Dietary intake of heme iron and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies - PubMed (original) (raw)
Meta-Analysis
Dietary intake of heme iron and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
X Fang et al. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 Jan.
Abstract
Background and aims: Iron is thought to play a fundamentally important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This meta-analysis was performed to investigate the dose-response association between dietary intake of iron (including heme and non-heme iron) and the risk of CVD.
Methods and results: We performed a search of the PubMed and Embase databases for prospective cohort studies of the association between dietary iron intake and CVD risk. Thirteen articles comprising 252,164 participants and 15,040 CVD cases were eligible for inclusion. Heme iron intake was associated significantly with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and the pooled relative risk (RR) for each 1 mg/day increment was 1.07 (95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.14, I² = 59.7%). We also found evidence of a curvilinear association (P < 0.05 for non-linearity). In contrast, we found no association between CVD risk and dietary non-heme (0.98, 0.96 to 1.01, I² = 15.8%) or total iron (1.00, 0.94 to 1.06, I² = 30.4%). Subgroup analyses revealed that the association between heme iron intake and CVD risk was stronger among non-fatal cases (1.19, 1.07-1.33) and American patients (1.31, 1.11-1.56).
Conclusions: Higher dietary intake of heme iron is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas no association was found between CVD and non-heme iron intake or total iron intake. These findings may have important public health implications with respect to preventing cardiovascular disease.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Dose–response; Heme iron; Meta-analysis.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Comment in
- Dietary intake of heme iron is Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Reply to Dr. Bitterman.
Fang X, Wei J, Min J, Wang F. Fang X, et al. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 Jun 9;30(6):1053-1055. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.007. Epub 2020 Mar 20. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020. PMID: 32247532 No abstract available. - Heme iron and cardiovascular disease: Required refinements.
Bitterman A. Bitterman A. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 Jun 9;30(6):1052. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.002. Epub 2020 May 11. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020. PMID: 32402587 No abstract available.
Similar articles
- Dietary iron intake and risk of death due to cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Han M, Guan L, Ren Y, Zhao Y, Liu D, Zhang D, Liu L, Liu F, Chen X, Cheng C, Li Q, Guo C, Zhou Q, Tian G, Qie R, Huang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Li H, Sun X, Zhang M, Hu D, Lu J. Han M, et al. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2020;29(2):309-321. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.202007_29(2).0014. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2020. PMID: 32674239 - Dietary intakes of zinc and heme iron from red meat, but not from other sources, are associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.
de Oliveira Otto MC, Alonso A, Lee DH, Delclos GL, Bertoni AG, Jiang R, Lima JA, Symanski E, Jacobs DR Jr, Nettleton JA. de Oliveira Otto MC, et al. J Nutr. 2012 Mar;142(3):526-33. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.149781. Epub 2012 Jan 18. J Nutr. 2012. PMID: 22259193 Free PMC article. - Association between pre-pregnancy consumption of meat, iron intake, and the risk of gestational diabetes: the SUN project.
Marí-Sanchis A, Díaz-Jurado G, Basterra-Gortari FJ, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Martínez-González MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Marí-Sanchis A, et al. Eur J Nutr. 2018 Apr;57(3):939-949. doi: 10.1007/s00394-017-1377-3. Epub 2017 Mar 11. Eur J Nutr. 2018. PMID: 28285431 - Dietary iron and the risk of lung cancer.
Mohammadzadeh M, Bahrami A, Ghafouri-Taleghani F, Khalesi S, Abdi F, Hejazi E. Mohammadzadeh M, et al. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024 Jun;94(3-4):264-274. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000789. Epub 2023 Jul 20. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024. PMID: 37469109 Review. - Dietary iron intake, body iron stores, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bao W, Rong Y, Rong S, Liu L. Bao W, et al. BMC Med. 2012 Oct 10;10:119. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-119. BMC Med. 2012. PMID: 23046549 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
- Associations of dietary total, heme, non-heme iron intake with diabetes, CVD, and all-cause mortality in men and women with diabetes.
Jin Y, Huang Y, Zhang T, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Wang G, Zhang J, Wu J. Jin Y, et al. Heliyon. 2024 Oct 1;10(19):e38758. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38758. eCollection 2024 Oct 15. Heliyon. 2024. PMID: 39430450 Free PMC article. - Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in human diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.
Ru Q, Li Y, Chen L, Wu Y, Min J, Wang F. Ru Q, et al. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 Oct 14;9(1):271. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01969-z. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024. PMID: 39396974 Free PMC article. Review. - Adherence to EAT-Lancet reference diet and risk of premature coronary artery diseases: a multi-center case-control study.
Ataei Kachouei A, Mohammadifard N, Haghighatdoost F, Hajihashemi P, Zarepur E, Nouhi F, Kazemi T, Salehi N, Solati K, Ghaffari S, Gholipour M, Heybar H, Alikhasi H, Sarrafzadegan N. Ataei Kachouei A, et al. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Dec;63(8):2933-2942. doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03475-y. Epub 2024 Aug 21. Eur J Nutr. 2024. PMID: 39167176 - Integration of epidemiological and blood biomarker analysis links haem iron intake to increased type 2 diabetes risk.
Wang F, Glenn AJ, Tessier AJ, Mei Z, Haslam DE, Guasch-Ferré M, Tobias DK, Eliassen AH, Manson JE, Clish C, Lee KH, Rimm EB, Wang DD, Sun Q, Liang L, Willett WC, Hu FB. Wang F, et al. Nat Metab. 2024 Sep;6(9):1807-1818. doi: 10.1038/s42255-024-01109-5. Epub 2024 Aug 13. Nat Metab. 2024. PMID: 39138340 - Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for iron.
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA); Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Aggett P, Fairweather-Tait S, de Sesmaisons Lecarré A, Fabiani L, Karavasiloglou N, Saad RM, Sofroniou A, Titz A, Naska A. EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), et al. EFSA J. 2024 Jun 12;22(6):e8819. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8819. eCollection 2024 Jun. EFSA J. 2024. PMID: 38868106 Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources