ADRIANO�S CONVERSATIONS WITH ELSA RESPIGHI (original) (raw)
ADRIANO�S CONVERSATIONS WITH ELSA RESPIGHI
I had made Elsa Respighi�s acquaintance in 1977. This, my greatest friendship, with one of the most interesting women of musical Italy, lasted until Elsa�s death in 1996. It embraced considerable correspondence and several personal visits to Elsa�s house in Rome, and included an unforgettable Venetian holiday in 1978, preceding the Respighi Centenary for which I had conceived a comprehensive Respighi exhibition. This was held, with great success, fn conjunction with the International Lucerne Music Festival. Amongst various tape conversations with Elsa, I have transcribed and translated, from the Italian, two of the most important. They offer an interesting insight into a composer of which too little has been written over the fifty years after his death. Only his widow, could talk with such authority about him. - Adriano
First Conversation: Rome. September 12th, 1977!
Adriano: You are extremely busy preparing for the Respighi Centenary to be celebrated in 1979. What will be the most important celebratory events in Italy?
Elsa: In Italy, many diverse programs are being prepared, both in the concert and the operatic domains. Casa Ricordi has issued a new catalogue of all available scores that also includes those works edited by other publishers, like Universal, Bote & Bock etc.
A: Some of Respighi�s operas will also be performed?
E: I hope so. There is much interest in La campana sommersa, which has recently been broadcast by RAI. This opera will also find its way to some theatres. There is also much interest in Maria Egiziaca and Lucrezia (both one-act pieces), in some ballets and, finally, in most of the symphonic and chamber works. As in past years, the USA is, apparently, the country showing the greatest interest in Respighi. Many Universities, Colleges and Institutions have asked me to send materials and information to enable them to prepare their Centenary programs.
A: What about gramophone recordings?
E: There is great interest and excellent sales all over the world now. Even Japanese labels have produced some new recordings.
A: Of the recordings of the Roman trilogy, which do you consider to be the best? Or who is the ideal interpreter of these symphonic poems? What, if any, disappointments may one experience listening to some modern interpretations?
E: All great conductors have the Roman trilogy in their repertoires, besides other Respighi works, and there are many good performances.
A: Which interpretation, for example, of Pini di Roma would Ottorino have preferred?
E: Well, in this case, I feel a bit undecided. One might discuss Toscanini�s versions. In my opinion, he did Fontane and Pini marvellously, but he was not so keen on Feste Romane, which apparently did not suit his temperament. But one can also talk, with enthusiasm, about other conductors, like Kleiber and Reiner. In the past, of course, gramophone recordings did not sound as good as they do today.
A: Would Respighi have appreciated the latest technical achievements: stereo and quadraphony?
E: He would have been very impressed - he was always interested in all kinds of technologies, contrary to myself...
A: Would it not be the right moment now to acquaint audiences, at last, with some less-known works by Respighi, like, for example, his Sinfonia Drammatica?
E: Oh yes, but the Drammatica, although an excellent work it is not the authentic Respighi. In my opinion, Respighi�s breakthrough came with his Fontane di Roma - even if earlier, he had shown a highly personal style in many of his vocal works. Only after Fontane, did he feel he was achieving increasing perfection.
A: And what about his chamber works?
E: I like very much his Sonata for violin, the Tre preludi sopra melodie gregoriane, and his songs with piano (from which one can assemble some nice programs). In the past, 1, myself, have given over 300 recitals of songs by Respighi all over the world. Every year, we were touring for example for 3-4 months in the USA, where Respighi was invited to conduct his works with the best orchestras. In between these concerts, we were usually giving recitals, as we also did in Europe.
A: Once might say that Respighi�s songs show his most characteristic, original and intimate side?
E: Definitely! Nebbie, for example, is one of his most celebrated works. Would you like to know how it was composed? Respighi had told me once that in his youth (around 24-25 years old) he was going through a period of depression. One morning he had started to write down some music and had put it aside. In the afternoon, a lady, who was a friend, came to visit, bringing a collection of Ada Negri�s poetry. After she left, Ottorino opened the book, read Nebbie, and realised that this poem fitted exactly the mood of the music he had written. He went to his piano and without changing one note of the already written music, he set the words to it and finished the song. This is very strange, but true.
A: Years ago, you mentioned that there was a great need for a book on Respighi. Has anybody shown interest in writing such a book?
E: Not really. I have written Respighi�s biography, myself. It was very hard work. You know, to reconstruct a life is a very difficult thing. But what I tell is all true... There once was a monograph by Raffaello de Rensis, but it is of no real value. A real study on Respighi�s work is waiting to be written. Respighi�s artistic personality has not been considered seriously yet - not even by the critics. They seem to be disoriented by such a phenomenon as Respighi who continued to express himself in the personal way he felt necessary. At present, I am writing a book with Leonardo Bragalia, a musicologist, which will be entitled "Opere, balli e balletti". I have just finished the chapter on the ballets and Bragaglia is working on the operas. The book should be published around November 1978, to be available for the Centenary.
A: Whilst composing, did Respighi follow a certain pattern, or system, or did he just wait for moments of inspiration rather than follow a strict daily routine?
E: Respighi used to compose only during solar months, he created everything between November and March. He used to get up at sunrise, very early in the morning and went to bed at sunset. He lived that kind of cycle. My own is just the opposite: I go to bed very late at night and wake up later in the morning. When I was his pupil at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Respighi asked me if I would become his wife (usually he panicked at the thought of marriage and no one believed he would ever marry). I warned him that I was so different and that, among other things, I could not get up as early in the morning as he did. He answered: "No problem, our lifestyles will continue without change".
Generally, after having written something, he would call me to his studio to hear my criticism. If it was a vocal composition, I would obviously go through all the parts. I have studied so much music in my life. I had started studying the piano as a six-year old girl, then harmony and counterpoint, and finally fugue and composition, in Respighi�s class. But I also had a singer�s training and had obtained a degree in Gregorian chant. Thus, I have lived amongst music all my life. That is why Respighi always respected my judgement. I was always objective and sometimes I needed to tell him, "You know, I think there are eight bars too much here", and a few days later he would come back and say, "You were right, Elsa". We worked together this way all the time. Our marriage was a perfect union, we mutually respected our totally different personalities. We never tried to interfere with each other�s tastes or wishes. This was the way we were made and we were destined to live together in total happiness.
Second Conversation Venice. September 17th. 1978
E: Shortly after we settled in our flat at Palazzo Borghese, one of Rome�s most beautiful residences, an invitation came from Columbia Concerts, one of the most powerful concert agencies, to go on tour to the USA. Respighi, not yet convinced about the necessity of succeeding overseas, felt undecided at first, but I explained to him that success in the USA was necessary for international renown, so he accepted. Even on our first American tour, Respighi was invited by the best orchestras to conduct programs devoted entirely to his own works. And the Composer�s Guild, a society specialising in chamber music concerts, offered us recitals, in which I appeared as a singer, either with Respighi at the piano or with a string quartet (as, for example, the Lener Quartet) or with a violinist, also accompanied by Respighi. We had an immediate and enormous success.
A: Which was the first of these American concerts?
E: Respighi was first invited (in 1926) as a guest conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra at a time when Stokowski was touring elsewhere. Respighi conducted five concerts with this orchestra: two in Philadelphia and one each in Baltimore, Cleveland and Washington. These concerts were enormously successful and the audiences were very enthusiastic. This was the beginning of our great relationship with American audiences. Later on, we had two more American tours lasting three to three-and-a-half months each. At the time, Respighi had composed Maria Egiziaca an opera that was originally conceived for concert performance. The New York Philharmonic had secured for itself the world premiere by paying Ricordi a considerable amount of money. Toscanini should have been conducting, but he became ill a few days before and so Respighi himself was asked to conduct it, since no one else knew the work. This too was a tremendous success.
A: Toscanini can be considered the international promoter of Respighi�s work?
E: Even when Respighi was a young viola player in Bologna�s opera orchestra, Toscanini recognised his talents, although one always got the impression that this great conductor always wanted to be a composer himself. He was certainly a great interpreter, but I am sure his often strange and harsh behaviour towards some of his contemporaries came from that frustration of not being able to create music himself. After the Roman performance of Pini di Roma, for example, Toscanini requested Ricordi to reserve the score for himself for American performances, so that no other conductor could use it for five years, before he finally premiered it there himself. That was, incidentally, an unforgettable evening. Ottorino and I, were there. Carnegie Hall was decorated from top to bottom with flowers and Italian and American flags. In the audience were famous artists and personalities. Toscanini delivered an excellent performance of Pini di Roma and he had to return four or five times to the podium to acknowledge the applause, but without Respighi. I knew that there had been a dispute between him and the maestro and I told Ottorino that since everybody knew that he was there, he should go out too. He finally agreed to accompany Toscanini causing tremendous shouting and cheering. They had a standing ovation from thousands of people. The players improvised fanfares on their instruments. I had never before, experienced such a tremendous physical sensation. But the curious fact about Respighi going out to accept that applause, was that Toscanini had murmured to him, putting his hand over his shoulder "Come, come Respighi, let�s go out, do share my success!"
A: What other premieres were given in the USA?
E: I had the premiere performance of Deita silvane, a song cycle which Respighi had written for piano and later on orchestrated for an ensemble of pastoral-like instruments. When I went on-stage I was amazed to see Toscanini, Horowitz, Rubinstein, Heifetz, all the great musicians in New York at that moment, sitting together in the first row. This was certainly a strange feeling, especially before giving a premier performance that might have been a fiasco. But I just looked at all those guests and with great calm 1 delivered my performance, after which Toscanini came towards me, cross-looking as usual and said, "But you know, you sing very well". He was really a strange man, but a great conductor. His recordings do not really transmit his charisma, you needed his physical presence at a live performance for his thrilling music to make its full impact. He was a man who had a strong personal charisma and the capability to absorb the playing of an orchestra almost like a vampire, so that afterwards the ensemble was like a wrung-out rag. I noticed this especially when I listened to an orchestra that had had a concert with Toscanini and immediately after that, another with Furtwangler: the ensemble was like this inertly hanging shawl of mine. It could not deliver anything after Toscanini had squeezed it out completely. I felt very bad because I had listened to Furtwängler conduct orchestras in all over Europe splendidly. The shock after Toscanini�s American departure was so great. He decided to leave so suddenly; going to the Manager�s bureau, tearing up his contracts and never going back to the United States again.
A: Toscanini�s departure was certainly a great loss for the musical world. But coming back to Maria Egiziaca �
E: Let me tell you about this premiere. A backdrop triptych had been mounted on the podium, painted in the style of the quattrocento or cinquecento and decorated with gold. It was about three meters high and depicted, in its different sections, episodes from the life of Mary of Egypt. Respighi wanted this work to be performed only in concert halls, but it became so successful that it was impossible to hinder its way to the opera stage, including that of the Scala. Respighi regretted this since he wanted to enrich the concert repertoire with a semi-staged work of a new kind. His last and unfinished opera Lucrezia is similar to Maria Egiziaca, through its hierarchic and static conception and, last but not least, in its musical structure which is close to Monteverdi�s recitare cantando style. There is a very important singing character called La Voce, whose place is not on the stage, but actually near or in the orchestra pit. Another unforgettable event during our American tours was a production of La campana sommersa at the Metropolitan Opera (1928, conducted by Tullio Serafin).
A: And in 1926 you also went on tour to South America.
E: There too, Respighi conducted various symphonic concerts, but a highlight was certainly the production of La Fiamma at the Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires with Claudia Muzio in the title role (1934). Respighi and I could only attend later performances and not the premiere, but the House was always full, although I had been warned in advance by Ricordi�s representative that it may have been otherwise. On the fourth evening, for example, Muzio had forty curtain calls after only the second act. If the manager had not ordered the iron curtain to be lowered, applause would have continued. Muzio was totally exhausted. The same production was also staged in Montevideo shortly afterwards. Then followed another tour to Argentina after which we returned to Rio de Janeiro. In total, we travelled three times to South America. After Respighi�s death, I returned there only in 1946. I was very warmly received.
A: But still today, and now in connection with the Centenary, the USA shows great interest in Respighi?
E: As far as I remember, last year, I had to answer over eight hundred letters coming from that country. Many concerts and productions had also been planned by Universities and Colleges. Besides all the famous orchestras, many smaller institutions were interested in Respighi. All this promotional work has quite exhausted me but I do hope that everybody has had all the information they needed. Everyone actually wanted me to go over myself, and I have also received invitations and enquiries from many other countries like Greece, Guatemala, Israel and Iran.
A: But already during Respighi�s lifetime, festivals were held in his honour, like in Belgium and the Netherlands.
E: There was a Festival in Amsterdam with Willem Mengelberg, in which some concerts were organized so that Respighi was accompanied as a soloist by Mengelberg in the first part, and so that he could conduct during the second. I remember a funny story about Mengelberg. One day when he was to conduct Fontane di Roma, I noticed that he rehearsed the �_Fontana di Trevi_� in a tempo which seemed too fast and unsympathetic. I asked Ottorino, "Why don�t you tell Mengelberg to take the right tempo?". He answered, "How could I ever dare tell him such a thing?" While Respighi was conducting the first part of the concert, I was sitting with Mengelberg in his room (He was eating his apple as usual) and I just started humming the tune of the Trevi Fountain just for myself, tapping my hand in the rhythm of the right tempo. Mengelberg suddenly stopped eating, looked at me with his great sky-blue eyes, and said, "I have understood". He then went out and conducted the work at the right tempo. Respighi said to me, "You see, there was no need to tell Mengelberg about the right tempo, he found it out by himself".
In Belgium, we had a Respighi Festival conducted by Désiré Défauw. One programme had fontane di Roma, followed by Berlioz�s Carnaval Romain, but someone had decided to change the work�s sequence at the last minute and Défauw started with the Berlioz piece, which was hissed - it was a fiasco. I could not understand why such a basic repertoire piece as Carnaval Romain could cause such a reaction, but it appeared that an anti-Fascist clique who knew nothing about music and thought Respighi was a Fascist, just hissed the wrong piece. Poor Berlioz; Respighi�s work had its usual success. The Belgian Respighi Festival also included a production of La Fiamma, in Antwerp, which was sung in Flemish, and it sounded very funny. In Helsinki too, there was once a Finnish-translated production of Maria Egiziaca. Did I tell you that Respighi had started studying the Finnish language during the last years of his life?
We really had a marvellous and almost incredible life together. But Ottorino could come home after having had a huge success and forget about it immediately. In the USA we often had audiences of over five thousand cheering people and, afterwards, I felt I had to enthuse to Ottorino about this. However, he always changed subject and reminded me: "All right, tomorrow we have a rehearsal at nine, at two in the afternoon we need to be there, etc", and that was it. He would never take up the subject again. He would never talk about the past, he was only concerned with the future. That is why, perhaps, our daily life was more bearable and lighter for if we had concentrated on the past, we would never have been able to carry on with such intensity. We never read newspapers and were not concerned about reviews. That�s the way we were.
I was admitted to American high society thanks to a silly little decision I took during a dinner party. The hostess approached me in the afternoon, asking me if I would be able to improvise a little private recital with Ottorino, just to please her friends. I said, "Madam, I generally don�t give private recitals, however since I have been your guest, I will accept, although I will not accept it as a private engagement, but as a proper recital". The lady enquired about the fee to pay to our agent, but I answered, "No, I have accepted this invitation as Mrs Respighi, and so we will perform as Mrs. and Mr. Respighi; and we won�t accept any fee". Considering that artists, giving such a private recital, were generally paid more generously than for a public concert, and that we had renounced our fee, of some 1,000−1,000-1,000−2,000 the doors to American society were thrown open to us. We were accepted by the Wanderbilts, by the Roosevelts, the Rockefellers and many others - a privilege certainly not granted to many other artists.