Development of the Digestive System-Experimental Challenges and Approaches of Infant Lipid Digestion - PubMed (original) (raw)

Development of the Digestive System-Experimental Challenges and Approaches of Infant Lipid Digestion

Evan Abrahamse et al. Food Dig. 2012 Dec.

Abstract

At least during the first 6 months after birth, the nutrition of infants should ideally consist of human milk which provides 40-60 % of energy from lipids. Beyond energy, human milk also delivers lipids with a specific functionality, such as essential fatty acids (FA), phospholipids, and cholesterol. Healthy development, especially of the nervous and digestive systems, depends fundamentally on these. Epidemiological data suggest that human milk provides unique health benefits during early infancy that extend to long-lasting benefits. Preclinical findings show that qualitative changes in dietary lipids, i.e., lipid structure and FA composition, during early life may contribute to the reported long-term effects. Little is known in this respect about the development of digestive function and the digestion and absorption of lipids by the newborn. This review gives a detailed overview of the distinct functionalities that dietary lipids from human milk and infant formula provide and the profound differences in the physiology and biochemistry of lipid digestion between infants and adults. Fundamental mechanisms of infant lipid digestion can, however, almost exclusively be elucidated in vitro. Experimental approaches and their challenges are reviewed in depth.

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Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Gastric lipolysis was investigated in breast fed (a), and two groups of formula fed preterm infants ((b) SMA SP and (c) Similac SC). Data are given as mean±SE. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences. From [12]

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Structure of the human milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). A trilayer of polar lipids forms the backbone of the MFGM. (PC phosphatidylcholine; PE phosphatidylethanolamine; PS phosphatidylserine; PI phosphatidylinositol). From [93]

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

Example of a dynamic system with two stirred vessels. A stomach vessel, B small intestine vessel, C influent vessel, D effluent vessel, E gastric secretions with acid and enzymes, F duodenal secretions with alkali, bile, and pancreatic enzymes, G pH electrodes, H pumps

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

a Schematic representation of the TIM-1 lipid system. A gastric compartment, B pyloric sphincter, C duodenum, D peristaltic valve, E jejunum compartment, F peristaltic valve, G ileum compartment, H ileocecal valve, I gastric secretion, J duodenal secretion, K bicarbonate secretion, L prefilter, M filtration membrane, N filtration pump, P pH electrodes, Q level sensor, R temperature sensor, S pressure sensor. b the TIM-1 cabinet

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