Impact of Gallic Acid on Gut Health: Focus on the Gut Microbiome, Immune Response, and Mechanisms of Action - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Impact of Gallic Acid on Gut Health: Focus on the Gut Microbiome, Immune Response, and Mechanisms of Action

Kang Yang et al. Front Immunol. 2020.

Abstract

Gallic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring polyphenol compound present in fruits, vegetables, and herbal medicines. According to previous studies, GA has many biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. GA and its derivatives have multiple industrial uses, such as food supplements or additives. Additionally, recent studies have shown that GA and its derivatives not only enhance gut microbiome (GM) activities, but also modulate immune responses. Thus, GA has great potential to facilitate natural defense against microbial infections and modulate the immune response. However, the exact mechanisms of GA acts on the GM and immune system remain unclear. In this review, first the physicochemical properties, bioavailability, absorption, and metabolism of GA are introduced, and then we summarize recent findings concerning its roles in gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, the present review attempts to explain how GA influences the GM and modulates the immune response to maintain intestinal health.

Keywords: gallic acid; gastrointestinal health; gut microbiome; immune response; polyphenol.

Copyright © 2020 Yang, Zhang, Liao, Xiao, Zhang, Sindaye, Xin, Tan, Deng, Yin and Deng.

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Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Detailed classification and chemical structures of polyphenols, phenolic acids, GA, and its derivatives. HTs, hydrolysable tannins; CTs, condensed tannins; MG, methyl gallate, C7H5O5-CH3; PG, propyl gallate, C7H5O5-(CH2)2-CH3; OG, octyl gallate, C7H5O5-(CH2)7-CH3; DG, dodecyl gallate, C7H5O5-(CH2)11-CH3; TG, tetradecyl gallate, C7H5O5-(CH2)13-CH3; HG, hexadecyl gallate, C7H5O5-(CH2)15-CH3; EC, epicatechin, C15H14O6; ECG, epicatechin gallate, C22H18O10; GCG, gallocatechin gallate, C22H18O11; EGC, epigallocatechin, C15H14O7; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate, C22H18O11.

Figure 2

Figure 2

The absorption, metabolism, and distribution of GA. GA, gallic acid; 4-OMeGA, 4-_O_-methygallic acid; 3-OMeGA, 3-_O_-methygallic acid; H, M, and L represent the high, middle, and low content of GA in corresponding tissues and organs, respectively; the 4-OMeGA in black boxes represent that it is the primary metabolite of GA in different organs.

Figure 3

Figure 3

Proposed principle pathways for GA in the colonic microbiota and mammalian phase II metabolism. Red arrows indicate microbiota-mediated steps, and blue arrows represent mammalian enzyme-mediated conversions. The names in yellow boxes indicate the main metabolites accumulating in urine after GA intake. This figure is quoted from Pereira-Caro et al. (68).

Figure 4

Figure 4

The possible mechanism of action of GA on the remission of immune-related diseases. The red box represents animals with immune-related disorders, and the green box indicates the attenuation effect of GA on immune-related disorders. The up arrows indicate a rising trend, and the down arrows show a declining trend.

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