Estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples - PubMed (original) (raw)

Estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples

Moo-Yong Rhee et al. Nutrients. 2014.

Abstract

The present study evaluated the reliability of equations using spot urine (SU) samples in the estimation of 24-hour urine sodium excretion (24-HUNa). Equations estimating 24-HUNa from SU samples were derived from first-morning SU of 101 participants (52.4 ± 11.1 years, range 24-70 years). Equations developed by us and other investigators were validated with SU samples from a separate group of participants (n = 224, 51.0 ± 10.9 years, range 24-70 years). Linear, quadratic, and cubic equations were derived from first-morning SU samples because these samples had a sodium/creatinine ratio having the highest correlation coefficient for 24-HUNa/creatinine ratio (r = 0.728, p < 0.001). In the validation group, the estimated 24-HUNa showed significant correlations with measured 24-HUNa values. The estimated 24-HUNa by the linear, quadratic, and cubic equations developed from our study were not significantly different from measured 24-HUNa, while estimated 24-HUNa by previously developed equations were significantly different from measured 24-HUNa values. The limits of agreement between measured and estimated 24-HUNa by six equations exceeded 100 mmol/24-hour in the Bland-Altman analysis. All equations showed a tendency of under- or over-estimation of 24-HUNa, depending on the level of measured 24-HUNa. Estimation of 24-HUNa from single SU by equations as tested in the present study was found to be inadequate for the estimation of an individual's 24-HUNa.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1

Relationship between (a) 24-hour urine sodium/creatinine (Na/Cr) ratio vs. first-morning spot urine Na/Cr ratio; (b) 24-hour urine Na/Cr ration vs. evening spot urine Na/Cr ratio; and (c) 24-hour urine Na/Cr ration vs. random morning spot urine Na/Cr ratio in 101 subjects.

Figure 2

Development of equations by curve fitting from 101 subjects. (a) Linear equation association; (b) quadratic equation association and (c) cubic equation association. Each equations and their correlation coefficient are showed. Equation XNa = (spot urine sodium/spot urine creatinine) × predicted 24-hour urine creatinine excretion.

Figure 3

Relationship between measured and estimated 24-hour urine sodium obtained by six equations. (a) Kawasaki’s equation; (b) Tanaka’s equation; (c) INTERSALT equation; (d) linear equation; (e) quadratic equation; and (f) cubic equation.

Figure 4

Bland-Altman analysis for agreement of the six equations. (a) Kawasaki’s equation; (b) Tanaka’s equation; (c) INTERSALT equation; (d) linear equation; (e) quadratic equation; (f) cubic equation.

Figure 5

Relationship between the differences of measured and estimated 24-hour urine sodium against measured 24-hour urine sodium. (a) Kawasaki’s equation; (b) Tanaka’s equation; (c) INTERSALT equation; (d) linear equation; (e) quadratic equation; and (f) cubic equation.

Cited by

High sodium intake: review of recent issues on its association with cardiovascular events and measurement methods.
Rhee MY. Rhee MY. Korean Circ J. 2015 May;45(3):175-83. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.3.175. Epub 2015 May 27. Korean Circ J. 2015. PMID: 26023304 Free PMC article. Review.
A Single Urine Sodium Measurement May Validly Estimate 24-hour Urine Sodium Excretion in Patients With an Ileostomy.
Pedersen AKN, Rud C, Wilkens TL, Borre M, Andersen JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL. Pedersen AKN, et al. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020 Feb;44(2):246-255. doi: 10.1002/jpen.1593. Epub 2019 Apr 15. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020. PMID: 30985012 Free PMC article.
Sodium Intake Estimated from Spot Urine Samples and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Cho YG. Cho YG. Korean J Fam Med. 2017 Jul;38(4):171-172. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.4.171. Epub 2017 Jul 20. Korean J Fam Med. 2017. PMID: 28775805 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Estimating 24-Hour Urine Sodium From Multiple Spot Urine Samples.
Rhee MY, Kim JH, Shin SJ, Gu N, Nah DY, Park JH, Kim SW, Kim HJ, Oh KW, Kim JH, Lee SY. Rhee MY, et al. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017 Apr;19(4):431-438. doi: 10.1111/jch.12922. Epub 2016 Oct 13. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017. PMID: 27735123 Free PMC article.
Estimation of mean population salt intakes using spot urine samples and associations with body mass index, hypertension, raised blood sugar and hypercholesterolemia: Findings from STEPS Survey 2019, Nepal.
Bhattarai S, Bista B, Yadav BK, Gynawali P, Poudyal A, Jha AK, Dhimal M. Bhattarai S, et al. PLoS One. 2022 Apr 12;17(4):e0266662. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266662. eCollection 2022. PLoS One. 2022. PMID: 35413065 Free PMC article.

References

1. He F.J., MacGregor G.A. Reducing population salt intake worldwide: From evidence to implementation. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010;52:363–382. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.12.006. - DOI - PubMed
1. Strazzullo P., D'Elia L., Kandala N.B., Cappuccio F.P. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2009;339:b4567. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4567. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. World Health Organization . Report of a Who Forum and Technical Meeting, Paris, France, 5–7 October 2006. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2007. Reducing salt intake in populations; pp. 1–56.
1. Kawasaki T., Itoh K., Uezono K., Sasaki H. A simple method for estimating 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion from second morning voiding urine specimen in adults. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1993;20:7–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01496.x. - DOI - PubMed
1. Tanaka T., Okamura T., Miura K., Kadowaki T., Ueshima H., Nakagawa H., Hashimoto T. A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2002;16:97–103. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001307. - DOI - PubMed

Estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples - PubMed (original) (raw)