Korean red ginseng extract alleviates advanced glycation end product-mediated renal injury - PubMed (original) (raw)

Korean red ginseng extract alleviates advanced glycation end product-mediated renal injury

Hai Yan Quan et al. J Ginseng Res. 2013 Apr.

Abstract

The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on diabetic renal damage was investigated using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The diabetic rats showed loss of body weight gain, and increases in kidney weight and urine volume, whereas the oral administration of KRG at a dose of 100 or 250 mg/kg of body weight per day for 28 d prevented these diabetes-induced physiological abnormalities. Among the kidney function parameters, elevated plasma levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine in diabetic control rats tended to be lowered in KRG-treated rats. In addition, administration of KRG at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight in the diabetic rats showed significant decreases in serum glucose and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), implying that KRG might prevent the pathogenesis of diabetic complications caused by impaired glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. KRG also significantly reduced advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and secretion from kidney of diabetic rats. Furthermore, KRG decreased the levels of N-(carboxymethyl) lysine and expression of AGE receptor. KRG also reduced the overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the kidney via deactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B. We also found that KRG prevented STZ-induced destruction of glomerular structure and significantly suppressed high glucose-induced fibronectin production. Taken together, KRG ameliorates abnormalities associated with diabetic nephropathy through suppression of inflammatory pathways activated by TNF-α and AGEs. These findings indicate that KRG has a beneficial effect on pathological conditions associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Keywords: Advanced glycation end products; Nuclear factor-kappa B; Panax ginseng; Streptozotocin; Tumor necrosis factor-α.

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Figures

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.. Effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract on (A) advanced glycation end products (AGEs), (B) N-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), and (C) receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) protein and gene expressions in kidney of SD rats. N, normal rats; STZ, streptozotocin, diabetic control rats; KRG, diabetic rats treated with KRG (100 or 250 mg/kg/d). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 compared with STZ.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.. Effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract on (A) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), (B) nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), (C) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and (D) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and gene expressions in kidney of SD rats. N, normal rats; STZ, streptozotocin, diabetic control rats; KRG, diabetic rats treated with KRG (100 or 250 mg/kg/d). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 compared with STZ. IκB, inhibitor of κB.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.. Glomerular injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic kidney. (A) Glomerular histopathology analysis by H&E staining. The pictures display representative glomeruli of H&E-stained sections in control (N), diabetic (STZ), and Korean red ginseng (KRG) groups at an original magnification of 100. (B) The protein expression levels of fibronectin (FN) in the rat kidneys were detected by Western blot analysis.

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