Ginsenoside-Re ameliorates ischemia and reperfusion injury in the heart: a hemodynamics approach - PubMed (original) (raw)

Ginsenoside-Re ameliorates ischemia and reperfusion injury in the heart: a hemodynamics approach

Kyu Hee Lim et al. J Ginseng Res. 2013 Jul.

Abstract

Ginsenosides are divided into two groups based on the types of the panaxadiol group (e.g., ginsenoside-Rb1 and -Rc) and the panaxatriol group (e.g., ginsenoside-Rg1 and -Re). Among them, ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) is one of the compounds with the highest content in Panax ginseng and is responsible for pharmacological effects. However, it is not yet well reported if G-Re increases the hemodynamics functions on ischemia (30 min)/reperfusion (120 min) (I/R) induction. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether treatment of G-Re facilitated the recovery of hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output) and left ventricular developed pressure (±dp/dtmax). This research is designed to study the effects of G-Re by studying electrocardiographic changes such as QRS interval, QT interval and R-R interval, and inflammatory marker such as tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in heart tissue in I/R-induced heart. From the results, I/R induction gave a significant increase in QRS interval, QT interval and R-R interval, but showed decrease in all hemodynamic parameters. I/R induction resulted in increased TNF-α level. Treatment of G-Re at 30 and 100 μM doses before I/R induction significantly prevented the decrease in hemodynamic parameters, ameliorated the electrocardiographic abnormality, and inhibited TNF-α level. In this study, G-Re at 100 μM dose exerted more beneficial effects on cardiac function and preservation of myocardium in I/R injury than 30 μM. Collectively, these results indicate that G-Re has distinct cardioprotectective effects in I/R induced rat heart.

Keywords: Cardiac injury; Ginsenoside-Re; Hemodynamics; Myocardial preservation; Panax ginseng.

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Figures

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.. Experimental protocol. All experimental groups began with a 20 min perfusion period to allow for stabilization of the isolated hearts. Then, the hearts were divided into the normal control group (N/C), the ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) alone treated group (G-Re control), the ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min group (ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] control), 30G-Re treated group, which received administration of 30 μM G-Re before ischemia induction (30G-Re+I/R), and 100G-Re treated group, which received administration of 100 μM G-Re before ischemia induction (100G-Re+I/R).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.. Chemical struture of ginsenoside-Re.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.. Relationships among perfusion pressure (A), aortic flow (B), coronary flow (C), and cardiac output changes (D) and each group on reperfusion for 120 min. Each bar represents the mean±SEM (_n_=9). N/C, normal control; G-Re, ginsenoside-Re; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared with the I/R control group.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.. The changes in the maximal rate of change in left ventricular contraction (+dP/dtmax) (A) and the maximal rate of change in left ventricular relaxation (-dP/dtmin) (B). Values are expressed as mean±SD. N/C, normal control; G-Re, ginsenoside-Re; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared with the I/R control group.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.. Effect of ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) on electrocardiographic pattern (A, normal control; B, G-Re control; C, ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] control; D, 30 μM G-Re+I/R; E, 100 μM G-Re+I/R) in isolated perfused heart.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6.. Effect of ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) in QRS intervals on electrocardiographic pattern. Values are expressed as mean±SD for nine rats in each group. N/C, normal control; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared with the I/R control group.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7.. Effect of ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) on QT intervals against myocardial injury in isolated perfusion model. Values are expressed as mean±SD for nine rats in each group. N/C, normal control; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared with the I/R control group.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8.. Effect of ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) on R-R intervals against myocardial injury in isolated perfusion model. Values are expressed as mean±SD for nine rats in each group. N/C, normal control; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared with the I/R control group.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9.. Effect of ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) on cardiac tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury in isolated heart. Values are expressed as mean±SD for nine rats in each group. N/C, normal control. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 as compared to I/R control group.

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