Heart of the Living God� (original) (raw)

Appendix 5

Founding Fathers in More Light: Barton, LeHaye, & History

Introduction to Founding Father Analysis

Chart 8. Barton�s Founding Fathers in More Light (revisited)

A. Founding Era � 1760-1805 � Founders � Men 16 Years Old+ in 1776

B. Founding Era � 1760-1805 � Men Born 1761+ & Before 1774: 16 Years Old+ by 1789

C. Founding Era � 1760-1805 � Born 1775, Not Founders But Children at Founding, Younger than 16 Years Old by 1789

D. Founding Era � 1760-1805 � 16 Years Old & Older in 1776 � But NOT Founders, NOT New American Residents

E. Outside Founding Era � Born Before 1760

F. Outside Founding Era � Born After 1773, Children, Less Than 16 Years in 1789

G. Clergymen = 48 in Barton

H. Tim LaHaye�s 54 Founding Fathers

I. 33 Freemason Generals in Continental Army

I. 85 More Freemason Founding Fathers Not in Barton or LeHaye

Introduction to Founding Father Analysis

The following is an analysis of David Barton�s 268 biographic sketches of selected individuals referenced in his Original Intent. We also focus upon chronological order and chronological issues for more light. With respect to David Barton�s entire thesis, his elimination of Freemasonry is a critical failure. Furthermore, the church membership at least, to say nothing of church attendance (and Barton says nothing of church attendance), for Barton to have substantiated his thesis he should have been more attentive to a simple majority of church-going persons and a good number of ministers who were also Founding Fathers. Yet, we find that 27 ministers of 48 are not Founding Fathers at all.[57]

Our primary reference for Freemasonry affiliation came from a comparison with William R. Denslow�s magnum opus 10,000 Famous Freemasons.[58] A few times, Denslow noted doubts about a man�s membership, and Denslow cross-referenced many times.

To read the chart and following gradations, note that Barton listed the years 1740-1850 as the �lifespan of the Founders� and the years 1760-1805 as the �Founding Era.�[59] The terms theologian and minister have been changed to Clergyman for consistency, with theologian left to retain it�s unique significance. OI = David Barton�s Original Intent.[60]

Here is an astounding revelation after a closer look at David Barton�s extensive research.

Founding Era 1760-1805 & 268 Important Bio�s
*Only* 188 of 268 are FoundingFathers�85 of 268 attorneys
164 of 268 Founding 1776 Fathers[61]�69 of 164 are attorneys
24 of 268 Founding 1789 Fathers[62]�16 of 24 are attorneys
10 of 268 Founding Children, <16 by 1789[63]
76 Freemasons in Barton�s Founders
76 of 188 Founders Freemasons, 40%
69 of 164 1776 Founders Freemasons, 42%
8 of 24 1789 Founders Freemasons, 33%
48 Clergymen in Barton�s 268
26 Founding Fathers Clergy
27 >16 Years @ 1776�1 of 27 Not Founding Father[64]
21 NotFounding Fathers � 1 lived in 10th Century
5 of 21 born before Columbus sailed � 10 died before 1700
15 died before 1776 � 5 of 21 <16 @ 1789, 2 of 21 born after 1800
Outside Founding Era 1760-1805
80 of 268, 30% Not Founders
37 of 268 Not Founders, Not Born 1760[65]
38 of 268 Not Founders, Born After 1773[66]
5 of 268 Not Founders, Not Resident[67]

Chart 8.� Barton�s Founding Fathers in More Light (revisited)

Those are numbers that have a bearing upon David Barton�s and much of the Religious Right�s concern over _original_intent of our beloved U.S. Constitution. Moreover, we inserted Tim LeHaye�s list of 54 as well as 33 Freemason Founding Generals and 85 other Freemason Founding Fathers with short bio�s, and we could have listed hundreds.[68] We all know that there were more, but not many more truly significant leaders. The numbers above cannot be seen as closed or truly representative, just representative of the leaders: the leaders is a finite number. Surely, there are many more hundreds who were _Founding Fathers_of some sort, and many who were and were not Freemasons. The point is with respect and disrespect to David Barton�s own shuffling. Look, and look close at Barton and his own rationale. The 268 is his own deduction, and from that we see 76 or 40% who were Freemasons. In Barton�s many books�all of them together�we do not even know if 2% of any of the Founding Fathers were Baptist or anything else. We do not know of any significant church attendance at all. What do we know? We know that Freemasonry more than any other single institution played a role. All of that�by Barton�s own rationale�overshadows, even occults his own ideas of an evangelical original intent. Superlatives fail us here�except perhaps malignance in Barton�s hiding of that.

In Tim LaHaye, the top two�George Washington�and Benjamin Franklin�were the most influential Founding Fathers and among the most active Freemasons; after these two, the next five �most-influencing Founding Fathers�[69] were

Mason 1751-1836, James Madison[70] 1752-1816, Gouverneur Morris Mason 1721-1793, Roger Sherman	Mason 1757-1804, Alexander Hamilton[71] 1763-1816, George Mason

Five out of LeHaye�s top seven were Freemasons, or 71%�remarkable. Then LeHaye gives three more lists: two lists of 16 and one of 15�for 47�that gives us 54 significant Founding Fathers in LaHaye (47 + 5 + 2 = 54). Of the 54, 14 or 26% are unique to LaHaye (u=unique), and 19 of the 54 were Freemasons, for 35%; that means of the 54 Founding Fathers in LeHaye, 24 or 44% were Freemasons. See the list below.

A. Founding Era � 1760-1805 � Men 16 Years Old+ in 1776

164 with 69[72] Freemasons, or 42% � Please note that I added bio info from Denslow to complement Barton�s info (editing some of Barton�s too), but got tired somewhere about halfway through and stopped adding lodge numbers, etc.; there is so much more.

Mason 1706-1790, Benjamin Franklin, one of the leading Founding Fathers by everyone�s acclamation, author, scientist, first president of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting Abolition of Slavery, one of only six who signed both Declaration and Constitution; in 1727, he organized the Leather Apron Club as a secret society in Philadelphia (non-Masonic), received his degrees in 1731 in St. John�s Lodge in Philadelphia, and served every post, and was then appointed provincial grand master by Thomas Oxnard of Boston on June 10, 1749, deposed in 1750 and appointed deputy grand master, was appointed to a committee for building a Free-Mason�s Lodge in Philadelphia and took a prominent part in the dedication of the first Masonic building in American on June 24, 1755; he printed Anderson�s Constitutions which was the first Masonic book printed in America in 1734; he visited France, assisted in the initiation of Voltaire in 1778 into the Lodge of the Nine Sisters�in Paris, and on 11-28-1778 officiated at the Masonic funeral held by that Lodge for Voltaire. On 7-7-1782 he was a member of the Respectable Lodge de Saint Jean de Jerusalem�and in 1785 he was elected honorary member of the Loge des Bon Amis of Rouen, France.

1707-1785, Stephen Hopkins, congressman, founder of library in Providence, signer of Declaration

1710-1785, Rev. Jonathan Trumbull, Clergyman, businessman, judge, congressman, minister church in Colshester, CT, Governor Connecticut 1769-1784, only Colonial Governor who served from start to finish of American Revolution, �probably contributed more to the Revolution in the way of arms, munitions, supplies, men, etc., than any other Governor; was a close counsel of General Washington throughout the War� (OI, 427)

1711-1779, Eleazer Wheelock, Clergyman, popular preacher in Great Awakening, educated Indians, est. Dartmouth 1770 and remained president until death

1711-1779, John Hart, congressman, signer of Declaration

1715-1757, Rev. Aaron Burr, Clergyman, Presbyterian and college president, called to First Church of Newark, involved in revivals of Great Awakening 1746

1715-1766, Rev. Samuel Farley, Clergyman, taught Benjamin Rush, president of Princeton 1761-1766

Mason1716-1778, Phillip Livingston, merchant, congressman, signed Declaration, president of the New York Provincial Convention

1720-1766, Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, Clergyman, pastor of West Church, Boston 1747, preached Christianity on Scriptures and not Calvinism, defender of civil liberty, including on sermon after repeal of Stamp Act titled The Snare Broken 1766, well thought of by patriots including John Adams

Mason1721-1793, Roger Sherman, farmer, cobbler, JP, congressman, helped with introduction of two houses of congress, signed Declaration and Constitution (1 of 6), only founder to sign Declaration, Articles of Association, Articles of Confederation, and Constitution � ONLY signed all 4

Mason1722-1803, Samuel Adams, known �Firebrand of Revolution� and �Father of the American Revolution� (OI, 374), signer on Declaration; Mason no record, purported to be made one at St. John�s Lodge, Boston, MA

1723-1761, Rev. Samuel Davies, Clergyman, influential in Great Awakening, Presbyterian, President of Princeton after friend, Jonathan Edwards

1723-1790, William Livingston, attorney, soldier, Brigadier General, signed Constitution, signer of Declaration

1723-1794, John Whitherspoon, Clergyman, congressman, Presbyterian, Calvinist churchman, President of Princeton 1768-1776, signed Declaration, author of theological work

1724-1777, John Morton, congressman, land surveyor, JP, signed Declaration, believed that his �signing of the Declaration of Independence�to have been the most glorious service that I ever rendered my country� (OI, 409)

Mason1724-1790, Rev. Lyman Hall, Clergyman, physician, congressman, signer of Declaration

Mason1724-1792, Henry Laurens, merchant, congressman, member of the American Philosophical Society 1772-1792, help negotiate peace with Great Britain and signer of Treaty of Paris 1782

1725-1776, Samuel Ward, farmer, congressman, founder and trustee of Rhode Island College now Brown 1764-1776, helped secure George Washington as commander-in-chief

Mason1725-1783, James Otis, attorney, congressman, soldier, author, recognized in England as chief of �the rebellious spirit� (OI, 410), mentor of Samuel Adams and Sons of Liberty 1761-1769, �was considered the acknowledged political leader of Massachusetts Bay� (OI, 410), mercifully struck by lightening ending his tormenting last days

1725-1783, Rev. Samuel Cooper, Clergyman, pastor of puritan Brattle Square Church in Boston 1747, declined presidency of Harvard 1774, British often ordered his arrest for advocating American Independence, �close friend of Adams, Franklin, and other patriots� (OI, 385)

1725-1792, George Mason, congressman, drafted Virginia�s first constitution with Declaration of Rights from which Jefferson drew the Declaration, refused to sign because it did not abolish slavery, known as the �Father of the Bill of Rights� (OI, 407)

1726-1790, James Bowdoin, early delegate

1726-1795, William Prescott, congressman, farmer, soldier, Colonel of Minute Men, said, �Don�t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!� 1775 (OI, 415)

Mason1726-1796, Oliver Wolcott, congressman, soldier, Major General militia, signed Declaration, Governor Connecticut 1796-1797, both father and son was also Governor of Connecticut

1726-1798, Lewis Morris, jurist, congressman, signed Declaration, first board of regents of Univ. of New York

1726-1806, George Wythe, attorney, Mayor of Williamsburg, congressman, Professor of Law at College of William and Mary first chair of law in a college in America 1779-1790

Mason1727-1795, Daniel Roberdeau, merchant, congressman, manager of Pennsylvania Hospital 1756-1758, 1766-1776, Warden of Philadelphia 1756-1761, Brigadier General 1776, volunteered in Congress to establish mine 1778 and build Fort Reberdeau to protect

1727-1819, William Samuel Johnson, congressman, first president of Columbia College 1787-1800, helped organize Protestant Episcopal Church in America

Mason 1727-1820,William Ellery, attorney, sailor, signer of Declaration, active in abolishing slavery, congressman, record of being made a Mason in St. John�s Lodge, Boston 10-12-1748, on rolls of St. John Lodge No. 4, Hartford, CT, 2-8-1763.

Mason1728-1784, Caesar Rodney, congressman, soldier, Capt. of Kent County Militia 1756 Delaware, signed Declaration, rode 80 miles on horseback to vote for Independence just in time, Major General 1777, president of Delaware 1778-1782

1728-1814, Mercy Otis Warren, author, historian, sister of James Warren, author if A History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution 1805

Mason 1729-1789,Richard Caswell, attorney, Major-General in state militia, Governor of North Carolina, member of Continental Congress, member of St. John�s Lodge No. 3, New Bern, NC, deputy grand master of North Carolina on Dec. 11, 1787, and grand master Nov. 18, 1788.

Mason1729-1795, Josiah Bartlett, physician, jurist, President (Governor) of New Hampshire 1790-1794, signed Declaration; Mason not known but letter to son Ezra said, �I attended a Mason meeting last night, and as soon as You can I wish you would join the Masons.�

Mason1730-1781, Richard Stockton, attorney, congressman, tutored Elias Boudinot, Joseph Reed, recruited Rev. Dr. John Witherspoon for president of Princeton 1768, Supreme Court of New Jersey 1774-1776, Chief Justice 1776, signed Declaration

Mason1730-1794, Baron Frederick William Augustus von Steubun, soldier in Pressian Army, sent by Benjamin Franklin to serve American Continental Army under Washington 1777, drilled troops at Valley Forge 1777-1778

1730-1796, Daniel Carroll, signed Constitution, helped with Bill of Rights

1731-1782, Charles Lee, soldier, Major-General in Continental Army, traitor helped British draw up plan to defeat America

Mason1731-1796, Samuel Huntington, attorney, congressman

1731-1811, William Williams, congressman, soldier, judge, signed Declaration

Mason 1731-1814, Rev. Robert Treat Paine, Clergyman, attorney, congressman, judge of Massachusetts Supreme Court[73]

Mason 1732-1794,Richard Henry Lee, congressman, educated in England, made the resolution that led to the Declaration, proposing, �these States are of a right and ought to be free and independent States� (OI, 403), signed Declaration, authored first National Thanksgiving Day Proclamation issued by Congress 1777, helped frame Bill of Rights

Mason1732-1799, George Washington, Commander-in-Chief and first U.S. President 1789 and known as the Father of His Country

1732-1802, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, daughter of Colonel John Dandridge, after husband Daniel Parke Custis died, was one of the wealthiest in Virginia, and married George Washington in 1759

Mason 1732-1808,John Dickinson, attorney, soldier, Brigadier-General Pennsylvania Militia 1775-1777, know as the �Penman of the Revolution,� president of both Delaware and Pennsylvania and signed Constitution, but refused to sign Declaration thinking it premature, made Brigadier General of Delaware militia, fifth president of Delaware in 1781 and resigned in 1782 to become president of Pennsylvania; made and raised a master Mason in Lodge No. 18, Dover, Delaware under Pennsylvania charter

Mason 1732-1810,William Cushing, attorney, member of convention that formed the first state constitution of Massachusetts, appointed as original Chief Justice of Superior Court of MA 1777, first Chief Justice of the state under state constitution in 1780, and then First Chief Justice1789 of Supreme Court by George Washington and administered oath to Washington to his 2nd term 1793; member of St. Andrew�s Lodge, Boston, MA

1733-1797, James Duane, attorney, district judge by Pres. George Washington 1789-1794

1733-1798, George Read, attorney, congressman, signed Declaration and Constitution (only 1 of 6), helped frame Bill of Rights, Chief Justice Delaware 1793-1798

1733-1804, Rev. Joseph Priestly, Clergyman, scientist, knew several languages, for French Revolution, moved to America

1733-1806, Richard Law, attorney, congressman, U.S. District Judge by George Washington, mayor of New London

Mason1733-1810, Benjamin Lincoln, farmer, soldier, congressman, Major-General, handed General Cornwallis� sword at his surrender at Battle of Yorktown, member of Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others 1794-1810

1733-1816, Samuel Johnson, attorney, congressman, helped frame Bill of Rights, first trustee of Univ. of North Carolina

1734-1802, Robert Aitken, publisher Pennsylvania Magazine

1734-1808, Peter Sylvester, attorney, congressman, county judge, regent for Univ. of New York, helped Bill of Rights

1734-1811, Sephen Moylan, soldier, businessman, became General George Washington�s aide, Brigadier General

Mason1734-1817, Thomas McKean, attorney, congressman, signed Declaration, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, governor of Delaware 1777 and Pennsylvania 1799-1808

1734-1820, Daniel Boone, frontiersman, hunter, served with George Washington,

1735-1803, James Beattie, author, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Marischal College, author of Nature and Immutability of Truth refuting David Hume�s work, which �pleased numerous of the Founding Fathers, particularly Benjamin Rush (1770)� (OI, 377).

Mason1735-1818, Paul Revere, merchant, soldier, made famous midnight ride to warn patriots in Lexington and Concord of British attack and for Hancock and Adams to flee, made first official seal for the Colonies, made state seal for Massachusetts, made gunpowder, copper balls, first metal plating for frigates, the old ironsides, wore uniforms of the Revolution every day until his death

Mason1735-1826, John Adams, attorney, 2nd U.S. President; Mason St. John�s No. 1, Portsmouth, NH

Mason1736-1799, Patrick Henry, attorney, Secretary of State by George Washington, congressman, probably a Freemason.[74]

1736-1800, Benjamin Huntington, attorney, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights

Mason1737-1789, Ethan Allen, soldier, author, Colonel by George Washington, Major-General; Mason thought to have received Windsor, VT, July 7, 1777, but may not, while brother was a member of Vermont Lodge No. 1

1737-1789, Silas Deane, attorney, minister to France, lost faith in America and accused of being a traitor for letters seeking reconciliation with England

Mason1737-1791, Francis Hopkinson, attorney, congressman, first president of American Philosophical Society 1769, �author of the first purely American hymn book, setting the Psalms to music� (OI, 395)

Mason1737-1793, John Hancock, soldier, first signer of Declaration, Major-General of Massachusetts Militia

1737-1798, Jacob Duch�, Clergyman, Anglican, authored political sermons, asked for recall of Declaration, branded traitor, fled to Britain, later allowed to return

1737-1805, John Pickering, attorney, congressman, appointed U.S. Judge by George Washington

Mason1737-1809, Thomas Paine, soldier, congressman, published Common Sense (1776), most widely read call for independence, Rights of Man (1787), and deistic Age of Reason which brought much criticism

1737-1832, Charles Carroll, farmer, signed Declaration, helped with Bill of Rights, longest lived of signers of Declaration

Mason1738-1789, Thomas Nelson, Jr., congressman, soldier, signed Declaration, commander-in-chief of State forces in Virginia 1777-1781, Governor of Virginia 1781 shortly and resigned

1738-1796, Nathaniel Gorham, merchant, congressman, signed Constitution

1738-1816, Samuel Holton, physician, congressman

Mason1738-1824, Rufus Putnam, congressman, soldier, est. first settlement in Northwest Territory, Marietta, OH, appointed Judge in NW Territory by George Washington, known as Father of Ohio

1739-1800, John Rutledge, attorney, congressman, educated by clergyman father, signed Constitution, Supreme Court by George Washington 1789-1791, Chief Justice South Carolina, suffered periods of insanity ended his career

Mason 1739-1812,George Clinton, sailor, soldier, attorney, president of ratification convention of the Constitution, known as �Father of New York� (OI, 383), VP of U.S. 1805-1812, Brigadier General of American Revolution 1777, member of Warren Lodge No. 17, NYC, served as master 1800, represented lodge at Grand Steward�s Lodge on May 28, 1800, referred to as Past Master and honorary member of Courtland Lodge No. 34; many lodges were chartered as Clinton in New York

1740-1799, William Paca, attorney, congressman, signed Declaration, Governor of Maryland 1782-1785, appointed U.S. Judge by Pres. George Washington 1789-1799

1740-1821, Elias Boudinot, attorney, author, converted to Christianity during Great Awakening, signer of Declaration, first president of American Bible Society 1816-21, member New Jersey Bible Society 1818, published �A Star in the West(1816) in which he attempted to prove that the American Indians were the ten lost tribes of Israel� (OI, 379)

Mason1741-1785, Joseph Reed, attorney, congressman, soldier, Washington�s military secretary, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, said British offered

Mason1741-1801, Benedict Arnold, soldier, druggist, bookseller; hero at Battle of Saratoga, turned traitor in plan to turn over West Point to British; Mason Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven�CT; but May 16, 1781, Solomon Lodge No. 1, Poughkeepsie, NY, took him off for being a traitor

1741-1811, Samuel Chase, attorney, signed Declaration, appointed to Supreme Court by George Washington

1741-1811, Thomas FitzSimons, soldier, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights, founder of insurance company, trustee Univ. of Pennsylvania

Mason1741-1819, John Langdon, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights, signed Constitution

1741-1821, William Farley, author, congressman

1742-1786, Nathanael Green, soldier, tutored in Latin and geometry, was Quaker until expelled, Brigadier-, Major-, than Quarter-Master General

Mason1742-1790, William Hooper, attorney, signer of Declaration, congressman

Mason1742-1798, James Wilson, attorney, educator, congressman, signed Declaration and Constitution (1 of 6), Supreme Court by George Washington 1789-1798, first Professor of Law in the College of Philadelphia 1790 and Univ. of Pennsylvania 1791, with Thomas McKean co-authored America�s first commentaries on Constitution 1792

Mason1742-1812, Jonathan Bayard Smith, congressman, soldier, trustee Princeton and Univ. of Pennsylvania, member American Philosophical Society

1743-1787, Thomas Stone, attorney, congressman, initially opposed Declaration because he hated war, but signed Declaration, helped craft Articles of Confederation 1778,

1743-1802, John Lowell, attorney, soldier, congressman, U.S. Federal Judge 1789-1802

1743-1811, Francis Dana, attorney, a �Son of Liberty� (OI, 384), member of Society for Propagating of the Gospel Among Indians and others 1787-1810

**Mason?**1743-1826, Thomas Jefferson, attorney, congressman, principle author of Declaration of Independence, author of Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, 3rd U.S. President, helped found Univ. of Virginia 1819, known as Father of Univ. of Virginia

1744-1808, James Sullivan, attorney, congressman, helped with 11th amendment, member of Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others, principal founder of Massachusetts Historical Society

Mason1744-1814, Elbridge Gerry, merchant, congressman, signer of Declaration

1744-1818, Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams

1744-1826, Luther Martin, attorney, congressman, refused to sign Constitution because it did not end slavery

1744-1826, Rev. James Hall, Clergyman, soldier, active in American Bible Society

Mason1745-1790, David Brearly, attorney, arrested for treason by Great Britain, Chief Justice Supreme Court of New Jersey 1779, one of compiles of Episcopal Prayer book 1786; Mason first Grand Master of Masons of New Jersey from 1986 until death

1745-1799, William Dawes, merchant, tanner, one of famous midnight riders who road with Paul Revere 1775, who warned John Hancock and John Adams in time to save them

Mason1745-1803, John Barry, sailor, soldier; Mason Lodge #2, Philadelphia, PA, 10-12-1795

Mason1745-1806, William Paterson, attorney, congressman, founded literary society called Well-Meaning Society, signed Constitution, helped with Bill of Rights, appointed to Supreme Court by G. Washington 1793-1806

Mason 1745-1807,Oliver Ellsworth, congressman, to Supreme Court by George Washington, became Chief Justice, while a student at Princeton became charter member of St. John�s Lodge at Princeton, NJ, 12-27-1765, studied theology then went into law, member of Constitutional Convention 1787, �it was through his insistence that the words �national government� were removed from the draft and �government of the United States� substituted.�[75]

Mason1745-1813, Benjamin Rush, physician, educator, congressman, signed Declaration, Surgeon General of Continental Army 1777-1778, on of principal co-authors of Pennsylvania constitution 1789-1790, Treasurer of U.S. Mint under Pres. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, founder of Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery 1774, known as �Father of American Medicine� (OI, 419)[76]

1745-1815, Richard Bassett, attorney, congressman

1745-1819, Caleb Strong, attorney, congressman, signed Constitution, VP American Bible Society

1745-1823, John Treadwell, attorney, congressman, Lt. Gov. Connecticut 1798-1809, Governor 1809-1811

Mason1745-1829, John Jay, attorney, congressman, author first manual on military discipline 1777, with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison author of Federalist Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court by George Washington, VP of American Bible Society 1816-1821 and president 1816-1821, member of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions[77]

1745-1829, Timothy Pickering, attorney, soldier, congressman, Postmaster General under President George Washington, Secretary of State under Pres. John Adams

1746-1788, William Churchill Houston, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Princeton 1771, soldier, congressman

1746-1799, Increase Sumner, attorney, educator, congressman, Governor of Massachusetts 1797-1799, sworn in for third term on death bed

Mason1746-1807, Rev. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, Clergyman, soldier, congressman, Lutheran pasturing in Woodstock, VA, Major-General, helped frame Bill of Rights

1746-1825, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, attorney, congressman, Brigadier General, signed Constitution, a founder of South Carolina College 1801, first president of Charleston Bible Society 1810-1825, VP of American Bible Society 1816-1825

Mason1747-1812, Gunning Bedford, Jr., attorney, soldier, appointed by U.S. Federal Judge by President George Washington; Mason Washington Lodge No. 14 raised Sept. 11, 1782 (now Delaware Lodge No. 1) and also served as master of the lodge

Mason1748-1779, Count & General Casimir Pulaski, soldier, Brigadier General of Calvary, helped save Charleston, corner stone of grave in Savannah laid by Lafayette 1824

1748-1782, Martha Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson, her second husband, died early after six children

1748-1808, Jonathan Mitchell Sewell, attorney, poet, orator, authored ballad �War and Washington� which became popular in Continental Army 1776, authored 3 odes sung to President Washington when he visited Portsmouth, New Hampshire 1789, authored �A Verification of President Washington�s Excellent Farewell Address� 1798, pronounced a eulogy after Washington�s death in December 1799

1748-1828, William Few, attorney, original trustee for Univ. of Georgia 1785, inspector of state prisons, president of Manhattan Bank 1804-1814

1749-1800, William Blount, congressman, conspirator to use British, Indians, and frontiersmen to take Florida and Louisiana from Spain in 1797, later became president of Tennessee

1749-1806, Rev. Matthias Burnet, Clergyman, pastor of Congregational church in Norwalk, CT

1749-1815, David Ramsey, congressman, physician, author, History of the Revolution South Carolina 1785, History of the American Revolution 1789, Life of Washington 1807, History of the United States published posthumously 1816-1817

1749-1822, Jared Ingersoll, congressman, judge

Mason1750-1801, Rev. Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, Clergyman, pastor of Christ German Lutheran congregation in New York 1773-1776, original speaker of U.S. House of Representatives 1789-1797 where he helped frame Bill of Rights

Mason1750-1818, Thomas Posey, congressman, soldier, Brigadier General, VP American Bible Society

1750-1825, William Gray, merchant, soldier, congressman, VP American Bible Society

1750-1826, Isaac Shelby, congressman, soldier, moved a lot, helped General Andrew Jackson with treaty with Chickasaw Indians, VP American Bible Society

1750-1827, William Phillips, congressman, member of several Gospel societies, including VP for American Bible Society 1820-1827

Mason1750-1831, Stephen Girard, sailor, underwrote 3 million dollars to capitalize State Bank of United States, became �sheet anchor� of government credit

1751-1799, James Iredell, attorney, appointed by George Washington to Supreme Court 1790-1799

Mason1751-1824, Rev. William Rogers, Clergyman, educator, chaplain�of Pennsylvania rifle regiment, militia, and legislature, Professor of Oratory and English Literature at College of Philadelphia 1789-1792, VP of Religious Historical Society of Philadelphia 1819

Mason 1751-1829,Henry Dearborn, physician, soldier, congressman, at Valley Forge, Major-General, Secretary of War under Thomas Jefferson, became a member on March 3, 1774, but was not made a master Mason until April 7, 1777 (a lot was happening between those years), was a visitor at American Union Lodge of CT, April 7, 1779, and several of his sons were named after his Mason friends

Mason1751-1836, James Madison, congressman, signed Constitution, with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay author of the Federalist Papers, 2 terms as U.S. President 1809-1817[78]

Mason1752-1810, Jacob Broom, farmer, businessman, prepared maps for General George Washington prior to Battle of Brandywine 1777, drew the map for Washington, signed Constitution, Christian Ferry Lodge No. 14, and was secretary and treasurer and junior warden

1752-1816, Gouverneur Morris, attorney, congressman, soldier, signer of Constitution, most active of Constitutional Convention speaking 173 times known as �the penman of the Constitution� (OI, 409)

Mason1752-1825, John Brooks, physician, soldier, president of Middlesex County Bible Society, Governor of Massachusetts 1816, re-elected 7 years in a row, friend of Washington, Washington Lodge No. 10

1752-1830, John Davenport, attorney, soldier, congressman

1752-1844, Gabiel Duvall, attorney, soldier, Comptroller under Pres. Thomas Jefferson, to Supreme Court by Pres. James Madison 1811-1835

Mason1753-1813, Edmund Randolph, attorney, congressman, voice in Bill of Rights, first Attorney General of U.S. by Pres. George Washington, Secretary of State under Pres. George Washington

Mason1753-1816, James McHenry, physician, soldier, congressman, military secretary to George Washington, Secretary of War under Pres. George Washington and John Adams, founder and president of Baltimore Bible Society 1813

1753-1822, William Jones, merchant, soldier, congressman, Governor Rhode Island 1811-1817, president of Rhode Island Bible Society, VP American Bible Society

Mason1753-1823, Joseph Bloomfield, attorney, educated at Rev. Enoch Green�s Classical Academy, Captain in New Jersey, personally carried Declaration of Independence�to Fort Stanwix in 1776, member of New Jersey Bible Society, made Brigadier-General by President James Madison; Mason Bristol Lodge No. 25, Bristol, PA, served as master 1782; affiliated with Trenton Lodge No. 5, Trenton, NJ, in 1790, grand master of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey�1789-80

1753-1834, Jonas Galusha, soldier, Governor of Vermont, member of Baptist Church, VP American Bible Society

Mason1754-1807, Abraham Baldwin, Minister, Professor of Divinity at Yale, chaplain�in Revolutionary Army 1777-83, �Father of University of Georgia� (OI, 375)Affiliate of American Revolutionary Lodge�

Mason1754-1812, Joel Barlow, Minister, author, poet, epic poem The Vision of Columbus 1807; President of Bank of Washington; Mason St. John�s Lodge No. 4, Hartford, CT, �admitted� probably affiliate, Jan. 9, 1788

1754-1837, John Hamilton, soldier, Major-General, congressman

1754-1841, Joseph Nourse, soldier, congressman, VP American Bible Society

1755-1795, William Gradford, Theologian, attorney, soldier, Attorney General of Pennsylvania, made U.S. Attorney by President George Washington in 1794

Mason1755-1827, Rufus King, attorney, soldier, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights, minister to Great Britain by Pres. George Washington and later by Pres. John Quincy Adams, manager of American Bible Society

Mason1755-1835, John Marshall, attorney, soldier, congressman, Secretary of State under Pres. John Adams, appointed Chief Justice to Supreme Court by Pres. John Adams, his unorthodox ruling in 1803 Marbury v. Madison made him principal founder of judicial review, VP American Bible Society, officer of American Sunday School Union

Mason1756-1818, Henry Lee, soldier, became part of first Continental Dragoons 1777, Lt. Colonel, pronounces George Washington as �first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen� (OI, 403), father of Robert E. Lee

1756-1827, William Tilgham, congressman, loyalist, appointed by Pres. John Adams as �midnight judge� (OI, 425), trustee Univ. of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Pennsylvania, VP American Bible Society, last ten years of his life refused to wear any clothes not made in U.S.

1756-1831, Andrew Kirkpatrick, attorney, believer in capital punishment and whipping post, VP New Jersey Bible Society 1810, trustee of Princeton Theological Seminary, VP American Bible Society 1818-1831

Mason1757-1804, Alexander Hamilton, attorney, soldier, with James Madison and John Jay author of Federalist Papers, aid to George Washington, Major-General, called Aaron Burr dangerous and was killed by Burr in duel 1804[79]

1757-1832, Robert Troup, attorney, congressman, judge, helped found Geneva (now Hobart) College 1822, VP American Bible Society

Mason1757-1834, Marquies de Lafayett, Captain in French dragoons 1774, joined Continental Army in America 1777 as Major-General without pay, longtime friend of George Washington, helped get France�s support, played role in French Revolution, returned for final tour of America at request of Pres. James Monroe 1824; was a lifetime member of the American Sunday School Union, known as �Hero of two worlds� and �America�s Marquis� (OI, 401)

1758-1799, Rev. Chandler Robbins, Clergyman, pastor of church in Plymouth 1759-1799, 1795 church had 2,500 members and was believed to be largest in Massachusetts

Mason1758-1802, John Vining, attorney, congressman, helped Bill of Rights

Mason1758-1802, Richard Dobbs Spaight, congressman, soldier, signed Constitution

1758-1803, James T. Callender, wrote History of the United States (1796), tried for sedition, accused Jefferson of dishonesty, cowardice, and immorality

1758-1808, Fisher Ames, congressman, �chosen by the Legislature of Massachusetts to deliver the oration at the death of George Washington (1800)� and �considered one of America�s premier and most elegant orators� (OI, 375) and declined presidency of Harvard

Mason1758-1831, James Monroe, attorney, soldier, congressman, Secretary of State under Pres. James Madison, 5th U.S. President for 2 terms 1816-1925

1758-1843, Noah Webster, attorney, educator, congressman, published Grammatical Institute of the English Language, America�s first speller 1783-1785, began copyright campaign, visited with Ben Franklin in Philadelphia for 10 months on Americanization of spelling and wrote_Dissertations on the English Language_ 1789 and The American Dictionary of the English Language 1828, helped found Amherst College

1759-1823, Zephaniah Swift, attorney, congressman, author, first American legal text System of Laws in Connecticut, member of Abolition Society 1795, Chief Justice Connecticut 1806-1819,

1759-1842, Jeremiah Smith, attorney, soldier, congressman, Chief Justice New Hampshire

Mason 1760-1824, Jonathan Dayton, attorney, soldier, Captain in Continental Army 1776-83, congressman, probably member of Temple Lodge No. 1, was present at Grand Lodge of New Jersey�on Dec. 30, 1788

1760-1831, Richard Allen, Clergyman, est. Free African Society, 1787, helped �frame Bill of Rights� and ordained a deacon in an independent Black Methodist church which he helped found (1799), considered the founder and first Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) donomination

B. Founding Era � 1760-1805 � Men 16 Years Old+ by 1789

24 with 8 Freemasons, for 33% � Men Born 1761+ & Before 1774: 16 Years Old+ by 1789

1761-1816, Samuel Dexter, attorney, congressman, member of Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others

1762-1829, Bushrod Washington, attorney, soldier, congressman, nephew of George Washington, signed Declaration, Supreme Court by Pres. John Adams, executer of Washington�s will and inherited Mt. Vernon, supervised John Marshall�s Life of George Washington, VP American Bible Society, one of original VP�s of American Sunday School Union

1762-1830, William Giles, attorney, governor of Virginia

1762-1848, Rev. Ashbel Green, Clergyman, soldier, minister at Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia 1787-1812, chaplain�of Congress 1792-1800, wrote historic declaration against slavery, author of plan for Princeton Theological Seminary

1763-1816, George Madison, soldier, congressman, Governor of Kentucky, VP American Bible Society

1763-1837, Rev. Abiel Holmes, Clergyman, Congregationalist, pastor of First Church in Cambridge 1792-1829, historian Annals of America from the Discovery of Columbus in the Year 1492 to the Year 1826, first extensive attempt at a history, father of Oliver Wendell Holmes

1763-1847, James Kent, attorney, congressman, known as the �Father of American Jurisprudence� (OI, 399) along with Justice Joseph Story

Mason 1761-1811,William Eaton, soldier, Capt. in U.S. Army, Consul to Tunis by President John Adams, Naval Agent to Barbary States by President Thomas Jefferson, elected to Massachusetts legislature 1807, made a Freemason in North Star Lodge, Manchester, VT, 1792, wrote a eulogy for George Washington, the last verse concludes, �Approving Heaven, with fostering hand, Gave Masons triumph through this land; And firmly to secure our craft, From bigot rage and envy�s shaft, Sent a Grand Master, Freedom�s son, The God-like patriot, Washington!�[80]

1765-1834, Charles Goldsborough, attorney, congressman, VP American Bible Society 1819-1834

Mason1765-1845, John Cotton Smith, attorney, congressman, Justice Supreme Court Connecticut, first president of Connecticut Bible Society, VP American Bible Society 1816-1831 and president 1831-1845, member American Board of Foreign Missions 1826-1845

1766-1835, James Brown, attorney, diplomat, ministry to France by President James Monroe (1823-29), VP American Bible Society

Mason1767-1845, Andrew Jackson, attorney, congressman, 17th U.S. President

1767-1848, John Quincy Adams, attorney, known as �Old Man Eloquent� for defense of antislavery cause and �the Hell-Hound of Slavery� for intense opposition of slavery, 6th U.S. President (OI, 374)

1768-1843, Smith Thompson, attorney, congressman, Chief Justice New York, Supreme Court by Pres. James Monroe and opposed Chief Justice John Marshall on many issues, VP American Bible Society 1816-1830

Mason 1769-1828,Dewitt Clinton, attorney, Governor of N.Y., 1817-21, 1825-28; manager and VP American Bible Society (1816-27), raised a master Mason in Holland Lodge No. 16�(now No. 8) Sept. 3, 1790, serving as master in 1793, then grand master of Masons of the Grand Lodge of New York�1806-1819, knighted in the Holland Lodge May 17, 1792, served grand commander of Knights Templar of NY from 1814-1828

1771-1834, William Johnson, attorney, appointed to Supreme Court by Thomas Jefferson

1772-1820, James Berrill, Jr., attorney, congressman

Mason1772-1834, William Wirt, attorney, author, congressman, U.S. Attorney by Pres. James Madison, prosecutor in Aaron Burr conspiracy trail, best known as author of Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry 1818, U.S. Attorney General by Pres. James Monroe 1817-1829, was the presidential candidate for the Anti-Mason Party 1832, early manager of American Sunday School Union, VP American Bible Society

Mason1772-1849, Rev. David Lawrence Morril,Clergyman, studied medicine, pastor of Presbyterian Church of Goffstown 1802-1811, VP American Bible Society 1821-1830, manager in American Sunday School Union

1772-1853, Charles Caldwell, physician, author, �first introducer of true medical science into the Mississippi Valley� (OI, 381)

Mason1773-1827, Thomas Worthington, congressman, Governor, VP American Bible Society 1816-1827

1773-1833, John Randolph of Roanoke, congressman, diplomat, descendent of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, minister to Russian by Pres. Andrew Jackson 1830

Mason1774-1825, Daniel Tompkins, congressman, judge, Secretary of State under Pres. James Madison 1814, VP under Pres. James Monroe

1774-1844, Rev. Abner Kneeland, Clergyman, Universalist, congressman, translated N.T., liberal, pastor of Second Universalist Society 1827, expounded pantheism in Boston Investigator 1831, tried and convicted of both libel and blasphemy

C. Founding Era � 1760-1805 �Younger than 16 Years Old by 1789

10 with 4 Freemasons, for 40% � Men Born 1775, Not Founders But Children at Founding, Younger than 16 Years Old by 1789

1775-1850, circa, William Marbury, JP of D.C. under President John Adams; sued James Madison in 1803 Marbury v. Madison which jurists claim validated principle of judicial review

1776-1861, Walter Jones, attorney, Brigadier-General

Mason1777-1840, Felix Grundy, attorney, congressman

1778-1844, William Gaston, attorney, congressman, VP American Bible Society

1779-1843, Francis Scott Key, attorney, author of National Anthem, �The Star-Spangled Banner�, manager and VP for American Sunday School Union from inception to his death 1791-1843, and VP of American Bible Society

Mason1779-1845, Joseph Story, attorney, congressman, �grew up being strongly instructed in the principles of American liberty since his father was one of �Indians� in the Boston Tea Party (1773)� (OI, 423), delivered eulogy on death of Washington 1800, Supreme Court by Pres. James Madison 1811-1845, considered founder of Harvard Law School, Professor of Law 1829-1845, �considered one of the most prolific judicial writers� (OI, 424), in 34 years on Supreme Court authored 286 with 269 being majority opinions, with Chancellor James Kent considered �Father of American Jurisprudence� (OI, 424)

1780-1842, Rev. William Ellery Channing, Clergyman, Unitarian, opponent of slavery, Federal Street Church, Boston (1803-42), opposed to Calvinism

Mason1782-1852, Daniel Webster, attorney, congressman, Secretary of State 1841-1843, 1850-1852

1787-1850, Rev. William Cogswell, Clergyman, trustee of Andover Theological Seminary (1837)

Mason1788-1857, Albion Parris, attorney, congressman, Governor Maine 1821-1826, second comptroller of U.S. Treasury 1836-1850

D. Founding Era � 1760-1805 �NOT Founders or New Residents

5 � 16 Years Old & Older in 1776 � But NOT Founders, NOT New American Residents

1711-1776, David Hume, Scottish philosopher, soldier, many theories harshly criticized by founding Fathers, author of A Treatise on Human Nature (1739)

1723-1780, Sir William Blackstone, attorney, famous his 4-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England, �probably more respected in America than in Great Britain and they became the premier legal work used by the Founders� (OI, 377)

1735-1794, Beccaria (Cesare Beccaria-Bonesana), attorney, educated Jesuit college at Parma, reformer of Italy�s judicial code

1738-1816, Rev. Bishop Richard Watson, Clergyman, England, educator, scientist, author, Professor of Chemistry 1764, Professor of the Regius Chair of Divinity 1771 Trinity College, answered Gibbon�s attack on Christianity in Gibbon�s Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire 1776, was one of two opponents Gibbons respected, authored Apology for the Bible against Thomas Paine�s work 1796, opposed to war with America and denounced slave trade

1738-1820, King George III, King of Great Britain during American Revolution

E. Outside Founding Era � Born Before 1760

0095-0046, B.C., Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato), Roman Philosopher, fought with Spartacus, became Tribune 67 B.C.

0350-0430, B.C., Plutarch, Greek philosopher who studied under Aristotle and Plato, believed reason basis of all consciousness, �pure intelligence of God� (OI, 414), author of Morals

1100-1155, Gratian, Clergyman, theologian, order of St. Benedict, his Harmony of Conflicting Canons also known as Gratian�s Decrees �was at the time thought by Popes and Bishops to be the most important book on church law; is considered the �Father of Canon Law�� (OI, 392)

1320-1384, John Wycliffe, Clergyman, master of Balliol College, England, �discovered that a relationship with God could be obtained without help of a priest or sacraments� (OI, 432), taught Scriptures were supreme authority, Rome pronounced him heretic, first person to try to translate Bible into English, after death full translation of Latin Vulgate into English 1388, followers became Lollards with John Huss spread Wycliffe teachings to nearly a national religion, known as �The Morning Star of the Reformation� (OI, 433) and Luther quoted from him a lot

1373-1415, John Huss, Clergyman, Catholic Priest, Bohemian reformer, study of Scripture

1451-1506, Christopher Columbus, 1492 sailed to America

1483-1546, Rev. Martin Luther, Clergyman, responsible for the Protestant Reformation

1490-1536, William Tyndale, Clergyman, theologian, trans. N.T., completed octavo edition 1526, author of Parable of the Wicked Mammon and Obedience of a Christian Man two main principles of the English Reformation and argued for supremacy of Scriptures

1533-1592, Michel de Montaigne, attorney, congressman, in France

1550-1650, circa, Puritans, sought strict religious life, purify Church of England

1552-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh, England, sailor, explorer, given 40,000 acres in Ireland, first settlers on Roanoke Island 1585, of second trip, Virginia Dare was born, becoming first English child born on American continent, eventually est. Jamestown, first permanent est. on continent

1553-1600, Rev. Richard Hooker, Clergyman, theologian, political philosopher, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity and considered the �Father of Anglicanism� (OI, 395)

1579-1633, Father Andrew White, Clergyman, English mission field, exiled to France, entered Society of Jesus (1605-1609), Professor of Theology, wrote famous Declaration Coloniae which provided purposes of colonies and terms of settlers, known as �The Apostle of Maryland� (OI, 430)

1583-1645, Hugo Grotius, Clergyman, attorney, one of the founders of international law, with publication of On the Law of War and Peace 1625

1588-1649, John Winthrop, attorney, congressman, �first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony because he wanted to establish a Bible Commonwealth free from the �corruption� of the Church of England� 1629-1634, 1637-1640, 1642-1644, 1646-1649, (OI, 431), est. first Church in Boston, wrote History of New England

1603-1684, Roger Williams, Clergyman, emigrated to Purity Colony 1624, non-conformist and extreme separatist, insisted on complete repudiation of Church of England, pastored Plymouth 1632-1633, Salem in defiance of General Court 1634, convicted of spreading �dangerous opinions� 1635 (OI, 430), founded Providence and Colony of Rhode Island on basis of complete religious toleration 1636, founded first Baptist church in America 1639, got patent on Rhode Island from England 1643, 1st President of Rhode Island 1654-1657

1605-1675, Cecilius Calvert, charter for Maryland, granting him �rights of a feudal sovereign� but never visited

1620-1700, Pilgrims, means wanderer, typically Congregational in belief, �spiritual form of church government they embraced was closer to that of a republic than that of a monarchy or oligarchy� (OI, 413-414)

1632-1694, Samuel de Puffendorf, Clergyman, Sweden, Lutheran, congressman, political philosopher, published complete system of universal law 1660, Eight Books on the Law of Nature and Nations 1672 and summary On the Duty of Man and Citizen 1673, became historian for Swedish King 1677

1632-1704, John Locke, Clergyman, political philosopher, Theologian, author, Letter Concerning Toleration (1689), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1693), and The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)�not necessarily clergy

1637-1715, Charles Calvert, 2nd proprietor of Maryland

1644-1718, William Penn, Clergyman, congressman, est. government of and became Governor of Pennsylvania, �holy experiment� (OI, 412)

1658-1743, Rev. James Blair, Clergyman, Episcopal, missionary to Virginia, helped found and became president of William and Mary College (1692)

1688-1747, Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, Clergyman, pastor of Congregational church at Elizabethtoown, NJ, 40 years, first president of College of New Jersey, later Princeton

1689-1755, Charles Louis Secondat Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu, political philosopher in France, author The Spirit of Laws (1748), his theory of three distinct forms of government, �the separation of powers,� and �checks and balances� became part of American constitutional philosophy

1689-1781, Farfaxes, William, George, Sarrah Cary Fairfax, landowner, President of Council on Virginia

1703-1758, Rev. Jonathan Edwards, Clergyman, Congregationalist, leader of Great Awakening, president of Princeton

F. Outside Founding Era � Born After 1773, Children <16 Years 1789

1791-1873, Peter Vroom, attorney, congressman, judge, Governor of New Jersey 1829, 1831, 1833-1836, Chief Justice New Jersey 1853, VP American Bible Society, VP American Colonization Society, member of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

Mason1792-1875, Charles Finney, Clergyman, Mason then anti-Mason, attorney, 1821 religious experience, revivals spread through New York, New England, 1824-1834, weekly New York Evangelist, president of Oberlin College, abolitionist and anti-Mason, yet had received degrees in Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32, Warren, CT, 1816, served as secretary pro tem at 2-24-1820, discharged at his own request on 5-6-1824 when he received his license to as a minister by St. Lawrence Presbytery; he even published anti-Masonic newspaper The Christian Cynosure with David Blanchard and Bishop David Edwards in formation of National Christian Association 1868 whose purpose was to oppose all secret societies, and this grew into the American Party in 1872 which was short lived; dissension and jealousies in ranks made movement die

1795-1858, Dred Scott, slave on Virginia plantation of Captain Peter Blow, passed to several owners, wealthy sons of Blow filled suits in Missouri State courts to free Scott, Supreme Court ruled could not free him while in another state, later emancipated by Taylor Blow

1801-1841, Napoleon Achille Murat, congressman, accompanied Lafayette on final tour of America 1824, alderman of Tallahassee 1824 and mayor in 1825

1802-1876, Harriet Martineau, England, deaf, author, Society in America from visit 1834-1836

1803-1882, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Clergyman, Unitarian, Second Unitarian Church Bonston 1829, abolitionists, formed Transcendental Club 1836, �leading figure in removing all vestiges of Christianity from Unitarianism by the introduction of mysticism and transcendentalism into that movement� (OI, 388)

1805-1859, Alexis Henri Charles Maurice Clerel Comte de Tocqueville, French observer of America, wrote De la D�mocratie en Am�erique (Democracy in America) and �wrote first book of reasoned politics on democratic government in America and concluded that equality of condition was the foundation of American democracy and was amazed that without violence America had been transformed from what was essentially aristocratic rule to a more extended suffrage� (OI, 426)

1809-1865, Abraham Lincoln, attorney, 16th U.S. President

1809-1894, Robert Winthrop, attorney, congressman, member of Massachusetts Historical Society 1839-1894

1823-1896, Charles Carleton Coffin, author, congressman

1826-1906, Christopher Columbus Langdell, attorney, Dane Professor of Law at Harvard Law School 1870-1895, originator of case-law method of study from Darwin�s thesis of evolution as applied to law, where decisions by judges become standard of law rather than literal wording of the Constitution

Mason1831-1881, James A. Garfield, Clergyman, attorney, Christian Church, Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature in Hiram College, Ohio 1856, president 1857-1861, congressman, Civil War Brigadier-General, 12th President of U.S.

1831-1900, William Wirt Henry, attorney, congressman, compiler of work of Patrick Henry

Mason1833-1899, Robert Ingersol, attorney, soldier, congressman, known as �The Great Agnostic� (OI, 397), for following Darwinism and humanistic rationalism

1841-1932, Oliver Wendell Holmes, attorney, appointed Supreme Court by Theodore Roosevelt 1902-1932

1856-1941, Louis Brandis, attorney, to Supreme Courty by President Woodrow Wilson

1862-1948, Charles Evans Hughes, congressman, Governor of New York 1906-1910, appointed Chief Justice Supreme Court by Pres. Herbert Hoover

1870 - 1938, Benjamin Cardozo, attorney, Supreme Court by Pres. Herbert Hoover, judicial positivism

Mason1870-1964, Roscoe Pound, attorney, legal scholar, dean of Harvard Divinity 1899-1903, helped Taiwan judicial system, legal positivist, shared with Learned Hand reputation of being nation�s leading jurist outside of the U.S. Supreme Court

1874-1948, Charles Beard, and wife Mary (1876-1958), historians, political scientists, authors, including History of the United States (1921) and Rise of American Civilization (1942)

1874-1950, William E. Woodward, author, VP and director of several banks, New American History, considered by many to be blatant revisionist

1878-1949, James Truslow Adams, historian

1882-1965, Felix Frankferter, attorney, Professor of Law Harvard 1914, founder of ACLU 1920, advisor to FDR, appointed to Supreme Court 1939-1962

1891-1974, Earl Warren, attorney, first to win both Democratic and Republican nomination for Governor 1946, Supreme Court by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952, Chief Justice 1953-1969, chairman of investigation of assassination of President Kennedy, liberal to extreme on civil liberties, helping to reshape Constitution into evolving document, involved in Court �assault on public religious expressions� (OI, 428)

Mason1892-1954, Robert Houghwout Jackson, attorney, appointed by FDR to general counsel to Bureau of Internal Revenue 1934, Attorney General under FDR, appointed to International Military Tribunal for N�rmberg Trials by Pres. Harry S. Truman 1945

1898-1980, William Orville Douglas, attorney, author, appointed by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt to Supreme Court and stayed longer than any in history (1939-1975), wrote Almanac of Liberty 1954

1900-1989, Claude Pepper, attorney, congressman, sponsored bill that halted mandatory retirement for most Federal employees

1906-1990, circa, William Brennan, attorney, Supreme Court by President Dwight Eisenhower 1956-1990, �believed that the Constitution�s meaning should evolve to fit the changing standards of society; he struck down school prayer, upheld flag desecration, and upheld abortion� (OI, 380)

1907-1995, Warren Burger, attorney, to Supreme Court by Richard Nixon, moderate, controversial on abortion, affirmative action, separation of church and state

1908-1993, Thurgood Marshall, attorney, first African American to Supreme Court by Pres. Lyndon Johnson 1967-1992, liberal, affirmed right to have obscene material, opposed death penalty

1913-2000, circa, George Smathers, attorney, soldier, congressman

1915-1985, Potter Stewart, attorney, sailor, congressman, Supreme Court by Pres. Dwight De. Eisenhower 1958-1981, swing vote, moderate and at times liberal

1917-2000, circa, Byron White, attorney, sailor, congressman, was �Whizzer� for abilities as a running back, Supreme Court by Pres. John F. Kennedy

1920-2000, circa, John Paul Steven, attorney, sailor, Seventh Circuit by Pres. Gerald Ford, Supreme Court 1975, liberal and conservative on issues

1924-2005, William Rehnquist, attorney, Supreme Court by Pres. Richard Nixon 1972, to Chief Justice by Pres. Ronald Regan 1986, considered conservative and Court�s best historical scholars

1936-2000, Anthony Mcloed Kennedy, attorney, appointed Supreme Court by Pres. Ronald Regan

1936-2005, circa, Antonin Scalia, attorney, Supreme Court by Pres. Ronald Regan 1986, conservative

1948-2005, circa, Clarence Thomas, attorney, Supreme Court by Pres. George Bush 1991, approved by smallest margin in over 100 years, conservative on all issues upholding original intent

G. Clergymen = 48 in Barton

48 � 15 Before 1776; 28 >16 Years Old in 1776; 5 <16 Years Old in 1789

1320-1384, John Wycliffe, Clergyman, master of Balliol College, England, �discovered that a relationship with God could be obtained without help of a priest or sacraments� (OI, 432), taught Scriptures were supreme authority, Rome pronounced him heretic, first person to try to translate Bible into English, after death full translation of Latin Vulgate into English 1388, followers became Lollards with John Huss spread Wycliffe teachings to nearly a national religion, known as �The Morning Star of the Reformation� (OI, 433) and Luther quoted from him a lot

1373-1415, John Huss, Clergyman, Catholic Priest, Bohemian reformer, study of Scripture

1483-1546, Rev. Martin Luther, Clergyman, responsible for the Protestant Reformation

1553-1600, Rev. Richard Hooker, Clergyman, theologian, political philosopher, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity and considered the �Father of Anglicanism� (OI, 395)

1583-1645, Hugo Grotius, Clergyman, attorney, one of the founders of international law, with publication of On the Law of War and Peace 1625

1603-1684, Roger Williams, Clergyman, emigrated to Purity Colony 1624, non-conformist and extreme separatist, insisted on complete repudiation of Church of England, pastored Plymouth 1632-1633, Salem in defiance of General Court 1634, convicted of spreading �dangerous opinions� 1635 (OI, 430), founded Providence and Colony of Rhode Island on basis of complete religious toleration 1636, founded first Baptist church in America 1639, obtained patent on Rhode Island from England 1643, first President of Rhode Island 1654-1657

1644-1718, William Penn, Clergyman, congressman, est. government of and became Governor of Pennsylvania, �holy experiment� (OI, 412)

1658-1743, Rev. James Blair, Clergyman, Episcopal, missionary to Virginia, helped found and became president of William and Mary College (1692)

1688-1747, Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, Clergyman, pastor of Congregational church at Elizabethtoown, NJ, 40 years, first president of College of New Jersey, later Princeton

1703-1758, Rev. Jonathan Edwards, Clergyman, Congregationalist, leader of Great Awakening, president of Princeton

> 16 in 1776 � 4 of 28 Clergy Freemasons, for 14%--------------------

1710-1785, Rev. Jonathan Trumbull, Clergyman, businessman, judge, congressman, minister church in Colshester, CT, Governor Connecticut 1769-1784, only Colonial Governor who served from start to finish of American Revolution, �probably contributed more to the Revolution in the way of arms, munitions, supplies, men, etc., than any other Governor; was a close counsel of General Washington throughout the War� (OI, 427)

1711-1779, Eleazer Wheelock, Clergyman, popular preacher in Great Awakening, educated Indians, est. Dartmouth 1770 and remained president until death

1715-1757, Rev. Aaron Burr, Clergyman, Presbyterian and college president, called to First Church of Newark, involved in revivals of Great Awakening 1746

1715-1766, Rev. Samuel Farley, Clergyman, taught Benjamin Rush, president of Princeton 1761-1766

1716-1778, Phillip Livingston, merchant, congressman, signed Declaration, president of the New York Provincial Convention

1720-1766, Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, Clergyman, pastor of West Church, Boston 1747, preached Christianity on Scriptures and not Calvinism, defender of civil liberty, including on sermon after repeal of Stamp Act titled The Snare Broken 1766, well thought of by patriots including John Adams

1723-1761, Rev. Samuel Davies, Clergyman, influential in Great Awakening, Presbyterian, President of Princeton after friend, Jonathan Edwards

1723-1794, John Whitherspoon, Clergyman, congressman, Presbyterian, Calvinist churchman, President of Princeton 1768-1776, signed Declaration, author of theological work

1724-1790, Rev. Lyman Hall, Clergyman, physician, congressman, signer of Declaration

1725-1783, Rev. Samuel Cooper, Clergyman, pastor of puritan Brattle Square Church in Boston 1747, declined presidency of Harvard 1774, British often ordered his arrest for advocating American Independence, �close friend of Adams, Franklin, and other patriots� (OI, 385)

1731-1814, Rev. Robert Treat Paine, Clergyman, attorney, congressman, judge of Massachusetts Supreme Court

1733-1804, Rev. Joseph Priestly, Clergyman, scientist, knew several languages, for French Revolution, moved to America

1737-1798, Jacob Duch�, Clergyman, Anglican, authored political sermons, asked for recall of Declaration, branded traitor, fled to Britain, later allowed to return

1744-1826, Rev. James Hall, Clergyman, soldier, active in American Bible Society

Mason, 1746-1807, Rev. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, Clergyman, soldier, congressman, Lutheran pasturing in Woodstock, VA, Major-General, helped frame Bill of Rights

1749-1806, Rev. Matthias Burnet, Clergyman, pastor of Congregational church in Norwalk, CT

Mason, 1750-1801, Rev. Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, Clergyman, pastor of Christ German Lutheran congregation in New York 1773-1776, original speaker of U.S. House of Representatives 1789-1797 where he helped frame Bill of Rights

Mason, 1751-1824, Rev. William Rogers, Clergyman, educator, chaplain�of Pennsylvania rifle regiment, militia, and legislature, Professor of Oratory and English Literature at College of Philadelphia 1789-1792, VP of Religious Historical Society of Philadelphia 1819

1754-1807, Abraham Baldwin, Clergyman, Professor of Divinity at Yale, chaplain�in Revolutionary Army 1777-83, �Father of University of Georgia� (OI, 375)

1754-1812, Joel Barlow, Clergyman, author, poet, President of Bank of Washington

1755-1795, William Gradford, Clergyman, Theologian, attorney, soldier, Attorney General of Pennsylvania, made U.S. Attorney by President George Washington in 1794

1758-1799, Rev. Chandler Robbins, Clergyman, pastor of church in Plymouth 1759-1799, 1795 church had 2,500 members and was believed to be largest in Massachusetts

1762-1848, Rev. Ashbel Green, Clergyman, soldier, minister at Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia 1787-1812, chaplain�of Congress 1792-1800, wrote historic declaration against slavery, author of plan for Princeton Theological Seminary

1763-1837, Rev. Abiel Holmes, Clergyman, Congregationalist, pastor of First Church in Cambridge 1792-1829, historian Annals of America from the Discovery of Columbus in the Year 1492 to the Year 1826, first extensive attempt at a history, father of Oliver Wendell Holmes

Mason, 1772-1849, Rev. David Lawrence Morril,Clergyman, studied medicine, pastor of Presbyterian Church of Goffstown 1802-1811, VP American Bible Society 1821-1830, manager in American Sunday School Union

1774-1844, Rev. Abner Kneeland, Clergyman, Universalist, congressman, translated N.T., liberal, pastor of Second Universalist Society 1827, expounded pantheism in _Boston Investigator_1831, tried and convicted of both libel and blasphemy

< 16 in 1789 � 2 of 5 Freemasons for 40%-------------------

1780-1842, Rev. William Ellery Channing, Clergyman, Unitarian, opponent of slavery, Federal Street Church, Boston (1803-42), opposed to Calvinism

1787-1850, Rev. William Cogswell, Clergyman, trustee of Andover Theological Seminary (1837)

Mason, 1792-1875, Charles Finney,Clergyman, attorney, 1821 religious experience, revivals spread through New York, New England, 1824-1834, weekly New York Evangelist, president of Oberlin College, abolitionist and anti-Mason

1803-1882, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Clergyman, Unitarian, Second Unitarian Church Bonston 1829, abolitionists, formed Transcendental Club 1836, �leading figure in removing all vestiges of Christianity from Unitarianism by the introduction of mysticism and transcendentalism into that movement� (OI, 388)

Mason, 1831-1881, James A. Garfield,Clergyman, attorney, Christian Church, Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature in Hiram College, Ohio 1856, president 1857-1861, congressman, Civil War Brigadier-General, 12th President of U.S.

H. Tim LaHaye�s 54 Founding Fathers

As mentioned above, LaHaye�s top two were Freemasons George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, followed by Freemasons James Madison, Roger Sherman, and Alexander Hamilton, and non-Masons Gouverneur Morris and George Mason. Five out of LeHaye�s top seven were Freemasons, or 71%�remarkable. Then LeHaye give three more lists: two lists of 16 and one of 15�for 47�that gives us 54 significant Founding Fathers in LaHaye (47 + 5 + 2 = 54). Of the 54, 14 or 26% are unique to LaHaye (u=unique), and 19 of the 54 were Freemasons, for 35%; that means of the 54 Founding Fathers in LeHaye, 24 or 44% were Freemasons.

16 [81]

Mason 1754-1807, Abraham Baldwin, Congregationalist, army chaplain, lawyer, congressman

1745-1815, Richard Bassett, Methodist, lawyer, captain in Revolution, Governor

Mason 1747-1812, Gunning Bedford, Presbyterian, lawyer, state attorney general, member Continental Congress

Mason u1732-1800, John Blair, Episcopalian, leader in Revolution, Supreme Court Justice

Mason 1745-1790, David Brearly, Episcopalian, lawyer, colonel in Revolution, Chief Justice

Mason 1752-1810, Jacob Broom, Lutheran, surveyor, banker, developed Delaware

1732-1803, John Dickinson, Quaker, Episcopalian, lawyer, congressman, helped draft articles of confederation

1727-1819, William Samuel Johnson, Anglican Clergyman, first president of King�s College NY, great grandson of Robert Johnson who immigrated to America in 1638 to assist in founding godly commonwealth at New Haven

Mason 1755-1827, Rufus King, Episcopalian, lawyer, congressman

Mason 1741-1819, John Langdon, Congregationalist, congressman

1723-1790, William Livingston, Presbyterian, lawyer, Brigadier General, Governor NJ, congressman

Mason 1753-1816, James McHenry, Presbyterian, physician, soldier, congressman, directed est. of West Point

Mason 1745-1806, William Paterson, Presbyterian, congressman, Supreme Court justice

1746-1825, Charles Cotsworth Pinckney, Episcopalian, statesman, lawyer, congressman, minister to France

1733-1798, George Read, Episcopalian, lawyer, judge, signer of Declaration, congressman

u1735-1819, Hugh Williamson, Presbyterian Clergyman, physician, scientist, Continental Congress, congressman

16 [82]

1749-1800, William Blount, Presbyterian, planter, congressman, signed Constitution

u1744-1824, Pierce Butler, Episcopalian, wealthy planter, congressman, signed Constitution

1730-1796, Daniel Carrol, Catholic, planter, congressman, committee to define Washington, D.C., signed Constitution

u1739-1813, George Clymer, Quaker, Episcopalian, banker, signer of Declaration too, signed Constitution

Mason 1760-1824, Jonathan Dayton, Episcopalian, lawyer, congressman, signed Constitution

1741-1811, William Few, Methodist, farmer, lawyer, banker, congressman, signed Constitution

Mason u1755-1814, Nicholas Gilman, Congregationalist, captain in Revolution, congressman, signed Constitution

1748-1796, Nathaniel Gorham, Congregationalist, helped write Constitution, financier, signed Constitution

1749-1822, Jared Ingersoll, Presbyterian, lawyer, signed Constitution

1723-1790, Daniel Jenifer, Episcopalian, congressman, signed Constitution

u1744-1800, Thomas Mifflin, Quaker, Episcopalian, soldier in Revolution, Governor Pennsylvania, congressman, signed Constitution

1734-1806, Robert Morris, Episcopalian, financier of Revolution, signed Articles of Confederation, Declaration, Constitution, signed Constitution

u1757-1824, Charles Pinckney III, Episcopalian, planter, lawyer, Governor SC, congressman, signed Constitution

1737-1800, John Rutledge, Episcopalian, lawyer, state attorney general, chief justice of SC, U.S. Supreme Court, signed Constitution

Mason 1758-1802, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Episcopalian, planter, congressman, signed Constitution

Mason 1742-1798, James Wilson, Episcopalian-Deist, lawyer, Supreme Court, signed Constitution

15 [83]

u1756-1820, William Richardson Davie, Presbyterian, lawyer, planter, founder Univ. NC, minister to France, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

Mason 1745-1807, Oliver Ellsworth, Congregationalist, lawyer, judge, congressman, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

Mason 1744-1814, Eldridge Gerry, Episcopalian, signed Declaration, Articles Confederation, Governor MA, VP U.S., member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

u1746-1788, William Churchill Houston, Presbyterian, lawyer, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

Mason u1757-1813, William Houstoun, Episcopalian, planter, lawyer, congressman, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

u1754-1829, John Lansing, Dutch Reformed, lawyer, mayor of Albany NY, Chief Justice NY, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

Mason 1740-1807, Alexander Martin, Episcopalian, lawyer, planter, congressman 35 years, Governor NC, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

1748-1826, Luther Martin, Episcopalian, lawyer, attorney general, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

u1746-1823, James McClung, physician, banker, religion not known but appointment arranged by Washington and Patrick Henry, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

u1759-1821, John Francis Mercer, Episcopalian, lawyer, Governor MD, congressman, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

Mason 1740-1789, William Pierce, Episcopalian, merchant, author of only character sketches of 55 constitutional delegates, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

Mason 1753-1813, Edmund Jennings Randolph, Episcopalian, lawyer, Mayor of Williamsburg, Governor of Continental Congress, first U.S. Attorney General, Secretary of State, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

1745-1819, Caleb Strong, Congregationalist, lawyer, congressman, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

1726-1806, George Wythe, Episcopalian, judge, law professor, congressman, signed Declaration, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

u1738-1801, Robert Yates, Dutch Reformed, lawyer, leader Revolution in NY, Chief Justice NY, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution

I. 33 Freemason Generals in Continental Army

Top most military rank and date promoted, all Continental Army unless noted.[84]

1732-1799, George Washington, Commander in Chief, 1st President
1718-1790, Israel Putnam, one of first Major Generals, 1775, and only one to serve throughout the war.
1738-1775, Richard Montgomery, Brigadier General 1775 whose promotion to Major General did not reach him before was killed at Quebec on 12-31-1775.
1740-1795, John Sullivan, Major General 1776, Attorney General and then Governor of NH.
1741-1801, Benedict Arnold, Major General 1777, deserted 1780.
1736-1818, Arthur St. Clair, Major General and Commander U.S. Army 1791.
1733-1810, Benjamin Lincoln, Major General 1777, Secretary of War 1781.
1757-1834, Marquis de LaFayette, Major General 1777.
1730-1794, Baron Von Steuben, Major General and Inspector General 1778.
1737-1789, Samuel Holden Parson, Major General 1780.
1750-1806, Henry Knox, Major General 1782, Commander and Chief of Army 1783, Secretary of War 1785-1794.
1711-1777, David Wooster, Major General 1775 CT, Brigadier General Continental 1775.
1712-1794, Joseph Frye, Major General MA militia 1775, Brigadier General Continental 1776.
1736-1781, William Thompson, Brigadier General 1776.
1725-1777, Hugh Mercer, Brigadier General 1776.
1727-1815, John Nixon, Brigadier General 1776.
1733-1812, James Clinton, Brigadier General 1776.
1733-1796, William Maxwell, Brigadier General 1776.
1732-1797, John Glover, Brigadier General 1777, whose men took Washington across the Delaware on that eventful Christmas night in 1776 and whose men took Washington�s men off Long Island after a defeat.
1744-1808, John Paterson, Brevet Major General 1783.
1748-1789, James Mitchell Varnum, Brigadier General 1777, Major General RI militia.
1734-1780, William Woodford, Brigadier General 1777.
1746-1807, John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, Major General 1783.
1734-1793, George Weedon, Brigadier General 1777.
1744-1802, Edward Hand, Brigadier General 1777, Adjutant General 1781, Brevet Major General 1783, Major General 1798.
1728-1822, John Stark, Brigadier General 1777.
1733-1785, Jethro Sumner, Brigadier General 1779.
17??-1781, James Hogun, Major General GA militia 1776, Brigadier General Continental 1779.
1742-1792, Mordeci Gist, Brigadier General 1779.
1749-1794, Otho Holland Williams, Brigadier General 1782.
1741-1783, John Greaton, Brigadier General 1783.
1738-1824, Rufus Putnam, Brigadier General 1783.
1737-1807, Elias Dayton, Brigadier General 1783.

J. 85 More Freemason Founding Fathers Not in Barton or LeHaye

NOTE: we could have included many more; I just got tired�a few are above too.[85]

Mason 1703-1773, John Entick, Clergyman, Church of England and school master, remembered for his edition of Book of Constitutions 1756 of Freemasonry, omitting marred versions of Anderson�s second edition of 1738; he was grand steward in 1755 and junior grand warden in 1758; his Latin dictionary was used for many years in schools.
Mason 1711-1794, Joseph Frye, General in Revolutionary War, was a colonel when Montcalm captured Fort William Henry in 1757, appointed major general by Mass. Provincial congress in June of 1775, made Brigadier General by Continental Congress on 1-10-1776, was a member of Massachusetts Lodge and was general secretary.
Mason 1714-1786, Charles Humphreys, member Continental Congress 1774-1776, Quaker who opposed war, voted for Declaration of Independence, member Provincial Congress 1764-1774.
Mason 1718-1790, Israel Putnam, Lt. Colonel at Lexington Alarm, April 1775, first of four Major General appointed 1775 and only one to serve throughout war.
Mason 1721-1775, Peyton Randolph, member first Continental Congress & first president of congress, King�s attorney in VA 1748, speaker of House of Bergesses 1766 and member 1764-1775.
Mason 1722-1725, Samuel Fraunces, revolutionary tavernkeeper and patriot, a West Indian Negro who kept Fraunces Tavern in New York City 1762-65 and 1770-89, and from 1789-94 was household steward to George Washington, member of the Holland Lodge No. 8, New York�City.
Mason 1723-1781, Cornelius Harnett, Town Commissioner, New Hanover, Chairman Sons of Liberty NC, member Continental Congress 1777-1780, governor of NC, hailed as �Samuel Adams of North Carolina,� captured by British in NC 1781 and died as prisoner.[86]
Mason 1725-1777, Hugh Mercer, studied medicine Marichall College, Aberdeen, to Philadelphia 1747 to practice medicine, Brigadier General Continental Army 1776, died from wounds at Princeton.
Mason 1727-1815, John Nixon, helped in siege of Louisbourg 1745, Capt. provincial troups under General Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, Capt. Minute Men at Lexington, April 19, 1775, Brigadier General Continental Army 1776, member of Congregational Church for many years.
Mason 1727-1795, Daniel Roberdeau, entered America early age, settled Philadelphia, member Continental Congress 1777-1779, Brigadier General PN militia and first of his rank, manager of Philadelphia Hospital.
Mason 1728-1822, John Stark, Colonel NH 1775, Brevet Major General 1783.
Mason 1728-1806, Horatio Gates, Major General of Continental Army in American Revolution, in 1772 took up land at invitation of Washington and settled down in Virginia, when Revolution broke out made Brigadier General in July 1775 and next year Major General, remained loyal to Washington in spite of association with Benedict Arnold, probably member of Lodge at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, where active lodges were between 1738-1755; on 12-18-1778 the Grand Lodge of MA invited him and other Masons to dine and feast for St. John�s Day.
Mason 1729-1797, Edmund Burke, British statesman favoring cause of colonies, Protestant Father and Catholic Mother, high position in Whigs, advocated abolition of slavery, thought to be a member of Jerusalem Lodge No. 44, Clerkenwell, London, sometimes called �Burke�s Lodge�; he championed John Wilkes when imprisoned for libel and wrote pamphlet in defense and members of Jerusalem Lodge went to the prison and made Wilkes a Mason in King�s Bench Prison on March 3, 1769.[87]
Mason 1729-1813, William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, last royal Governor of NJ under the British, uncertain as to which Lodge, he was a member of either St. John�s No. 1 or the Tun Tavern Lodge, he was grand secretary of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania�1755, was with his father when he visited the Grand Lodge of England.
Mason 1730-1790, Jethro Sumner, Brig. Gen. Revolution, 1760 paymaster for provincial troops in NC, Royal White Hart Lodge No. 2, Helifax.
Mason 1730-1730, Joseph Hewes, member first & second Continental Congresses, 1774-77, 1779, prominent legislator, member of �Committee on the Marine and was in effect first Secretary of Navy.�[88]
Mason 17??-1781, James Hogun, Major GA militia, Brigadier General Continental Army, taken prisoner at Charleston and died prisoner, member assemble in Halifax
Mason 1730-1791, William Bernet, member of Constitutional Convention in 1776, pioneer physician, when Grand Lodge of New Jersey�was charted Nova Caesarea Lodge No. 10, Cincittati, on Sept. 8, 1791, he was named its first master.
Mason 1730-1797, Thomas Chittenden, first Governor of Vermont, member of Vermont Lodge (now Windsor No. 18), was charter master of Dorchester Lodge of Vergennes, chartered in 1791 by the Grand Lodge of Canada, now No. 1 under the Grand Lodge of Vermont.
Mason 1730-1785, William Whipple, sailor in slave trade, but abandoned it and liberated his slaves, member of second Continental Congress, 1775-1776 & 1778, Brigadier General NH militia, member Provincial Congress Exeter 1775, member state assembly 1780-1784, financial Receiver for NH 1782-1784.
Mason 1732-1800, John Blair, delegate to Constitutional Convention 1787, one of first associate justices of Supreme Court, chief justice Virginia.
Mason 1732-1797, John Glover, Brigadier General Continental Army, took Washington men across Delware that eventful Christmas night in 1776, congressman in House.
Mason 1733-1812, James Clinton, served in French and Indian War, Brigadier General in Continental Army, Brevet Major General 1783, father of DeWitt Clinton who became Governor of NY and Grand Master of Masons in NY.
Mason 1733-1798, William Maxwell, French and Indian War, Brigadier General Continental Army 1776, served with Army at Valley Forge winter 1777-1778, no likeness of him found.
Mason 1733-1785, Jethro Sumner, Brigadier General Continental Army 1779, President of NC Society of Cincinnati.[89]
Mason 1733-1816, Samuel Johnston, Gov. of NC, congressman, Royal Edwin Lodge No. 5, Unanimity Lodge No. 7, first Grand Master of Grand Lodge of NC, 1787-92.
Mason 1734-1780, William Woodford, Brigadier General Continental Army 1777, wounded at Brandywine, marched troops 500 miles in 28 days to Charleston, died in captivity 1780; related to Washington by marriage and �one of the Commander in Chief�s most trusted and confidential generals.�[90]
Mason 1734-1824, William Fleming, American patriot and jurist, member of Virginia conventions 1775-76, Continental Conventions 1779-81, lodge not known, but attended sessions of Grand Lodge of Virginia�Oct. 1791.
Mason 1734-1793, George Weedon, Lt. Colonel VA, Brigadier General Continental Army 1777, one of original member Society of Cincinnati & president 1783 & 1786.
Mason 1735-1799, Joseph Cilley, first Major General of New Hampshire militia, made master Mason on June 15, 1775, in St. John�s Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, NH.
Mason 1736-1781, William Thompson, Brig. Gen. Revolution, helped raise first troops on demand of Continental Congress, relieved Gen. Charles Lee of command in NY, made Mason in Philadelphia Lodge No. 2�with two other generals.
Mason 1736-1818, Arthur St. Clair, studied medicine at Univ. Edinburgh under John Hunter, came to America 1759, Colonel in PN militia, Major General and Commander of US Army, member Continental Congress 1785-1787 & presiden 1787
Mason 1737-1818, Jonas Fay, American patriot, with two member of Vermont Lodge No. 18�(Ira Allen and Thomas Chittenden) led the fight that est. Vermont as the 14th state, made Freemason in Master�s Lodge No. 5, Albany, NY, member of convention in Jan. 1777 that made Vermont a state.
Mason 17??-1799, John Fitzgerald, Lt. Colonel and Aide-de-Camp to Washington, close friend of Washington, mayor of Alexandria, VA, helped found Catholic church there.
Mason 1737-1807, Elias Dayton, Brigadier General, Continental Army, trustee of Presbyterian Church in Elizabethtown, congressman in NJ legislature.
Mason 1737-1789, Samuel Holden Parsons, King�s attorney 1773, Colonel at Lexington Alarm, April 1775, Major General 1780, president of CT Society of Cincinnati 1784.
Mason 1738-1775, Richard Montgomery, British officer in Halifax 1757, became Brigadier General Continental Army 1775, member of first Provincial Convention, NY, 1775.
Mason 1738-1779, Edward Biddle, pre-revolutionary leader, member Continental Congress 1774-75, 1778, 1779, member state assembly 1767-1775, Speaker 1774.
Mason 1738-1810, John Frost, Brigadier General in American Revolution, was Lt. Colonel at siege of Boston, won several engagements, member of St. Andrews Lodge, Boston, MA.
Mason 1740-1879, John Sullivan, Major General in Revolution, Gov. NH, first Grand Master of Grand Lodge of�NH, POW, Master of St. John�s Lodge.
Mason 1741-1783, John Greaton, Brigadier General Continental Army.
Mason 1741-1780, William Palfrey, Major & Aide-de-Camp to General Lee and to Washington, Paymaster General 1776, appointed US Consul to France 1780, sailed and lost at sea.
Mason 1741-1804, George Walton, lawyer Savannah, member second Continental Congress 1776-1781, US Senator 1795, twice governor of GA, first judge of Superior Courts of Eastern Judicial district
Mason 1742-1814, Simon Spalding, soldier, general in PA militia, capt. in Revolution, Rural Amith Lodge No. 179.
Mason 1743-1788, Samuel Elbert, Revolutionary Brigadier General, Governor of Georgia, last grand master of Georgia to be appointed by the United Grand Lodge of England, 1774 appointed Capt. grenadier company, Lt. Colonel in 1776, member of Solomon Lodge No. 1, Savannah.
Mason 1743-1798, John Fitch, inventor of steam boat, Lodge No. 25 of Bristol, PA, 1-4-1785.
Mason 1744-1809, John Walker, Lt. Colonel & Aide-de-Camp for Washington, appointed Senator to fill after death of William Grayson.
Mason 1744-1802, Edward Hand, Major General of United States, appointed by Washington Ispector of Revenue District PN, Lay Deputry of Diocesan Convention of Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, President of PN Society of the Cincinnati, 1799.
Mason 1744-1808, John Paterson, Yale lawyer, Colonel in MA regiment, Brevet Major General 1783, practiced law in Lenox, MA, after war, member NY state legislature, State Constitutional Convention 1801, monument in Lenox to him.
Mason 1745-1799, William Dawes, merchant, tanner, one of famous midnight riders who road with Paul Revere 1775, who warned John Hancock and John Adams in time to save them; known to be a Mason, but not proof.
Mason 1745-1806, William Paterson, emigrated to colonies 1747, elected delegate to 1787 Continental Congress but could not serve as he was attorney general NJ, US Senate 1789, resigned to become governor of NJ, Assoc. Justice to US Supreme Court 1793 to death.
Mason 1747-1806, Richard Cary, Lt. Colonel and Aide-de-Camp to Washington; Washington said he �was the greatest gentleman in the American Army.�[91]
Mason 1748-1789, James Mitchell Varnum, lawyer, colonel RI regiment, Major General RI Militia, President of RI Society of Cincinnati 1786.
Mason 1749-1794, Otho Holland Williams, Major in Stephenson�s Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, Brigadier General Continental Army 1782, appointed Collector of Customs at Baltimore, president of MD Society of Cincinnati 1792.
Mason 1749-1831, Isaiah Thomas, patriot and printer, publisher of Massachusetts Spy, published attacks on British, joined Paul Revere, was first printer to use music type, published Farmer�s Museum, Printed most of the Bibles and school books used in the country, not known where made a Mason, but became Master of Trinity Lodge of Lancaster�MA, founding member of Morning Star Lodge of Worcester�MA, was Senior Grand Warden of Grand Lodge of MA, and Grand Master of Grand Lodge MA 1803-05, and help lay cornerstone for Bunker Hill Monument with Lafayette in a procession that was more than a mile long, with 5,000 dining together for this occasion.
Mason 1750-1806, Henry Knox, Major General 1782, Comander in Chief of Army 1783, first Secretary of War, first secretary-general of Society of the Cincinnati 1783-1799 & VP 1805.
Mason 1752-1818, George Rogers Clark, famous Brigadier General in American Revolution, received approval of Governor Patrick Henry for expedition into territory now known as Illinois, older brother of William Clark of famed Lewis and Clark expedition (also a Mason), his leg was amputated, Abraham Lodge No. 8, Louisville, buried with Masonic funeral.
Mason 1752-1825, John Brooks, Governor MA, re-elected 7 years in succession, American Union Lodge�and Washington Lodge No. 10.
Mason 1752-1818, David Humphreys, Lt. Colonel & Aide-de-Camp to Washington, negotiated treaties, first US minster to Portugal, then minister to Spain 1796, became horse breeder
Mason 1753-1799, Henry Tazell, Senator VA, delegate to Constitutional Convention 1775-1776, Father senator and Gov. VA, Williamsburg Lodge No. 6.
Mason 1754-1848, Henry Burbeck, founder of West Point, senior warden of St. John�s Provincial Grand Lodge in Boston�and signed warrant for American Union Lodge, at battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and wintered at Valley Forge, commanded the troops that took over New York from British on Nov. 25, 1783; in 1792 est. school that would become West Point, and when Corp of Engineers was created in 1801 he was its first chief.
Mason 1755-1843, Ebenezer Mattoon, Officer in Revolution, Major General in War of 1812, congressman, Pacific Lodge, Amherst, MA, master 1818-1819.
Mason 1755-1814, Nicholas Gilman, member Continental Congress 1786-1788, member of first four congresses, presidential elector 1793 & 1797, US senator NH.
Mason 1756-1743, Hodijah Baylies, Lt. Colonel and Aide-de-Camp to Washington
Mason 1757-1796, Josep P. E. Capelle, surgeon in American Revolution, came to America with Count Rochambeau, later served with Lafayette as staff surgeon, one of incorporators of Delaware State Medical School, raised master Mason on Lodge No. 14 at Wilmington on Aug. 21, 1783, and served as master in 1786 and again in 1792, treasure from 1788-1791, on Aug.,6, 1789, one of the first group of Delaware Masons to receive Royal Arch Degree.
Mason 1757-1806, James Jackson, Brigadier General 1788, Governor of GA, killed Lt. Gov. Wells in duel, Solomons Lodge No. 1.
Mason 1759-1796, Robert Burns, Scottish national poet, considered a poetic genius, member St. David�s Lodge No. 174, raised Oct. 1, 1781, member of several other Lodges, and wrote several Masonic poems, including �Farewell to the Brethren of St. James Lodge, Tarbolton� and �The Freemasons� Apron�.
Mason 1759-1820, Josiah Bartlett, physician, grand master of the Grand Lodge of MA, member of Union Lodge at Danbury, CT (now No. 40), April 13, 1780, raised on May 2, 1780, charter member of King Solomon�s Lodge, Charleston, MA, Sept. 1783; Bartlett followed Paul Revere as Grand Master of MA 1798, 1799, 1810.
Mason 1759-1841, Jonathan Gage, ship builder who sloop Polly was stolen by British, congressman in Massachusetts, master of St. Peter�s Lodge in Newburyport�in 1791, help organize the General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, in 1798 was first grand treasure of Grand Chapter in Massachusetts.
Mason 1760-1823, Jesse Franklin, Governor and U.S. Senator from NC, 12-23-1793, became a member of Liberty Lodge No. 45, Wilkesborough, NC.
Mason 1762-1832, Samuel Strong, General in War 1812, raised troops and hastened to relief of garrison at Plattsburg, NY, received formal thanks from VT and NY, Dorchester Lodge No. 1, Vergennes.
Mason 1762-18??, Elisha Cullen Dick, one of three doctors who attend George Washington in his last illness, made a Mason in Lodge No. 2, Philadelphia�in 1779, one of the organizers of Alexander Lodge No. 39, VA (later Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22), and senior warden 1783, master of Lodge 22 in 1793 at the laying of the cornerstone of the U.S. Capitol.
Mason 1764-1812, Jaun Jose Castelli, Argentine patriot, lawyer, and politician of indomitable courage, member of Lautaro Lodge.
Mason 1765-1826, Thomas Todd, Justice U. S. Supreme Court, 1807-1826, part of KY statehood, Lodge No. 24 of VA, became charter member of Lexington Lodge No. 1, Lexington, KY.
Mason 1769-1841, Martin Chittenden, son of Thomas Chittenden, Governor of Vermont 1813-1814, graduate of Dartmouth 1789, member of Washington Lodge No. 7, Burlington, VT, one of petitioners for new Lodge named Chittenden at Williston, VT, in honor of his father.
Mason 1770-1838, William Clark of famed Lewis and Clark expedition to Northwest Territory by appointed from President Jefferson in 1804, younger brother of George Rogers Clark, made superintendent of Indian affairs by President Monroe at St. Louis and kept position until death in 1838; member of St. Louis Lodge No. 111�under Pennsylvania charter, and buried with Masonic honors.
Mason 1773-1828, John Geddes, Governor of SC 1818-20, congressman, Brigadier General, past master of St. John�s Lodge No. 13, Charleston, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of South Carolina�in 1826.
Mason 1774-1834, Rufus Easton, first postmaster West of the Mississippi River, first attorney general of MO, entered through Roman Lodge No. 82�of NY and helped organize Western Star Lodge No. 107, Kaskaskia, IL, when St. Louis Lodge No. 111�was organized he was a charter member.
Mason 1774-1860, Littleton W. Tazewell, Gov. VA, congressman, son of Henry Tazewell, Naphtali Lodge No. 56.
Mason 1777-1849, Edmund P. Gaines, Major General in War of 1812, arrested Aaron Burr, member of Phoenix Lodge No. 8, Fayetteville, NC.
Mason 1781-1842, Newton Cannon, Governor of TN, 1735-1839, congressman, Cumberland Lodge No. 8�and was present when Grand Lodge of Tennessee�was called in 1825.
Mason 1782-1867, Henry Dodge, General and Indian fighter, U.S. Senator then Governor of Wisconsin, 12-6-1806 initiated into Western Star Lodge 107, Kaskaskia, IL, later affliated with Louisiana Lodge No. 109�(Missouri�s first Lodge) at St. Genevieve, MO, served as master three years, installing office at institution of Unity Lodge No. 6, Jackson, MO.
Mason 1784-1854, William P. Duval, Governor of Territory of Florida 1822-1834 by President Monroe, served in War of 1812, raised 8-13-1804 in Washington Lodge No. 6, Bardstown, KY, served senior warden in 1816.
Mason 1795-1858, John P. Gaines, Governor of Oregon Territory 1850-53, congressman, member of Multnomah Lodge No. 1, Oregon City, OR.
Mason 1800-1836, James W. Fannin, Texas patriot and pioneer, Capt. of Texas forces, 1835 defeated larger Mexican army near Bexar, General Houston made him colonel then inspector general, executed by General Santa Anna with 357 other 3-27-1836, was senior deacon to Holland Lodge No. 36, LA, when it was organized, later to become Holland No. 1�of Texas.

Obviously, something is amiss in the anti-Mason histories, even unpatriotically malicious.

[1] See www.preciousheart.net for more: Michael G. Maness, Would You Lie to Save a Life: the Quest for God�s Will This Side of Heaven: a Theology on the Ethics of Love (2005).

[2] On �character�: Webster�s Ninth Collegiate New Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 1989), on the feature/s of the individual person, �a: one of the attributes or features that make up and distinguish the individual; a feature used to separate distinguishable things � b (1): a feature used to separate distinguishable things into categories; also : a group or king so separated � (2) the detectable expression of the action of a gene or group of genes (3): the aggregate of distinctive qualities characteristic of a breed, strain, or type � c: the complex of mental and ethical traits marking and often individualizing a person, group, or nation � d: main or essential nature esp. as strongly marked and serving to distinguish.� See also,Webster�s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, 2nd Ed. (Collins World, 1975): �5. a distinctive trait, quality, or attribute. 6. essential quality; nature; kind or sort. 7. an individual�s pattern of behavior or personality; moral constitution. 8. moral strength; self-discipline, fortitude, etc. 9. reputation. 10. good reputation; as, left without a shred of character. 11. a description of the traits or qualities of a person or type; character sketch. 12. a statement about the behavior, qualities, etc. of a person; recommendation.�

[4] Isabel Briggs Myers, et al, MBTI Manual : a Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 3rd ed. (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1998; 420p.).

[5] David Keirsey, Please Understand Me �II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence, (Prometheus Nemesis, 1998; 350p.; 1978): http://keirsey.com/pumII.html. Keirsey said Hippocrates�told of four temperaments easily recognized as schizoform and cycloform: Sanguine (cheerful, optimistic), Choleric (easily angered, often unreasonably), Phlegmatic (slow, stolid), and Melancholic (depressed, sad) (McKinnon, 1944; Roback, 1927).

[6] Excerpt http://keirsey.com/pumII.html. David Keirsey, Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence, (Prometheus Nemesis, 1998; 350p.).

[7] See www.sigmaassessmentsystems.com/sfpq.htm. Other personality measures include: the BPI (Basic Personality Inventory), CAB (Coolidge Assessment Battery), CPS (Carlson Psychological Survey), JPI-R (Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised), LDR (Leadership Development Report), NEO-FFI (NEO Five Factor), NEO-PI-R (NEO Personality Inventory-Revised), OSI-R (Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised), PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory), PRF (Personality Research Form), PSI (Personality Screening Inventory), PT (Psicologico Texto), RADS-2 (Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-2), SRES (Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale), STAXI-2 (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2), SIQ (Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire), and SWS (Survey of Work Styles).

[8] See www.pearsonassessments.com tests/tjta.htm. The T-JTA asks 180 questions measuring nine continuums: Nervous / Composed, Depressive / Light-Hearted, Active-Social / Quiet, Expressive-Responsive / Inhibited, Sympathetic / Indifferent, Subjective / Objective, Dominant / Submissive, Hostile / Tolerant, Self-Disciplined / Impulsive. Other tests include the 16PF, Bender-Gestalt II, BHI (Battery for Health Improvement), CAARS (Conner�s Adult ADHD Rating Scale), GZTS (Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey), MCMI-III (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III), MIPS (Millon Index of Personality Styles), MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2), Rorschach, TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), VMI (Beery VMI�or the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration).

[9] From 1 Corinthians 12 with Romans 12 adding 14-18. No matter what you believe about the gifts of healing, miracles, tongues (and to a lesser degree prophecy), most of the other gifts are readily accepted as active today. Compare Bill Bright, The Holy Spirit (Campus Crusade, 1980): 221.

[10] Taken from Col. 3:12-17; Phil. 2:2-3; Eph. 4:2-3, 32; Gal. 5:22-23; Rom. 14:17, 15:4-5; and 2 Cor. 6:4-10; and charted by Glen H. Stassen�and David P. Gushee, Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context (InterVarsity, 2003): 50.

[11] Matthew 5:3-10: see Stassen and Gushee, Kingdom Ethics (InterVarsity, 2003): 32-54.

[12] Christopher Peterson�and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.): 47. On the four cardinal virtues, the parenthetical is from Kenneth E. Kirk, �Cardinal Virtues� in Boulton, Kennedy, Verhey�s From Christ to the World: Introductory Readings in Christian Ethics (Eerdmans, 1994): 240, �Through the medium of Cicero�s �_De Officiis_� St. Ambrose�first of all, and then his successors, drew from Plato�and Aristotle�that Greek classification which has always gone by the name of the cardinal virtues�prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. But Christian theology did not adopt them in any slavish spirit of imitation. It reinterpreted them and filled them with a Christian content.� Referencing Kirk�s Some Principles of Moral Theology (Longman, Greeen, 1920) and for Thomas Aquinas� view between the cardinal and minor virtues, see W. H. V. Reade, The Moral System of Dante�s Inferno (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909; 445 p.).

[13] See www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/apikefr.html, Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma (1871): chapter 1.

[14] William J. Bennett, The Book of Virtues �(NY: Simon & Schuster, 1993).

[15] See http://billgothard.com/discipleship/49commands.php. Bill Gothard�s first Basic Youth Conflicts Seminar was taught in 1965 as a course at Wheaton College. In 1971, a third of a million youth and adults attended the seminar. To date, over 2.5 million people have gone through the thirty-two-hour course. The 49 virtues are referenced to commands as follows, for a few: 1. Repent (Mt 4:17), 2. Follow Me (Mt 4:19), 3. Rejoice (Mt 5:12), 4. Let Your Light Shine (Mt 5:16), 5. Honor God�s Law (Mt 5:17�18), 6. Be Reconciled (Mt 5:24�25), etc.

[16] Bill Bright, The Holy Spirit: the Key to Supernatural Living (San Bernardino, CA: Campus Crusade for Christ International, 1980; 279). With chapter 17 being �Love: God�s Greatest Gift,� Bright brings out the 8 virtues of Love in the successive chapters (18-25). Bright made famous the �Four Spiritual Laws� (God Loves you, man is sinful and separated, Jesus Christ the only provision, and must receive Jesus), the �Spirit-filled Life� is a life with Christ on the throne bring all areas of life in control and order, the analogy of a train with fact as the engine, faith as the coal car, and feeling as the caboose indicated the simplicity of mind over feeling in submitting to the Holy Spirit�s control. Since that time, some questions have evolved over the issues denial on the negative side and the importance of an attenuation to feelings for good health on the other side�even in a good Christian�s life, where even Jesus wept and had extreme passion.

[17] See www.nadn.navy.mil/CharacterDevelopment/ for a summary of its character building program: �The goal of the character development division is to integrate the moral, ethical, and character development of midshipmen across every aspect of the Naval Academy experience. The integrated character development program is the single most important feature that distinguishes the Naval Academy from other educational institutions and officer commissioning sources.�

[18] Frank H. Farley, �How to be great!� Psychology Today (Nov 01, 1995).

See www.psychologytoday.com/htdocs/prod/ptoarticle/pto-19951101-000035\. See Merlin C. Wittrock�and Frank Farley, eds., The Future of Educational Psychology (Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989; 211p.); Roswith Roth�and Frank Farley, eds.,� The Spiritual Side of Psychology at Century�s End (Proceedings of the 57th Convention, International Council of Psychologists, August 15-19, 1999, Salem, Massachusetts, USA; Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers, 2002; 279p.), Jan Strelau, Frank H. Farley, Anthony Gale, eds., The Biological Bases of Personality and Behavior (Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp.; McGraw-Hill, 1985); Frank H. Farley, and Neal J. Gordon, eds., Psychology and Education: the State of the union Union (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 1981; 405p.).

[19] See http://cornerstonevalues.org/biblio.htm, the New Zealand Foundation for Character Education�Inc., and note that Weston Primary School in North Otago, New Zealand, has classified the picture book section of its library under the eight cornerstone values.

[20] Eric H. Erikson, Childhood and Society �(2nd Ed.; NY: Norton, 1963); _Insight and Responsibility_�(NY: Norton, 1964); Identity: Youth and Crisis (NY: Norton, 1968); The Life Cycle Completed �(NY: Norton, 1982). Erikson�s influence cannot be overestimated to all facets of psychology, and his insights have such a clear ring of truth that much of his material on developmental stages has been transported into and expanded upon in theology and pastoral care.

[21] The hierarchy of needs was recast into virtues and strengths by Peterson and Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification(Oxford Univ., 2004; 816p.): 63; Abraham Maslow�s has been formative but not as pervasive as Erikson; see Abraham Maslow, Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences (NY: Penquin, 1964), Motivation and Personality (2nd Ed.; NY: Harper & Row, 1970).

[22] Christopher Peterson�and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.).: 29-30. This massive and significant contribution shall become a classic in positive-preventative psychology, gathering together most of the secular psychological studies having a bearing upon the meaning and development of character. Moreover, for Christian theologians (and those of other religions), herein psychology has proved the value of values and of noble behavior as good for the soul and society. The bibliography has more technical journals relating to character than another work to date (that I am aware of). They left no psychological nook or cranny out.

[23] Leo Buscalia, Living, Loving, and Learning, edited by Steven Short, from Bascalia�s lectures worldwide between 1970 and 1981 (NY: Ballantine, 1982): 83-84. See www.buscaglia.com.

[24] Christopher Peterson�and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.):46. Magnificence refers to tasteful spending on honorable things like sacrifices or warships, and greatness of soul refers to thinking of oneself worthy of things and honor in particular. For Aristotle, virtue is an acquired skill learned through trail and error, gained from reasoning and experience through a course of action between two extremes (deficiency or excess); so generosity is the mean between wastefulness and stinginess, and courage is the mean between cowardice and rashness.

[25] Peterson and Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues (Oxford Univ. Press, 2004): 69. These are personality traits with correlations to virtues. These come from Warren T. Norman (�Toward an Adequate Taxonomy of Personality Attributes: Replicated Factor Structure in Peer Nomination Personality Ratings,� Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 66 [1963]: 574-583); according to Peterson and Seligman, Norman�s five groups came from lexical studies originating with Gordon Allport�and Henry Odbert�who through an unabridged dictionary and identified thousands of English words that referred to personality traits, with their largest category being �social evaluation� (Allport & Odbert, �Trait-names: A Psycho-Lexical Study,� Psychological Monographs [Whole No. 211, 1936]). See G. W. Allport, Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (NY: Holt, 1937) and Pattern and Growth in Personality (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961).

[26] Mark Rutland, Character Matters : Nine Essential Traits You Need to Succeed (Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2003; 153p.).

[27] See www.charactered.net.

[28] Joseph & Edna Josephson�Institute of Ethics�is a public-benefit, nonprofit membership organization founded by Michael Josephson in honor of his parents to improve the ethical quality of society by advocating principled reasoning and ethical decision making. Since 1987, over 100,000 including high-ranking public executives, congressional staff, editors, judges, and lawyers, and police officers have been trained, and many schools and institutions have initiated Character Counts programs on this model. See www.josephsoninstitute.org and www.charactercounts.org, the latter ranking top at Google.com.

Also, many states and institutions across the country have taken, assimilated, or emulated Character Counts programs. For example, the California Dept. of Ed. took initiatives to develop character in youth (www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/ce/), instituted state guidelines, helped sponsor the California Partnership for Character Education (CPCE) whose advisory boards includes reps from over 25 agencies and governmental entities (www.youthcitizenship.org/cpce/index.html).

At http://caracas.soehd.csufresno.edu/bonnercenter/promisingpractices/grade.htm, the CA state board has instituted character education, stating �Effective schools seek to develop and reinforce character traits, such as caring, citizenship, fairness, respect, responsibility, and trustworthiness, through a systematic approach that includes adult modeling, curriculum integration, a positive school climate, and access to comprehensive guidance and counseling services.� They quote Martin Luther�King, jr., as saying, �Intelligence plus character�that is the goal of true education.�

[29] See www.school-for-champions.com/character/franklin\_virtues.htm. Ron Kurtus�indicated Franklin�s use of these in his Poor Richard�s Almanack and life.

[30] Ron Kurtus�s exposition www.school-for-champions.com/character/boy\_scouts.htm. See official Boy Scouts of America (BSA) site at www.scouting.org: their oath is �On my honor I will do my best; To do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; To help other people at all times; To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.� BSA claim they are �the nation�s foremost youth program of character development and values-based leadership training,� and few would doubt with over 3 million served, 53,380 packs, 44,335 troops, 20,992 crews, 8,042 teams serving 41,271,251 hours and awarding 49,151 Eagle Scout awards in 2003.

[31] See www.characterbuilding.com: The foundation of the Character Classics program is a series of specially selected well-known classical melodies, which the Character Building Company has recorded along with catchy and innovative contemporary character-building lyrics. Children hear and learn about music from the world's most recognized classical composers like Mozart, Bach, Mendelssohn, Strauss, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, and many others.

[32] Stephen R. Covey�@ www.franklincovey.com/foryou/articles/seven.html, article �Seven Habits Revisited: Seven Unique Human Endowments� (11-1991). Covey very popular The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People : Restoring the Character Ethic (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1989; the sub-title now being �Powerful Lessons In Personal Change�; 340p.) has sold over 10 million and been a national best seller. See also Covey�s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families: Building a Beautiful Family Culture in a Turbulent World (NY: Golden Books, 1997; 390p.). Covey has been a very successful business-leadership seminar motivator, teaching some of the top executives of the top Fortune 500 companies.

[33] See www.eharmony.com/core/eharmony?cmd=dimensions. Most of the diverse questions center around 24 areas: 1. Personal Values, 2. Energy, 3. Family Background, 4. Honesty, 5. Enjoy Presence, 6. Dependability, 7. Intelligence, 8. Sex Appeal, 9. Love of Children, 10. Beliefs, 11. Fun-Loving, 12. Physical, 13. Chemistry, 14. Security with Them, 15. Similarities, 16. Romantic Attraction, 17. Personality, 18. Kindness, 19. Sexual Compatibility, 20. Ability to Communicate, 21. Skill Resolving Conflicts, 22. Friendliness, 23. Ability Emotional Intimacy, 24. Friendship Between.

[34] See www.eharmony.com and Neil Clark�Warren�s Finding the Love of Your Life �(Focus on the Family, 1992; 166p.). There are several other works on the site, including: Date ... or Soul Mate? �How to Know If Someone Is Worth Pursuing In Two Dates Or Less; Catching the Rhythm of Love; Learning to Live with the Love of Your Life.

[35] The 87 are: warm, clever, dominant, ambitious, outgoing, agreeable, modest, submissive, lazy, introverted, aloof, quarrelsome, cold, gregarious, arrogant, impulsive, stable, energetic, spiritual, adventuresome, frugal, predictable, affectionate, organized, intelligent, compassionate, attractive, loyal, witty, neat, content, humorous, efficient, artistic, perfectionist, creative, spontaneous, sensitive, under-achiever, uncomplicated, generous, intellectual, moral, disciplined, adaptable, communicative, honest, sensual, liberal, charming, patient, reliable, resilient, optimistic, conservative, passionate, reflective, caring, genuine, open, self-aware, competitive, over-achiever, vivacious, wise, bossy, leader, irritable, show-off, independent, kind, calm, courageous, aggressive, persistent, outspoken, follower, rational, opinionated, restless, romantic, selfish, shy, stubborn, trusting, jealous.

[36] James M. Kouzes�and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge : How to Get Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987). This book is a hundredfold more substantive than Covey�s 7 habits in concrete examples and raw data, and there is a substantial bibliography. It began in 1983 as a research project where surveys were collected from 550 and another 780 managers, and these were compared to 42 in-depth interviews and then all of that was collated into an inventory for 3,000 managers and subordinates. Kouzes was president of Tom Peters Group Learning Systems, made famous by Tom Peters�and Robert H. Waterman�s best selling In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America�s Best-run Companies (1st ed.; NY: Harper & Row, 1982; 360p.; so popular, a 2004 edition is out by HarperBusiness Essentials).

[37] James M.�Kouzes and Barry Z.�Posner, Credibility�How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It �(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993): 14, from 15,000 survey, �_a_�from 1993 U.S. respondents percentage of people selecting, and �_b_� from 1987 respondents. This supplement to their Leadership Challenge is as ground-breaking and substantive, and full of case studies and concrete examples.

[38] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, Credibility: How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993): 1-26, chapter 1.

[39] Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman studied many dozens of groups of virtues in collaboration with many scholars and then distilled their work into their massive Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification(Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.).

[40] See www.teachingcharacter.com.

[41] See www.characterbuilding.com/abcbook.htm; Mark Bell�at Magine That, P.O. Box 159, Grapevine, TX 76099, Phone: 817-491-8773: �Each trait is briefly defined, and a poem elaborates on that definition. A second poem applies each trait to a child's everyday experience, with a whimsical illustration that even young children can understand. Children will love the amusing poems and illustrations and adults will appreciate learning exactly what each character traits means.�

[42] See www.character.org: �Character education holds that widely shared, pivotally important, core ethical values�such as caring, honesty, fairness, responsibility, and respect for self and others�form the basis of good character. A school committed to character development stands for these values (sometimes referred to as "virtues" or "character traits"), defines them in terms of behaviors that can be observed in the life of the school, models these values, studies and discusses them, uses them as the basis of human relations in the school, celebrates their manifestations in the school and community, and holds all school members accountable to standards of conduct consistent with the core values.�

[43] See www.collegevalues.org/bestprograms.cfm.

[44] See www.newadvent.org/cathen/03584b.htm.

[45] James L. Holly. The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (3 vols. Beaumont, TX: Mission and Ministry to Men, 1992; 1993, vols. 1 & 2 combined; 1994 edition, vol. 3, has a critique of �A study of Freemasonry� and �A report on Freemasonry� including a response to Dr. William Gordon�s �The SBC and Freemasonry, Volume I� and a cumulative index to all three volumes.).

[46] Michael G. Maness, Heart of the Living God: Love, Free Will, Foreknowledge, Heaven: a Theology of the Treasure of Love (AuthorHouse, 2005; 706p.).

[47] James L. Holly�s Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): I:42.

[48] Personal e-mail from James L. Holly dated March 16, 2005, 6:35 AM.

[49] Personal reponse dated March 16, 2005, 7:05 PM. He was using plain text, so I responded in the same, which does not allow italics in such e-mails.

[50] Personal e-mail to James L. Holly dated 3-18-2005, 5:18 AM. Diction correction made.

[51] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): III:77.

[52] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): III:176.

[53] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): III:176, quoting John J. Robinson, A Pilgrim�s Path: Freemasonry and the Religious Right (1993; 178p.): 48.

[54] That is seen in a careful reading of the quote from Robinson that Holly uses and abuses out of context.

[55] John J. Robinson, A Pilgrim�s Path: Freemasonry and the Religious Right (1993; 178p.).

[56] Revelation 22:16, NIV, capital letter emphasis theirs.

[57] See pages 373-433, of these ministers influential to Christianity, these 24 were not Founding Fathers: Gratian (c.1100-1155), John Wycliffe�(1320-1384), John Huss�(c.1373-1415; who is called by Barton a Catholic priest), Martin Luther�(1483-1546; called by Barton �Rev. Martin Luther,� when actually he was Catholic priest trying to _reform�_that was a strange appellation), William Tyndale�(1490-1536; never came to America), Richard Hooker�(1553-1600), Roger Williams�(1603-1684), James Blair�(1658-1743), William Penn�(1644-1718), Cotton Mather�(1662-1727), Jonathan Dickinson (1688-1747), Jonathan Edwards�(1703-1753), Aaron Burr�(1715-1757), Samuel Finley�(1715-1766), Samuel Davies�(1723-1761), Richard Allen�(1760-1831, 16 years old at Declaration) Abner Kneeland (1774-1844; 2 years old at Declaration), David Lawrence Morril�(1772-1849; 4 years old at Declaration), William Ellery Channing�(1780-1842), William Cogswell�(1787-1850), Charles Finney�(1792-1875), Ralph Waldo Emerson�(1803-1882), James Garfield�(1831-1881).

[58] William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.).

[59] David Barton, Original Intent (2004, 1st 2000; 534p.): 317.

[60] David Barton, Original Intent (2004, 1st 2000; 534p.).

[61] Men 16 Years Old+ in 1776.

[62] Men Born 1761+ & Before 1774: 16 Years Old+ by 1789.

[63] Founding Era � 1760-1805 � Born 1775, Not Founders But Children at Founding, < 16 Years Old by 1789.

[64] Bishop Richard Watson, English Clergy.

[65] Outside Barton�s Founding Era � Born Before 1760.

[66] Outside Barton�s Founding Era as Adults � Born After 1773, Children, < 16 Years in 1789.

[67] Founding Era � 1760-1805 � 16 Years Old & Older in 1776 � But NOT Founders or New Residents

[68] See for starters William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), Hubert Stewart Banner�s These Men Were Masons: a Series of Biographies of Masonic Significance (1934; 258p.), George W. Baird�s Great American Masons (1924; 109p.), Ronald E. Heaton�s Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (1965; 164p.), Justices of the Supreme Court identified as Masons (1968, 41p.), Heaton�s Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960; 56p.), Ronald E. Heaton and James R. Case�s The Lodge at Fredericksburgh: a Digest of the Early Records(1975; 95p.).

[69] Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987; 268p.): 125-143.

[70] William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but indicates letter from John Francis Mercer, governor of Maryland, congratulating him on becoming one (a letter doubted) and a letter treasured by Dolly Madison�where Madison took dinner with Andrew Jackson with Masons, and Heaton indicates one of the best sources were the anti-Mason attacks on Madison. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers(Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.), notes similar and indicates letter by Madison admitting uncertain knowledge of Masonry.

[71] William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but gives evidence of presence at a lodge likely to him (only one of that name commissioned by Washington) and his son was a member and past master. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.), notes the lack of certain evidence.

[72] Not including Thomas Jefferson�(who probably was) or Benjamin Rush�who resigned.

[73] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.): 48, no doubt, was listed with 47 at Grand Lodge, but no record of where he was made a Mason; Heaton thinks it possible he was made a Mason in British regimental lodge.

[74] See chapter above on Famous Freemasons for fuller note: on Patrick Henry (1736-1799) being a Freemason, Denslow in his 10,000 Famous Freemasons said, �There are many references to his being a Freemason, particularly by grand lodge orators in the 1800�s, but no satifactory evidence of his membership. It is possible that he was a member of old Tappahannock Lodge of Virginia whose records are lost. There was at one time a Patrick Henry Lodge No. 140 in Partrick Co., Va. There is a Masonic apron in existence that is reported to have belonged to him. It was exhibited at one time in Lexington Lodge No. 1, Lexington, Ky.�

[75] See for starters William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.): II:20.

[76] Ronald E. Heaton places him in category II, of uncertain membership, but it is likely because of his close association with Washington; there is a card in the Grand Lodge of PN that makes reference to his �reported a member, but doubtful.�

[77] William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), says there is no proof, but there are many of the time who thought it he was. And he wrote a letter to Washington with certain Freemasonry knowledge and sympathies. The same for Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers(Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.).

[78] William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but indicates letter from John Francis Mercer, governor of Maryland, congratulating him on becoming one (a letter doubted) and a letter treasured by Dolly Madison where Madison took dinner with Andrew Jackson with Masons, and Heaton indicates one of the best sources were the anti-Mason attacks on Madison. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.), notes similar and indicates letter by Madison admitting uncertain knowledge of Masonry.

[79] William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but gives evidence of presence at a lodge likely to him (only one of that name commissioned by Washington) and his son was a member and past master. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (1965; 164p.), notes the lack of certain evidence.

[80] William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.): II:3-4; David Barton,Original Intent: The Courts, the Constitution, and Religion (1997; 534p.): 387p., with no mention of Freemasonry connection.

[81] LaHaye,Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987): 144-183, list of Christians, some clergy.

[82] LaHaye,Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987): 203-232, Christians signed Constitution.

[83] LaHaye,Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987): 203-232, Christian delegates who did not sign.

[84] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960); these 33 are confirmed Freemasons with lodge records, and Heaton includes two other sections of those suspected but not confirmed, with photos where available, a facsimile of signature, and both military and Masonic bios of each.

[85] These come from William R. Denslow�s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), Ronald E. Heaton�s Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960), Hubert Stewart Banner�s These Men Were Masons: a Series of Biographies of Masonic Significance (1934; 258p.), George W. Baird�s Great American Masons (1924; 109p.), Ronald E. Heaton�s Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers(1965; 164p.), Justices of the Supreme Court identified as Masons (1968, 41p.), Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army(1960; 56p.), Ronald E. Heaton and James R. Case�s The Lodge at Fredericksburgh: a Digest of the Early Records (1975; 95p.).

[86] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960): 27.

[87] Edmund Burke�(1729-1797), Observations on a Late State of the Nation(London: s.n., 1769. 94p.), On Empire, Liberty, and Reform: Speeches and Letters (Edited by David Bromwich. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. 526p.), On Conciliation with the Colonies, and other papers on the American Revolution (Edited by Peter J. Stanlis; illustrated with wood engravings by Lynd Ward. Lunenburg, VT: Printed for the members of the Limited Editions Club at the Stinehour Press, 1975. 267p.), On the American Revolution; Selected Speeches and Letters (NY: Harper & Row, 1966. 220p.).

[88] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army: 28.

[89] Society of the Cincinnati�was a fraternity organized as the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783 for officers of the Continental Army before it was disbanded�had to be an officer to join or oldest male descendent�George Washington was made national president.

[90] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army: 78. Full account of his life is given in The Daily Star, Fredericksburg, VA, April 11, 1992.

[91] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army: 10.

[92] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry: The Southern Baptist Investigation of the Fraternal Order (NY: M. Evans & Co., 1995).

[93] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 99.

[94] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 99.

[95] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 100.

[96] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 101.

[97] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 101, with quote originating from Roy Waddle and Greg Warner, �Study Easy on Masonry; Holly Questions Objectivity,� Baptist Press (March 18, 1993).

[98] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): 8.

[99] Ibid., 7: from the _Louisiana Masonic Monitor_� quote in James L. Holly, The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): 7.

[100] Yet I could have overlooked it somewhere in my rush over the slush ponds.

[101] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 104.

[102] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 186.

[103] I suspect, though I have never been there, and I do not plan on going.