Developmental expression of Sp1 in the mouse (original) (raw)

Abstract

The expression of the trans-acting transcription factor Sp1 in mice was defined by a combination of RNA analysis and immunohistochemical localization of the Sp1 protein. Although ubiquitously expressed, there was an unexpected difference of at least 100-fold in the amount of Sp1 message in different cell types. Sp1 protein levels showed corresponding marked differences. Substantial variations in Sp1 expression were also found in some cell types at different stages of development. Sp1 levels appeared to be highest in developing hematopoietic cells, fetal cells, and spermatids, suggesting that an elevated Sp1 level is associated with the differentiation process. These results indicate that Sp1 has a regulatory function in addition to its general role in the transcription of housekeeping genes.

2189

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bernards R., Shackleford G. M., Schackleford G. M., Gerber M. R., Horowitz J. M., Friend S. H., Schartl M., Bogenmann E., Rapaport J. M., McGee T. Structure and expression of the murine retinoblastoma gene and characterization of its encoded protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(17):6474–6478. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Briggs M. R., Kadonaga J. T., Bell S. P., Tjian R. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, Sp1. Science. 1986 Oct 3;234(4772):47–52. doi: 10.1126/science.3529394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bunick D., Johnson P. A., Johnson T. R., Hecht N. B. Transcription of the testis-specific mouse protamine 2 gene in a homologous in vitro transcription system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(3):891–895. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.3.891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Church G. M., Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1991–1995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Clerc R. G., Corcoran L. M., LeBowitz J. H., Baltimore D., Sharp P. A. The B-cell-specific Oct-2 protein contains POU box- and homeo box-type domains. Genes Dev. 1988 Dec;2(12A):1570–1581. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.12a.1570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Courey A. J., Tjian R. Analysis of Sp1 in vivo reveals multiple transcriptional domains, including a novel glutamine-rich activation motif. Cell. 1988 Dec 2;55(5):887–898. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90144-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dynan W. S., Saffer J. D., Lee W. S., Tjian R. Transcription factor Sp1 recognizes promoter sequences from the monkey genome that are simian virus 40 promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Aug;82(15):4915–4919. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.15.4915. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dynan W. S., Tjian R. Isolation of transcription factors that discriminate between different promoters recognized by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):669–680. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90053-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dynan W. S., Tjian R. The promoter-specific transcription factor Sp1 binds to upstream sequences in the SV40 early promoter. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):79–87. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90210-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hecht N. B. Regulation of 'haploid expressed genes' in male germ cells. J Reprod Fertil. 1990 Mar;88(2):679–693. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0880679. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hirai S. I., Ryseck R. P., Mechta F., Bravo R., Yaniv M. Characterization of junD: a new member of the jun proto-oncogene family. EMBO J. 1989 May;8(5):1433–1439. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03525.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ishii S., Xu Y. H., Stratton R. H., Roe B. A., Merlino G. T., Pastan I. Characterization and sequence of the promoter region of the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Aug;82(15):4920–4924. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.15.4920. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jackson S. P., MacDonald J. J., Lees-Miller S., Tjian R. GC box binding induces phosphorylation of Sp1 by a DNA-dependent protein kinase. Cell. 1990 Oct 5;63(1):155–165. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90296-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Jackson S. P., Tjian R. O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Cell. 1988 Oct 7;55(1):125–133. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90015-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jacobsson A., Stadler U., Glotzer M. A., Kozak L. P. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein from mouse brown fat. Molecular cloning, genetic mapping, and mRNA expression. J Biol Chem. 1985 Dec 25;260(30):16250–16254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jones K. A., Kadonaga J. T., Luciw P. A., Tjian R. Activation of the AIDS retrovirus promoter by the cellular transcription factor, Sp1. Science. 1986 May 9;232(4751):755–759. doi: 10.1126/science.3008338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jones K. A., Tjian R. Sp1 binds to promoter sequences and activates herpes simplex virus 'immediate-early' gene transcription in vitro. Nature. 1985 Sep 12;317(6033):179–182. doi: 10.1038/317179a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kadonaga J. T., Carner K. R., Masiarz F. R., Tjian R. Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):1079–1090. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90594-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Melton D. W., Konecki D. S., Brennand J., Caskey C. T. Structure, expression, and mutation of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2147–2151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mitchell P. J., Tjian R. Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):371–378. doi: 10.1126/science.2667136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Polyanovsky O. L., Stepchenko A. G. Eukaryotic transcription factors. Bioessays. 1990 May;12(5):205–210. doi: 10.1002/bies.950120503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Potten C. S., Schofield R., Lajtha L. G. A comparison of cell replacement in bone marrow, testis and three regions of surface epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Aug 10;560(2):281–299. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(79)90022-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Propst F., Vande Woude G. F. Expression of c-mos proto-oncogene transcripts in mouse tissues. Nature. 1985 Jun 6;315(6019):516–518. doi: 10.1038/315516a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Saffer J. D., Jackson S. P., Thurston S. J. SV40 stimulates expression of the transacting factor Sp1 at the mRNA level. Genes Dev. 1990 Apr;4(4):659–666. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Saffer J. D., Thurston S. J., Annarella M. B., Compton J. G. Localization of the gene for the trans-acting transcription factor Sp1 to the distal end of mouse chromosome 15. Genomics. 1990 Nov;8(3):571–574. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90046-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Staudt L. M., Singh H., Sen R., Wirth T., Sharp P. A., Baltimore D. A lymphoid-specific protein binding to the octamer motif of immunoglobulin genes. Nature. 1986 Oct 16;323(6089):640–643. doi: 10.1038/323640a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. T'Ang A., Wu K. J., Hashimoto T., Liu W. Y., Takahashi R., Shi X. H., Mihara K., Zhang F. H., Chen Y. Y., Du C. Genomic organization of the human retinoblastoma gene. Oncogene. 1989 Apr;4(4):401–407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Thurston S. J., Saffer J. D. Ultraviolet shadowing nucleic acids on nylon membranes. Anal Biochem. 1989 Apr;178(1):41–42. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90353-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Valerio D., Duyvesteyn M. G., Dekker B. M., Weeda G., Berkvens T. M., van der Voorn L., van Ormondt H., van der Eb A. J. Adenosine deaminase: characterization and expression of a gene with a remarkable promoter. EMBO J. 1985 Feb;4(2):437–443. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03648.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Wilkinson D. G., Bhatt S., Ryseck R. P., Bravo R. Tissue-specific expression of c-jun and junB during organogenesis in the mouse. Development. 1989 Jul;106(3):465–471. doi: 10.1242/dev.106.3.465. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Yamaguchi M., Hayashi Y., Matsukage A. Mouse DNA polymerase beta gene promoter: fine mapping and involvement of Sp1-like mouse transcription factor in its function. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Sep 26;16(18):8773–8787. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.18.8773. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]