Prospective Validation of a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer (original) (raw)

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 19.

Published in final edited form as: N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 27;373(21):2005–2014. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1510764

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Prior studies with the use of a prospective–retrospective design including archival tumor samples have shown that gene-expression assays provide clinically useful prognostic information. However, a prospectively conducted study in a uniformly treated population provides the highest level of evidence supporting the clinical validity and usefulness of a biomarker.

METHODS

We performed a prospective trial involving women with hormone-receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)–negative, axillary node–negative breast cancer with tumors of 1.1 to 5.0 cm in the greatest dimension (or 0.6 to 1.0 cm in the greatest dimension and intermediate or high tumor grade) who met established guidelines for the consideration of adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of clinicopathologic features. A reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction assay of 21 genes was performed on the paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, and the results were used to calculate a score indicating the risk of breast-cancer recurrence; patients were assigned to receive endocrine therapy without chemotherapy if they had a recurrence score of 0 to 10, indicating a very low risk of recurrence (on a scale of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of recurrence).

RESULTS

Of the 10,253 eligible women enrolled, 1626 women (15.9%) who had a recurrence score of 0 to 10 were assigned to receive endocrine therapy alone without chemotherapy. At 5 years, in this patient population, the rate of invasive disease–free survival was 93.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.4 to 94.9), the rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site was 99.3% (95% CI, 98.7 to 99.6), the rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant or local–regional site was 98.7% (95% CI, 97.9 to 99.2), and the rate of overall survival was 98.0% (95% CI, 97.1 to 98.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with hormone-receptor–positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative breast cancer who met established guidelines for the recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of clinicopathologic features, those with tumors that had a favorable gene-expression profile had very low rates of recurrence at 5 years with endocrine therapy alone. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00310180.)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and in the United States, and it is the leading cause of death from cancer in women worldwide.1 Prognostic factors for the recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site regardless of treatment include clinicopathologic features such as tumor size and grade and the number of axillary lymph nodes with metastasis.2 Predictive factors that identify a benefit from specific therapies include the expression of the estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor, which identifies patients who benefit from adjuvant endocrine therapy,3 and overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein (or HER2 gene amplification),4 which identifies patients who benefit from adjuvant HER2-directed therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces the risk of recurrence, even among patients with axillary node–negative disease who are at lower risk for recurrence.5–7

For contemporary taxane-based or anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens, proportional reductions in risk have been shown to be affected only minimally by age, nodal status, tumor grade, estrogen-receptor expression, or use of adjuvant endocrine therapy.8 These findings led a National Institutes of Health consensus panel in 2001 to conclude that “adjuvant polychemotherapy … should be recommended to the majority of women with localized breast cancer regardless of lymph node, menopausal, or hormone receptor status.”9 The widespread use of adjuvant chemotherapy has contributed to the declining breast-cancer mortality that has been observed in the United States and other industrialized nations.10

More than 100,000 women in the United States received a diagnosis of estrogen-receptor–positive breast cancer associated with negative axillary lymph nodes in 2014.11 Although approximately 85% of these women may be recurrence-free at 10 years with adjuvant endocrine therapy alone, the addition of chemotherapy leads to a relative reduction in the risk of recurrence of approximately 30% on average, which translates into an absolute benefit in the rate of freedom from recurrence of up to 5 percentage points.12,13 Many patients with estrogen-receptor– positive breast cancer would therefore be over-treated with chemotherapy on the basis of clinicopathologic features alone, since most would have been adequately treated with endocrine therapy alone.14

Previous studies have shown that a 21-gene expression assay provides additional prognostic information independent of clinicopathologic features15 and also predicts benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in estrogen-receptor–positive disease.16,17 Prospective validation was performed with the use of archival tumor specimens from completed studies that used a prospective–retrospective design.18 However, validation in prospectively conducted studies provides the highest level of evidence supporting the clinical validity and ultimately the clinical usefulness of a new biomarker.19,20

Here we report the results of a prospectively conducted clinical trial, the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx). This trial was designed to further validate and refine the clinical usefulness of the 21-gene assay (Oncotype DX Recurrence Score, Genomic Health) in a specified low-risk cohort of women with hormone-receptor–positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative invasive breast cancer.

METHODS

Study Patients

The study included women 18 to 75 years of age with axillary node–negative invasive breast cancer that was estrogen-receptor–positive or progesterone-receptor–positive (or both) and that did not overexpress HER2. Patients had to meet National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for the recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy,21 including a primary tumor size of 1.1 to 5.0 cm in the greatest dimension for a tumor of any grade or a size of 0.6 to 1.0 cm in the greatest dimension for a tumor of intermediate or high histologic grade or nuclear grade (or both).

Other eligibility criteria included an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance- status score of 0 or 1 (on a scale from 0 to 5, with higher numbers indicating greater disability; a score of 0 indicates no symptoms, and a score of 1 mild symptoms) and normal hematologic, bone marrow, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, and cardiac function. Patients with HER2-overexpressing disease were excluded because most have a high risk of recurrence14 and because such patients benefit from adjuvant HER2-directed therapy plus chemotherapy.22

Study Protocol

This prospective clinical trial was sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), was coordinated by the ECOG and subsequently the ECOG–ACRIN Cancer Research Group, and included other participating NCI-sponsored groups. Patients were required to provide written informed consent, including willingness to have treatment assigned or randomly assigned on the basis of the genetic-assay results indicating the risk of recurrence.

All the patients had an Oncotype DX Recurrence Score, a reverse-transcriptase–polymerasechain-reaction 21-gene assay performed on RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, performed in a central laboratory (Genomic Health).15 The recurrence scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of recurrence. Patients with a score of 0 to 10 were assigned to receive endocrine therapy alone, and those with a score of 26 or higher were assigned to receive chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy. Prior studies indicated that patients with a score of less than 11 had a favorable prognosis with endocrine therapy alone15 and also that patients with a score of 26 to 30 or higher derived substantially greater benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.16,17 Patients with a midrange score of 11 to 25 were randomly assigned to receive either chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy or endocrine therapy alone because the benefits of chemotherapy were uncertain in this group, yet the risk of recurrence was high enough to suggest that chemotherapy might be beneficial.

To minimize the potential for undertreatment of the participants enrolled in our trial, the recurrence-score ranges used in our study differed from those that were originally defined as low (≤10 in our study vs. <18 in the original definition), intermediate (11 to 25 vs. 18 to 30), and high (≥26 vs. ≥31).14 The recurrence-score strata derived for the trial were based on prior studies that indicated that the risk of recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site at 10 years after diagnosis and a 5-year course of tamoxifen could be as high as 10% among patients with a score of 11 (point estimate, 7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 10) and up to 20% among those with a score of 25 (point estimate, 16%; 95% CI, 13 to 20),15 indicating a risk that was substantial enough for a recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with a score of 11 or higher.14

Study Oversight

The manuscript was written by the first author; the final version of the manuscript incorporated some changes recommended by the coauthors and Genomic Health. Data were collected by the Cancer Trials Support Unit and the ECOG–ACRIN Cancer Research Group Coordinating Center. All the authors vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and analyses presented and for the adherence of the study to the protocol, which is available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org. No commercial support was involved in the planning or execution of the study, although the genomic test used is commercially available.

Study End Points

The standardized definitions for efficacy end points (STEEP) criteria were used for the endpoint definitions.23 The primary trial end point was a time-to-event analysis of the rate of survival free from invasive cancer, with an invasive-cancer event defined as the first event of recurrence of ipsilateral breast tumor, local recurrence, regional recurrence, distant recurrence, contralateral second primary invasive cancer, second primary nonbreast invasive cancer (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer), or death without evidence of recurrence (which corresponds to the STEEP definition of invasive disease–free survival).

Secondary end points included time-to-event analyses of the freedom from the recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site, with an event of breast cancer at a distant site defined as the first event of distant recurrence of breast cancer or death with distant recurrence, if death was the first manifestation of distant recurrence (which corresponds to the STEEP definition of distant recurrence–free interval); freedom from any recurrence, with recurrence defined as the first recurrence of breast cancer at any site (including ipsilateral breast cancer, local or regional recurrence, or distant recurrence) or death with recurrence, if death was the first manifestation of recurrence (which corresponds to the STEEP definition of recurrence-free interval); and the overall survival rate, which was defined as the proportion of patients who did not die (from any cause). End-point assessments that were consistent with standard of care at regular intervals were specified in the protocol, and copies of source documents supporting each event were reviewed and corroborated by one of the coauthors who did not have knowledge of the study group or the recurrence-score information.

Statistical Analysis

The overall sample size in all the risk strata defined according to recurrence score was driven by the need to include a sufficient number of patients with a score of 11 to 25 (midrange risk) in order to test the noninferiority of endocrine therapy alone versus chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy. At the fourth planned interim analysis held on March 20, 2015, the ECOG–ACRIN data and safety monitoring committee recommended that the results of the low-risk group be released and that follow-up in the randomized midrange-risk stratum and the nonrandomized high-risk stratum continue as planned. Although there was no specific enrollment goal for the low-risk group, the large sample provided the opportunity to estimate 5-year event rates accurately.

Statistical comparisons of baseline characteristics were calculated with the use of the chisquare test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon test and Student’s t-test for continuous variables. Tumor size in the greatest dimension, histologic grade of the tumor, and expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 were determined locally and reported by the participating site.

Event-free rates were estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method, with confidence intervals computed with the use of the log–log transformation and Greenwood’s variance. The data-cutoff date for the results presented here was July 29, 2015.

RESULTS

Characteristics of the Patients

Between April 7, 2006, and October 6, 2010, we enrolled 10,273 patients in the trial, of whom 10,253 were eligible to participate. A total of 1629 patients (1626 of whom were eligible [15.9% of the total eligible population]) had a recurrence score of 0 to 10 (indicating low risk), 6907 (6897 of whom were eligible [67.3% of the total eligible population]) had a score of 11 to 25 (indicating midrange risk), and 1736 (1730 of whom were eligible [16.9% of the total eligible population]) had a score of 26 or higher (indicating high risk). The median follow-up in the low-risk cohort was 69 months.

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study population that was included in this analysis — patients with tumors associated with a recurrence score of 0 to 10 (low-risk cohort) — as compared with the characteristics of the patients who had a score of 11 to 25 (midrange-risk cohort). There were no significant differences in tumor size between these two cohorts. There was a similar distribution of intermediate-grade tumors (59% in the low-risk cohort and 57% in the midrange-risk cohort), although there was a significant difference in the distribution of grade, including low-grade tumors (34% vs. 29%) and high-grade tumors (7% vs. 14%) (P<0.001 for both comparisons). There were also significant but numerically modest differences between the low-risk cohort and the midrange-risk cohort with regard to age (median, 58 years vs. 55 years), menopausal status (postmenopausal status, 70% vs. 64%), progesterone-receptor expression (progesterone-receptor–positive, 98% vs. 92%), and type of primary surgery (lumpectomy, 68% vs. 72%) (P<0.001 for all comparisons by the chisquare test).

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Patients at Baseline, According to Recurrence-Score Cohort.*

Adjuvant Therapy

In the low-risk cohort of 1626 patients, endocrine therapy included an aromatase inhibitor in 963 patients (59%), tamoxifen in 560 (34%), sequential tamoxifen followed by aromatase-inhibitor therapy in 13 (1%), ovarian-function suppression in 44 (3%), or other or unknown therapy in 46 (3%). Although the protocol specified that no chemotherapy be given if the recurrence score was 0 to 10, a total of 6 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (1 of whom had a recurrence despite adjuvant chemotherapy).

Event Rates at 5 Years

In the cohort of patients with a recurrence score of 0 to 10, there were 88 events of either invasive cancer or death and 30 deaths reported within 5 years after study entry. The first event in the analysis of survival free from invasive disease was local or regional recurrence (or both) in 8 patients, distant recurrence in 10, invasive cancer of the opposite breast in 15, other invasive new primary cancer in 43, and death without another event in 12. The Kaplan–Meier estimates for each end point examined are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier Estimates in the Analyses of Invasive Disease–free Survival, Freedom from Recurrence of Breast Cancer at a Distant Site, Freedom from Recurrence at Any Site, and Overall Survival.

A total of 1626 patients with a recurrence score of 0 to 10 (on a scale from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of recurrence) were included in the analyses. In the time-to-event analysis of invasive disease–free survival, Panel A shows the probability of freedom from the first event of recurrence of ipsilateral breast tumor, local recurrence, regional recurrence, distant recurrence, contralateral second primary invasive cancer, second primary nonbreast invasive cancer (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer), or death without evidence of recurrence (which corresponds to the standardized definitions for efficacy end points [STEEP]23 definition of invasive disease–free survival). In the time-to-event analysis of freedom from the recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site, Panel B shows the probability of freedom from the first event of distant recurrence of breast cancer or death with distant recurrence, if death was the first manifestation of distant recurrence (which corresponds to the STEEP definition of distant recurrence–free interval). In the time-to-event analysis of freedom from recurrence at any site, Panel C shows the probability of freedom from the first event of recurrence of breast cancer (ipsilateral breast cancer, local or regional recurrence, or distant recurrence) or the date of death with recurrence, if death was the first manifestation of recurrence (which corresponds to the STEEP definition of recurrence-free interval). Panel D shows the probability of overall survival in the time-to-event analysis. In each panel, dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals and the insets show the same data on an enlarged y axis.

In this cohort, the rate of invasive disease–free survival at 5 years was 93.8% (95% CI, 92.4 to 94.9). The rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site at 5 years was 99.3% (95% CI, 98.7 to 99.6), the rate of freedom from recurrence at 5 years was 98.7% (95% CI, 97.9 to 99.2), and the rate of overall survival at 5 years was 98.0% (95% CI, 97.1 to 98.6).

Multivariate Analysis and Effect of Tumor Grade and Age of the Patient

In a multivariate analysis that included age (≤50 years vs. 51 to 60 years vs. 61 to 75 years), tumor size (2.1 to 5.0 cm vs. ≤2 cm in the greatest dimension), histologic grade (high vs. intermediate vs. low), and surgery type (mastectomy vs. lumpectomy), only histologic grade showed a significant association with the rate of freedom from recurrence. However, histologic grade did not show a significant association with the rate of invasive disease–free survival or the rate of freedom from distant recurrence (Table 2). Recurrence rates were very low regardless of histologic grade (Table 3).

Table 2.

Multivariate Analysis.*

Table 3.

Event Rates at 5 Years, According to Histologic Grade.*

DISCUSSION

We performed a prospective validation study of a 21-gene assay in patients with hormone-receptor–positive, HER2-negative breast cancer who had a low risk of recurrence according to clinicopathologic features but who nevertheless met established clinical guidelines for the recommendation or consideration of adjuvant chemotherapy. In patients who were found to have a low risk of recurrence on the basis of genetic-assay results and who were thus assigned to receive endocrine therapy alone, the risk of the recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site was less than 1% and the risk of any recurrence was less than 2% at 5 years.

Recurrence events were uncommon regardless of histologic grade and were not significantly affected by younger age at diagnosis. In fact, in this low-risk population, the rate of recurrence events at 5 years was far exceeded by the rates of second primary breast cancers, other second primary-cancer events, and deaths from other causes, which resulted in a rate of invasive disease– free survival that was nearly 5 percentage points lower than the rate of freedom from recurrence (93.8% vs. 98.7%).

Although adjuvant chemotherapy reduced the risk of distant recurrence and local–regional recurrence in the Early Breast Cancer Trialists meta-analysis, there was only a marginal effect in reducing the risk of contralateral breast cancer and no effect on the risk of second primary cancers or on nonbreast-cancer mortality after 15 years of follow-up in nearly 29,000 patients who had been randomly assigned to receive either chemotherapy or no chemotherapy.12 The low rate of distant recurrence observed in this prospective study is consistent with the rate observed at 5 years in the original prospective–retrospective validation study involving patients with a low recurrence score of less than 18 (2.1%; 95% CI, 0.6 to 3.7).14,15

The current prospectively conducted study supports the use of the 21-gene assay to spare the use of chemotherapy in patients who otherwise would be recommended to receive it on the basis of clinicopathologic features. These findings provide additional evidence supporting expert-derived clinical practice guidelines that recommend the use of this assay in patients with hormone-receptor– positive, axillary node–negative invasive breast cancer.21,24 Although this study clearly identifies patients who do not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, only 16% of the enrolled patients had a recurrence score of 10 or less. Approximately 67% of the patients enrolled in the trial had a midrange score of 11 to 25 and were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy or endocrine therapy alone. Continued follow-up is required in order to determine the effect of chemotherapy in this larger group of patients.

Late recurrence that occurs after 5 years accounts for approximately one half of all distant recurrences in patients with estrogen-receptor–positive, HER2-negative breast cancer.25 There are several prognostic gene-expression assays for breast cancer,26 some of which are more accurately prognostic for late recurrence than others.27,28 However, the 21-gene assay predicts benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy,16,17 and chemotherapy prevents primarily early recurrences within 5 years after diagnosis.8 Therefore, although more recurrences are expected with longer follow-up, it is unclear whether these recurrences would have been prevented by the early administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Extended adjuvant endocrine therapy beyond 5 years is effective in preventing late recurrence and may be considered when the treating clinician and the patient perceive a favorable benefit–risk ratio.29,30

The distribution of recurrence scores observed in this prospective trial differs from the distribution that was initially projected on the basis of observations in a prior prospective–retrospective validation study, which included 27% of patients with a score of 0 to 10, 43% with a score of 11 to 25, and 30% with a score of 26 or higher.14,16 This finding may be due to clinicians selecting patients for this study in whom there was therapeutic equipoise regarding the benefit of chemotherapy, which is reflected by the large proportion of patients who had tumors of 1.1 to 2.0 cm in the greatest dimension or tumors of intermediate histologic grade. However, the distribution of scores that was observed in this trial is similar to the distribution observed by the commercial laboratory during the same time period in which the study was conducted (score of 0 to 10 in 18% of patients, score of 11 to 25 in 62%, and score of ≥26 in 20%; Shak S, Genomic Health: personal communication). This finding indicates that the distribution of risk groups in the trial reflects clinical practice in the community and supports the generalizability of the study findings.

The RASTER (Microarray Prognostics in Breast Cancer) study was a prospective validation study that evaluated a different multigene assay, the 70-gene signature, in 427 patients with axillary node–negative breast cancer.31 The 5-year rate of freedom from distant recurrence was 97.0% among patients with a low-risk signature on the 70-gene assay (51% of all patients) and 91.7% among those with a high-risk signature (49% of all patients).32 Decisions regarding adjuvant systemic treatment were based on the Dutch Institute for Healthcare Improvement 2004 guidelines, the 70-gene signature, and doctors’ and patients’ preferences. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 169 patients (81%) with a high-risk signature and in 33 (15%) with a low-risk signature. The outcomes observed in the RASTER study may therefore have been attributable, at least in part, to chemotherapy administered in selected patients in the low-risk group.

The MINDACT (Microarray in Node Negative Disease May Avoid Chemotherapy) trial is a prospective trial in which patients were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy or no chemotherapy on the basis of clinical criteria or the 70-gene signature; enrollment has been completed and follow-up is ongoing.33 Although the results of the MINDACT trial are likely to provide important information, gene-expression assays bring added value by providing complementary predictive information that is independent of and does not correlate with clinicopathologic features in selected patients for whom this information may be clinically useful.34,35 Other ongoing trials (RxPONDER36 and OPTIMA37) are evaluating whether adjuvant chemotherapy is beneficial in patients with hormone-receptor– positive, HER2-negative breast cancer with positive axillary lymph nodes and a recurrence score of 25 or less.

In conclusion, this prospective study involving uniformly treated patients with hormone-receptor– positive, HER2-negative, axillary node–negative breast cancer supports the clinical validity of the 21-gene assay in identifying patients who may be safely spared adjuvant chemotherapy.

Acknowledgments

Supported by the National Cancer Institute, by grants (CA180820, CA180794, CA189859, CA180801, CA180790, CA189808, CA180847, CA180844, CA180816, CA180795, CA190140, CA180833, CA180864, CA180821, CA180838, CA189804, CA180888, CA189858, CA180868, CA180822, CA189867, CA077202, CA180857, CA180799, and CA189869) from the Public Health Service, by grants (015469 and 021039) from the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, and by the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and Susan G. Komen.

Dr. Sparano reports holding a patent (WO 2009140304 A1) related to tests to predict responsiveness to chemotherapy treatment options in patients with cancer; Dr. Pritchard, receiving fees for serving on advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche, Amgen, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, and Eisai, consulting fees from Pfizer and Novartis, lecture fees from Novartis, and grant support from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, and Eisai; Dr. Albain, receiving fees for serving on advisory boards from NanoString Technologies and bioTheranostics and that her institution has received research support from Agendia; Dr. Hayes, receiving travel support from and participating in an uncompensated collaboration with Genomic Health; Dr. Perez, being an employee of Genentech; Dr. Olson, being the founder, owner, and principal shareholder in Core Prognostex; Dr. Whelan, receiving fees for serving on an advisory board from Genomic Health and receiving testing reagents from NanoString Technologies; Dr. Ellis, receiving royalties from Bioclassifier and that his wife received payment for accounting services from Bioclassifier, receiving royalties from pending and issued patents related to PAM50 (Prosigna), receiving royalties from pending and issued patents (US provisional 60/739,155, PCT/US2006/ 044737, US 12/094,898, CA 2,630,974, and EU 06844413.2) related to methods and compositions involving intrinsic genes, receiving royalties from a pending patent (US provisional 61/057,508 and PCT/US2009/045820) related to gene-expression profiles to predict breast-cancer outcomes, holding a patent (US provisional 61/453,035) related to methods of treating breast cancer with anthracycline therapy, and holding a pending patent related to methods of treating breast cancer with taxane therapy (all patents are licensed to NanoString Technologies); Dr. Paik, holding a patent (US 7,056,674 B2) related to the prediction of the likelihood of cancer recurrence (covering the invention of Oncotype Dx); Dr. Wood, receiving fees for serving on an advisory board from Genomic Health; Dr. Brufsky, receiving consulting fees from Genomic Health; Dr. Kaklamani, receiving consulting and lecture fees from Genomic Health; and Dr. Sledge, serving on the board of directors of Syndax Pharmaceuticals and receiving fees for serving on an advisory board from Symphogen.

We thank Jeff Abrams, M.D., and Sheila Taube, Ph.D., of the National Cancer Institute, for encouraging and facilitating the development of the trial; the staff at the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group–American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ECOG–ACRIN) Coordinating Center and Clinical Trials Support Unit; the members of the ECOG–ACRIN Cancer Research Group, including cochairs Robert L. Comis, M.D., and Mitchell D. Schnall, M.D., Ph.D.; and Una Hopkins, R.N., D.N.P., for serving as the study liaison for the trial.

Appendix

The authors’ full names and academic degrees are as follows: Joseph A. Sparano, M.D., Robert J. Gray, Ph.D., Della F. Makower, M.D., Kathleen I. Pritchard, M.D., Kathy S. Albain, M.D., Daniel F. Hayes, M.D., Charles E. Geyer, Jr., M.D., Elizabeth C. Dees, M.D., Edith A. Perez, M.D., John A. Olson, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., JoAnne Zujewski, M.D., Tracy Lively, Ph.D., Sunil S. Badve, M.D., Thomas J. Saphner, M.D., Lynne I. Wagner, Ph.D., Timothy J. Whelan, M.D., Matthew J. Ellis, M.B., B.Chir., Ph.D., Soonmyung Paik, M.D., William C. Wood, M.D., Peter Ravdin, M.D., Maccon M. Keane, M.D., Henry L. Gomez Moreno, M.D., Pavan S. Reddy, M.D., Timothy F. Goggins, M.D., Ingrid A. Mayer, M.D., Adam M. Brufsky, M.D., Ph.D., Deborah L. Toppmeyer, M.D., Virginia G. Kaklamani, M.D., James N. Atkins, M.D., Jeffrey L. Berenberg, M.D., and George W. Sledge, M.D.

The authors’ affiliations are as follows: the Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.) and Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) — both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) — both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.), Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston-Salem (L.I.W.), and Southeast Clinical Oncology Research Consortium, Goldsboro (J.N.A.) — all in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (E.A.P.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (J.A.O.), and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (J.Z., T.L.) — both in Maryland; Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.) — both in Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) — both in Wisconsin; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (M.J.E.), and University of Texas, San Antonio (P.R.) — both in Texas; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); Allegheny General Hospital (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.) — both in Pittsburgh; the Department of Medical Oncology and Breast Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.P.); Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (G.W.S.).

Footnotes

No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.

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