Jewish Recipients of the US National Medal of Science (original) (raw)

• Theodore von Karman (1962)

• Norbert Wiener (1963)

• Solomon Lefschetz (1964)

• Marshall Nirenberg (1964)

• Julian Schwinger (1964)

• Leon Lederman (1965)

• Oscar Zariski (1965)

• Fritz Lipmann (1966)

• Gregory Breit (1967)

• Paul Cohen (1967)

• Michael Heidelberger (1967)

• Edwin Land (1967)

• Bernard Brodie (1968)

• Herbert Friedman (1968)

• Nathan Newmark (1968)

• Eugene Wigner (1968)

• Herbert Brown (1969)

• William Feller 1 (1969)

• Wolfgang Panofsky (1969)

• Richard Brauer (1970)

• Albert Sabin (1970)

• Saul Winstein (1970)

• Daniel Arnon (1973)

• Carl Djerassi (1973)

• Erwin Chargaff (1974)

• Rudolf Kompfner (1974)

• Abel Wolman (1974)

• Manson Benedict (1975)

• Hans Bethe 2 (1975)

• George Dantzig (1975)

• Paul Gy�rgy (1975)

• Joseph Hirschfelder (1975)

• Lewis Sarett 3 (1975)

• Morris Cohen (1976)

• Peter Goldmark (1976)

• Samuel Goudsmit (1976)

• Efraim Racker (1976)

• Joseph Doob (1979)

• Richard Feynman (1979)

• Arthur Kornberg (1979)

• Herman Mark 4 (1979)

• Raymond Mindlin (1979)

• Simon Ramo (1979)

• Paul Weiss (1979)

• Victor Weisskopf (1979)

• Philip Handler (1981)

• Seymour Benzer (1982)

• Mildred Cohn (1982)

• Gilbert Stork (1982)

• Edward Teller (1982)

• Howard Bachrach (1983)

• Paul Berg (1983)

• Maurice Goldhaber (1983)

• Herman Goldstine (1983)

• Roald Hoffmann (1983)

• Helmut Landsberg (1983)

• George Low (1983)

• Walter Munk (1983)

• Frederick Reines (1983)

• Bruno Rossi (1983)

• Isadore M. Singer (1983)

• Richard Zare (1983)

• Solomon Buchsbaum (1986)

• Stanley H. Cohen (1986)

• Herman Feshbach (1986)

• Robert Hofstadter (1986)

• Peter Lax (1986)

• Hans Liepmann (1986)

• Herbert Simon 5 (1986)

• Frank Westheimer (1986)

• Raoul Bott 6 (1987)

• Harry Eagle (1987)

• Walter Elsasser (1987)

• Michael Freedman 7 (1987)

• Rita Levi-Montalcini (1987)

• Max Tishler (1987)

• Konrad Bloch (1988)

• Michael Brown (1988)

• Stanley N. Cohen (1988)

• Daniel Drucker (1988)

• Milton Friedman (1988)

• Joseph Goldstein (1988)

• Ralph Gomory (1988)

• Eric Kandel (1988)

• Joseph Keller (1988)

• Walter Kohn (1988)

• Jack Steinberger (1988)

• Rosalyn Yalow (1988)

• Richard Bernstein (1989)

• Melvin Calvin (1989)

• Viktor Hamburger (1989)

• Samuel Karlin (1989)

• Philip Leder (1989)

• Joshua Lederberg (1989)

• Rudolph Marcus (1989)

• Baruj Benacerraf (1990)

• Elkan Blout (1990)

• Mildred Dresselhaus (1990)

• Leonid Hurwicz (1990)

• Daniel Koshland, Jr. (1990)

• John McCarthy 8 (1990)

• David Nathan (1990)

• Ronald Breslow (1991)

• Gertrude Elion (1991)

• Elvin Kabat (1991)

• Robert Kates (1991)

• Salvador Luria (1991)

• Paul Marks (1991)

• Arthur Schawlow 9 (1991)

• Steven Weinberg (1991)

• Maxine Singer (1992)

• Howard Temin (1992)

• Norman Hackerman (1993)

• Martin Kruskal (1993)

• Daniel Nathans (1993)

• Vera Rubin (1993)

• Salome Waelsch (1993)

• Thomas Eisner 10 (1994)

• Robert K. Merton (1994)

• Elizabeth Neufeld (1994)

• Frank Press (1994)

• Peter Goldreich (1995)

• Louis Nirenberg (1995)

• Alexander Rich (1995)

• Norman Davidson (1996)

• Richard Karp (1996)

• Paul Samuelson (1996)

• Marshall Rosenbluth (1997)

• Martin Schwarzschild 11 (1997)

• Robert Weinberg (1997)

• Bruce Ames (1998)

• John Bahcall (1998)

• John Cahn (1998)

• Eli Ruckenstein (1998)

• David Baltimore (1999)

• Felix Browder 12 (1999)

• Ronald Coifman (1999)

• Jared Diamond (1999)

• Leo Kadanoff (1999)

• Lynn Margulis (1999)

• Stuart Rice (1999)

• John Ross (1999)

• Susan Solomon (1999)

• Robert Solow (1999)

• Gary Becker (2000)

• Ralph Hirschmann (2000)

• Jeremiah Ostriker (2000)

• Marvin Cohen (2001)

• Gabor Samorjai (2001)

• Elias Stein (2001)

• Harold Varmus (2001)

• John I. Brauman (2002)

• Richard Garwin (2002)

• Evelyn Witkin (2002)

• Edward Witten (2002)

• John Prausnitz (2003)

• Solomon Snyder (2003)

• Charles Yanofsky (2003)

• Kenneth Arrow (2004)

• Stephen Lippard (2004)

• Ralph Alpher (2005)

• Bradley Efron (2005)

• Tobin Marks (2005)

• Hyman Bass (2006)

• Daniel Kleppner (2006)

• Robert Langer (2006)

• Lubert Stryer (2006)

• Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (2007)

• Leonard Kleinrock (2007)

• Robert Lefkowitz (2007)

• Andrew Viterbi (2007)

• Berni Alder (2008)

• Michael Posner (2008)

• Yakir Aharonov (2009)

• Esther Conwell (2009)

• Mortimer Mishkin (2009)

• Stanley Prusiner (2009)

• Amnon Yariv (2009)

• Jacqueline Barton (2010)

• Allen Bard (2011)

• Sidney Drell (2011)

• Solomon Golomb (2011)

• Barry Mazur (2011)

• Lucy Shapiro (2011)

• Bruce Alberts (2012)

• Robert Axelrod (2012)

• May Berenbaum (2012)

• Alexandre Chorin (2012)

• Judith Klinman (2012)

• Jerrold Meinwald (2012)

• Burton Richter (2012)

• Stanley Falkow (2013)

• Simon Levin (2013)

• Barry Barish (2023)

• Eve Marder (2023)

• Myriam Sarachik (2023)

• Sheldon Weinbaum (2023)

NOTES
1. Jewish father. In his book Indiscrete Thoughts (Birkh�user, Boston, 1997, pp. 7-8), Gian-Carlo Rota states that William Feller's real name "was neither William nor Feller...He was named Willibold by his Catholic mother in Croatia...his original last name was a Slavic tongue twister, which he changed while still a student." Actually, his name was always "Vilim (William or Willy) Feller." According to a Croatian language article by Stella Fatović-Ferenčić and Jasenka Ferber-Bogdan, Feller's father was born Eugen Viktor Feller in Lemberg, Poland in 1871; see "Ljekarnik Eugen Viktor Feller" (MEDICUS, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1997, pp. 277-283). According to a letter contained in the papers of the mathematician Louis Mordell, William Feller "lost his post in Kiel due to a father of non-Aryan descent." See: http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0275%2FMordell%2F23.4. The mathematician A.A. Fraenkel, who was Feller's mentor at Kiel, states in his memoirs (Lebenskreise: Aus den Erinnerungen eines j�dischen Mathematikers, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1967, pp. 154-155) that Feller was dismissed from his position there in 1933 due to "'nichtarischen' Ursprung" ("non-Aryan" origins). In the 1933 Nazi purge of the German civil service, "non-Aryan" virtually always meant Jewish. (Rota makes similarly misleading statements about Ralph Gomory on p. 18 of Indiscrete Thoughts.)
2. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.
3. Jewish father, poet and naturalist Lew Sarett (born Lewis Saretsky), non-Jewish mother.
4. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. See, e.g., the last paragraph of the section entitled "I.G. FARBENINDUSTRIE" at http://www.jfkmontreal.com/john_lennon/cache/hmark/napedu.pdf.
5. Jewish father, mother of partial Jewish ancestry; see Models of My Life by Herbert A. Simon (BasicBooks, New York,NY, 1991, pp. 3, 17, 112, 262).
6. Jewish mother and step-father, non-Jewish father. S ee Raoul Bott: Collected Papers, Vol. 1 (Birkh�user, Boston, 1994, pp. 11-12).
7. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
8. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father. See Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists, by Dennis Shasha and Cathy Lazere (Copernicus/Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995, p. 23).
9. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. See section entitled "Background and Education, Toronto" in 1996 interview with Suzanne B. Riess.
10. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother; see http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/03/tom-eisner-father-chemical-ecology-dies-81.
11. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
12. Jewish mother (n�e Raissa Berkmann), non-Jewish father. SeeEarl Browder, by James Ryan (University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1997, p. 29).