 1938

12

Palestine and the Arab States

13

The results of the September 1938 crisis

17

Chronology: 1933-1938

21

CHAPTER II.

1939: PLANS AND PREPARATIONS IN CASE OF WAR

The Anglo-French Staff Conversations

23

Reactions to the invasion of Albania

24

Regional meetings between French and British Commanders

25

The problem of the air defence of Malta

29

The creation of a High Command in the Middle East

31

The situation in Egypt

35

Italian unreadiness

38

Chronology: March-August 1939

40

CHAPTER III.

AT WAR WITH GERMANY: UNEASY CALM IN THE MEDITERRANEAN (September 1939-February 1940)

Preliminary moves and precautionary measures

41

Contraband control and Anglo-Italian relations

44

The threat from the north

48

The situation in Egypt

53

The expansion of Dominion forces

57

Chronology: September 1939-March 1940

58

CHAPTER IV.

THE LOGISTICS FOUNDATIONS (1939-1940)

The term 'administration'

59

The preliminary stage of administrative development for the land and air forces
(autumn 1939)

59

The policy decisions of January 1940

61

The nine-division base in Egypt and Palestine

63

The position of the Royal Air Force

69

The development of the Fleet Base

74

CHAPTER V.

ITALIAN HOSTILITY INCREASES (March-June 1940)

British reactions to the growing Italian hostility

81

Allied military policy for war with Italy

85

A comparison of forces--May 1940

90

Final preparatoins and moves

97

Chronology: March-June 1940

100

CHAPTER VI.

ITALY DECLARES WAR (June 1940)

The first operations at sea

109

The beginning of air operations

112

The Western Desert

115

The early patrol encounters

117

Malta under attack

119

Reactions to Italy's entry, and the French Armistice

121

CHAPTER VII.

THE FRENCH COLLAPSE

The immediate consequences

125

The action at Oran

130

Admiral Godfroy's squadron at Alexandria

138

The risk taken at Oran and the reactions

141

CHAPTER VIII.

ENCOURAGING START OF THE STRUGGLE AT SEA

British and Italian naval policy

145

The first encounters at sea

148

The actions off Calabria and Cape Spada

150

Measures to strengthen Malta

159

The naval situation--August 1940

162

CHAPTER IX.

THE FIRST ENCOUNTERS ON THE BORDERS OF ITALIAN EAST AFRICA

The situation in Italian East Africa

165

Operations on the Sudan border

168

The Italian invasion of British Somaliland

171

The build-up of forces in Kenya

179

Preparations to assist the Patriot revolt in Ethiopia

182

CHAPTER X.

ANXIETY OVER THE POSITION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Attention focused on the Middle East in June and July 1940

185

General Wavell's review in August

187

The decision to reinforce the Middle East

190

The plans for rearming the Royal Air Force

192

The Takoradi air reinforcement route

195

The Prime Minister's General Directive

197

The passage of the naval reinforcements in August and September

201

CHAPTER XI.

THE ITALIANS MAKE A MOVE INTO EGYPT

The British preparations in Egypt

205

Marshal Graziani's difficulties

207

The Italian advance in September 1940

209

Effect on the general situation

212

Operations to supply and reinforce Malta

218

CHAPTER XII.

THE ITALIANS CARRY THE WAR INTO GREECE

The period of strained relations

223

The invasion and the question of British help

228

The Fleet Air Arm's action at Taranto

235

The possible extension of the war in the Balkans

238

CHAPTER XIII.

MORE REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE MIDDLE EAST (October-December 1940)

Further reinforcements for Malta and the Fleet

241

The cycle of ocean convoys

244

The serious weakness of the Middle East air forces

250

CHAPTER XIV.

THE FIRST BRITISH OFFENSIVE IN THE WESTERN DESERT - I

The beginning of the COMPASSplan

257

The period of preparation

260

The battle of Sidi Barrani (December 9th-11th)

265

Pursuit towards Bardia

270

The question of surprise

273

CHAPTER XV.

THE FIRST BRITISH OFFENSIVE IN THE WESTERN DESERT - II

The preliminary attacks on Bardia

277

The problem of maintenance

278

The capture of Bardia

282

The capture of Tobruk

287

The Long Range Desert Group

294

CHAPTER XVI.

SUPREMACY AT SEA

The action off Cape Spartivento

299

The question of landing operations

307

December in the Mediterranean

309

The situation at the end of 1940

311

CHAPTER XVII.

THE ARRIVAL OF THE LUFTWAFFE IN JANUARY 1941

The EXCESS convoy and the first German air attacks

315

The escape of the Illustrious

321

The effect upon the strategic situation

323

The bombardment of Genoa (February 1941)

328

CHAPTERXVIII.

GERMANY TURNS TO THE BALKANS

The Albanian front in the winter of 1940/1

333

The Greeks decline the offer of British troops

338

Policy in the light of the Greek reply

343

The appeal to the Turkish President

345

The German preparations

347

CHAPTER XIX.

GRAZIANI IS SWEPT OUT OF CYRENAICA (January-February 1941)

The British advance into northern Cyrenaica

351

The battle of Beda Fomm

356

Review of the desert campaign

362

The German decision to intervene in Africa and the arrival of General Rommel

366

CHAPTER XX.

THE GREEKS ACCEPT THE BRITISH OFFER

Middle East policy again reviewed in February 1941

371

The Eden Mission in the Middle East

374

The talks with the Greeks

377

The visit to Ankara

381

The changed situation

382

Review of events that led to the British decision

388

CHAPTER XXI.

THE ITALIANS LOSE THE INITIATIVE IN EAST AFRICA

Outline of British policy during the campaign

391

The Sudan front

396

The Sandford Mission and the Patriot movement

402

CHAPTER XXII.

THE ADVANCE TO ADDIS ABABA THROUGH SOMALIA AND GOJJAM

The preliminaries in Kenya

407

The capture of Kismayu and Mogadishu

412

The drive to Addis Ababa from the south

416

Review of the southern campaign

422

The activities of Gideon Force

424

CHAPTER XXIII.

VICTORY ON THE NORTHERN FRONT IN EAST AFRICA

Review of the Italian position in East Africa

429

The battle of Keren

432

The advance to Asmara and Massawa

441

The Duke of Aosta's final stand at Amba Alagi

442

Review of the whole East African campaign

447

CHRONOLOGY OF MAINEVENTS FROM JUNE1940

452

INDEX

483