Countries Ab-Am (original) (raw)

Contents of this page:
Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - American Samoa

Abkhazia: see under Georgia.

Abu Dhabi: see under United Arab Emirates.

Acre: see under Brazil.

Aden: see under Yemen.

Afghanistan

Note: Before 1881 there were essentially four rulers' capitals: Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, and Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan). All the rulers belong to the Abdali tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani on the accession of Ahmad Shah. They belong either to the Saddozay segment of the Popalzay clan (typically with the style padshah [king]) or to the Mohammadzay segment of the Barakzay clan (typically with the style amir, in full Amir al-Mo�menin [Leader of the Faithful]). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

Kabul

Kings - Saddozay segment - Jul 1747 - 16 Oct 1772 Ahmad Shah "Dorr-e Dorran" (b. 1724 - d. 1772) 16 Oct 1772 - 18 May 1793 Timur Shah (b. 1748 - d. 1793) 23 May 1793 - 1801 Zaman Shah (b. 1770/72 - d. 1844) 25 Jul 1801 - Jul 1803 Mahmud Shah (1st time) 13 Jul 1803 - 1809 Shojaal-Molk Shah (1st time) (b. _c._1792 - d. 1842) 3 May 1808 - 1808 Qaysar Shah (in rebellion) 3 May 1809 - 1818 Mahmud Shah (2nd time) 1818 - 1819 SoltanAli Shah 1819 - 1823 Ayyub Shah - Mohammadzay segment - 1823 Habibollah Shah 1823 - 1826 Soltan Mohammad Khan Mohammadzay (regent) 1826 - 1836 Dost Mohammad Khan Mohammadzay (b. 1789 - d. 1863) (regent) Emir - Mohammadzay segment - 1836 - 2 Aug 1839 Dost Mohammad Khan (1st time) (s.a.) King - Saddozay segment - 8 May 1839 - 5 Apr 1842 Shojaal-Molk Shah (2nd time) (s.a.) 1841 - Apr 1842 Mohammad Zaman Khan Mohammadzay (regent) (in rebellion) **Emirs** _- Saddozay segment -_ 29 Jun 1842 - 12 Oct 1842 Fath Jang Khan 12 Oct 1842 - Dec 1842 Shahpur Khan _- Mohammadzay segment -_ Dec 1842 - 9 Jun 1863 Dost Mohammad Khan (2nd time) (s.a.) 1863 - May 1866 ShirAli Khan (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1879) May 1866 - 7 Oct 1867 Mohammad Afzal Khan (b. 1811 - d. 1867) 7 Oct 1867 - 8 Sep 1868 Mohammad Azam Khan (b. 18... - d. 1869) 8 Sep 1868 - 21 Feb 1879 Shir Ali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Feb 1879 - 12 Oct 1879 Mohammad Ya`qub Khan (b. 1849 - d. 1923) 1879 - 31 Mar 1880 Mohammad Jan (minister-regent) (b. ... - d. 1880) 22 Jul 1880 - 3 Oct 1901 Abdor Rahman Khan (b. 1844 - d. 1901)

Herat

Kings - Saddozay segment - Jul 1747 - 1797 see Kabul 1797 Mahmud Shah (1st time) 1797 - 1818 see Kabul 1818 - 1819 Mahmud Shah (2nd time) 1819 see Kandahar 1819 - 1826 Mahmud Shah (3rd time) 1826 - Mar 1842 Kamran Shah Mar 1842 - 1 Jun 1851 Yar Mohammad Khan Alikozay (minister-regent) 1 Jun 1851 - 15 Sep 1855 Sayyed Mohammad Khan Alikozay (minister-regent) 15 Sep 1855 - Jun 1856 Mohammad Yusuf Khan Mohammadzay (regent) Jun 1856 - Oct 1856 Isa Khan Bardorani (minister-regent) Oct 1856 - 27 Jul 1857 occupied by Iran Emirs - Mohammadzay segment - 27 Jul 1857 - 26 May 1863 Soltan Ahmad Khan (b. ... - d. 1863) 26 May 1863 - 9 Jun 1863 see Kabul 9 Jun 1863 - 8 Sep 1868 Shir `Ali Khan (s.a.) 8 Sep 1868 - 12 Oct 1879 see Kabul Mar 1880 - 2 Oct 1881 Mohammad Ayyub Khan (b. 1855 - d. 1914)

Kandahar

Kings - Saddozay segment - Jul 1747 - 16 Oct 1772 see Kabul 16 Oct 1772 - 1772 Solayman Shah 1772 - 18 May 1793 see Kabul 18 May 1793 - 19 Jun 1793 Homayun Shah 19 Jun 1793 - 1804 see Kabul 1804 - 1805 Kamran Shah 1805 - 1808 see Kabul 1808 Mahmud Shah (1st time) 1808 - 1809 see Kabul 1809 - 3 May 1809 Mahmud Shah (2nd time) 3 May 1809 - 1818 see Kabul 1819 - 1826 Shirdil Khan Mohammadzay (regent) 1826 - 1839 Purdil Khan Mohammadzay (regent) Apr 1839 - 5 Apr 1842 Shojaal-Molk Shah (s.a.) May 1842 - 1842 Safdar Jang Khan Saddozay (regent) 1842 - Aug 1855 Kohandil Khan Mohammadzay (regent) (b. 18... - d. 1855) Aug 1855 - Nov 1855 Mohammad Sadeq Khan Mohammadzay (regent) Nov 1855 - Jul 1858 Gholam Haydar Khan Mohammadzay (b. 18... - d. 1858) (regent) Jul 1858 - 9 Jun 1863 see Kabul **Emirs** _- Mohammadzay segment -_ 1863 - 1865 Mohammad Amin Khan (b. 18... - d. 1865) 1865 - Jan 1867 ShirAli Khan (1st time) (s.a.) Jan 1867 - 7 Oct 1867 Mohammad Afzal Khan (s.a.) 7 Oct 1867 - Apr 1868 Mohammad Azam Khan (s.a.) Apr 1868 - 8 Sep 1868 Shir Ali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Sep 1868 - 12 Oct 1879 see Kabul 1880 - 21 Apr 1881 Shir `Ali Khan Barakzay (minister-regent) 21 Apr 1881 - 20 Jul 1881 see Kabul 20 Jul 1881 - 22 Sep 1881 Mohammad Ayyub Khan (s.a.)

Peshawar

   1823                incorporated into Punjab (officially May 1834)

Kings - Saddozay segment - Jul 1747 - Aug 1801 see Kabul Aug 1801 - Sep 1801 Shoja al-Molk Shah (1st time) (s.a.) Sep 1801 - 1818 see Kabul 1818 Ayyub Shah (1st time) 1818 Shoja al-Molk Shah (2nd time) (s.a.) 1818 - 1823 Ayyub Shah (2nd time)

Ghazni

Emir - Mohammadzay segment - 24 Dec 1879 - 21 Apr 1880 Musa Jan Khan (b. 1868 - d. 1951)

Afghanistan since 1881

2 Oct 1881 State of Afghanistan 9 Jun 1926 Kingdom of Afghanistan 17 Jul 1973 Republic of Afghanistan 30 Apr 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 30 Nov 1987 Republic of Afghanistan 28 Apr 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan 26 Oct 1997 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 13 Nov 2001 Islamic State of Afghanistan 19 Jun 2002 Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 26 Jan 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 19 Aug 2021 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

General secretaries of the People's Democratic (Communist) Party 27 Dec 1979 - 4 May 1986 Babrak Karmal (b. 1929 - d. 1996) 4 May 1986 - 28 Jun 1990 Mohammad Najibullah (b. 1947 - d. 1996)

Emirs - Mohammadzay segment - 22 Jul 1880 - 3 Oct 1901 Abdor Rahman Khan (b. 1844 - d. 1901) 3 Oct 1901 - 20 Feb 1919 Habibullah Khan (b. 1872 - d. 1919) 21 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1919 Nasrullah Khan (b. 1875 - d. 1920) 28 Feb 1919 - 9 Jun 1926 Amanullah Khan (b. 1892 - d. 1960) Kings� - Mohammadzay segment - 9 Jun 1926 - 14 Jan 1929 Amanullah Shah (s.a.) 14 Jan 1929 - 17 Jan 1929 Inayatullah Shah (b. 1888 - d. 1946) Emir 17 Jan 1929 - 13 Oct 1929 Habibullah Ghazi (b. 1890? - d. 1929) 21 Jan 1929 - 23 May 1929 Amanullah Shah (s.a.) (in rebellion, at Kandahar) 28 Jan 1929 - 29 Mar 1929 Sardar Ali Ahmad Khan (b. 1883 - d. 1929) (in rebellion, at Jalalabad) 1929 - 15 Jul 1929? Sardar Ali Ahmad Khan (s.a.) (in rebellion, at Kandahar) 1929 - 17 Oct 1929 Mohammad Nadir Khan (b. 1880 - d. 1933) (in rebellion, at Khost) Kings� - Mohammadzay segment - 17 Oct 1929 - 8 Nov 1933 Mohammad Nadir Shah (s.a.) 8 Nov 1933 - 17 Jul 1973 Mohammad Zahir Shah (b. 1914 - d. 2007) President 17 Jul 1973 - 27 Apr 1978 Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan (b. 1909 - d. 1978) Chairman of the Military Council 27 Apr 1978 - 30 Apr 1978 Abdul Qadir (b. 1944 - d. 2014) Presidents of the Revolutionary Council 30 Apr 1978 - 16 Sep 1979 Nur Mohammad Taraki (b. 1917 - d. 1979) 16 Sep 1979 - 27 Dec 1979 Hafizullah Amin (b. 1929 - d. 1979) 27 Dec 1979 - 23 Nov 1986 Babrak Karmal (s.a.) 23 Nov 1986 - 30 Sep 1987 Haji Mohammad Chamkani (acting) (b. 1947 - d. 2012) 30 Sep 1987 - 30 Nov 1987 Mohammad Najibullah (s.a.) Presidents 30 Nov 1987 - 16 Apr 1992 Mohammad Najibullah (s.a.) 16 Apr 1992 - 28 Apr 1992 Abdul Rahim Hatef (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2013) 28 Apr 1992 - 28 Jun 1992 Sibghatullah Mojadedi (interim) (b. 1925 - d. 2019) 28 Jun 1992 - 27 Sep 1996 Burhanuddin Rabbani (b. 1940 - d. 2011) (continues in rebellion after 27 Sep 1996, largely retaining international recognition) Heads of the Supreme Council� 27 Sep 1996 - 16 Apr 2001 Mullah Mohammad Rabbani (b. 1956 - d. 2001) 16 Apr 2001 - 13 Nov 2001 Mawlawi Abdul Kabir (acting) (b. _c._1960) Presidents 13 Nov 2001 - 22 Dec 2001 Burhanuddin Rabbani (s.a.) (returns to Kabul 17 Nov 2001) 22 Dec 2001 - 29 Sep 2014 Hamid Karzai (b. 1957) (chairman of the Interim Administration to 19 Jun 2002) 29 Sep 2014 - 15 Aug 2021 Ashraf Ghani (b. 1949) 9 Mar 2020 - 17 May 2020 Abdullah Abdullah (b. 1960) (in opposition) Heads of interim government� 7 Sep 2021 - Mullah Mohammad Hassan (b. 1953?) 17 May 2023 - 17 Jul 2023 Mawlawi Abdul Kabir (s.a.) (acting for Hassan)

Prime ministers 25 Oct 1927 - Jan 1929 Sardar Shir Ahmad (b. 1885 - d. 19...) Jan 1929 - 1 Nov 1929 Shir Giyan (b. ... - d. 1929) 14 Nov 1929 - May 1946 Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan (b. _c._1885 - d. 1953) May 1946 - 7 Sep 1953 Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan (b. 1890 - d. 1959) 7 Sep 1953 - 10 Mar 1963 Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan (s.a.) 10 Mar 1963 - 2 Nov 1965 Mohammad Yusuf (b. 1917 - d. 1998) 2 Nov 1965 - 11 Oct 1967 Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal (b. 1919 - d. 1973) 11 Oct 1967 - 1 Nov 1967 Abdullah Yaftali (interim) (b. 1914 - d. 2003) 1 Nov 1967 - 9 Jun 1971 Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi (b. 1921 - d. 1979) 9 Jun 1971 - 12 Dec 1972 Abdul Zahir (b. 1910 - d. 1982) 12 Dec 1972 - 17 Jul 1973 Mohammad Musa Shafiq (b. 1932 - d. 1979) 1 May 1978 - 27 Mar 1979 Nur Mohammad Taraki (s.a.) 27 Mar 1979 - 27 Dec 1979 Hafizullah Amin (s.a.) 27 Dec 1979 - 11 Jun 1981 Babrak Karmal (s.a.) 11 Jun 1981 - 26 May 1988 Sultan Ali Keshtmand (1st time) (b. 1935) 26 May 1988 - 21 Feb 1989 Mohammad Hassan Sharq (b. 1925) 21 Feb 1989 - 7 May 1990 Sultan Ali Keshtmand (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 May 1990 - 15 Apr 1992 Fazal Haq Khaliqyar (b. 1934 - d. 2004) 6 Jul 1992 - 15 Aug 1992 Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani (b. 1952 - d. 2007) 17 Jun 1993 - 28 Jun 1994 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (1st time) (b. 1947) Nov 1994 - Feb 1995 Arsala Rahmani (acting) (b. 1937 - d. 2012) Feb 1995 - 26 Jun 1996 Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (acting) (b. 1944 - d. 2021) 26 Jun 1996 - 27 Sep 1996 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (2nd time) (s.a.) (continues under Burhanuddin Rabbani to 11 Aug 1997) 11 Aug 1997 - 21 Aug 1997 Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai (b. 1946? - d. 1997) (under Burhanuddin Rabbani) Chief executive 29 Sep 2014 - 9 Mar 2020 Abdullah Abdullah (s.a.)

�Title Padshah-i Afghanistan (Dari language); De Afghanistan Bacha (Pashto language, official from 1937).
�As indicated by the country's 1997 name change, the de facto leader during the Taliban rule (27 Sep 1996 - 13 Nov 2001) was Taliban leader Mullah Mohammad Omar (b. 1960 - d. 2013), styled Amir al-Mo�menin; in the second Taliban period (19 Aug 2021 - ), the leader has been Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada (b. c. 1960).

Ajman: see under United Arab Emirates.

�land Islands: see under Finland.

Alawite Territory: see under Syria.

Albania

   1478                part of Ottoman Empire

28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991 Republic of Albania

First secretaries of the Albanian Communist Party (from Nov 1948, Albanian Party of Labour) 8 Nov 1941 - 11 Apr 1985 Enver Hoxha (b. 1908 - d. 1985) (until Mar 1943 secretary; Mar 1943 - 17 Jul 1954 general secretary) 11 Apr 1985 - 13 Apr 1985 Vangjel ��rrava (b. 1941) + Lenka �uko (f) (b. 1938) + Simon Stefani (b. 1929 - d. 2000) (secretaries) 13 Apr 1985 - 4 May 1991 Ramiz Alia (b. 1925 - d. 2011)

Chairman of the National Assembly 28 Nov 1912 - 29 Nov 1912 Ismail Qemali Bej (b. 1844 - d. 1919) Chairman of the Provisional Government 29 Nov 1912 - 22 Jan 1914 Ismail Qemali Bej (s.a.) 12 Oct 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Esat Pash� Toptani (b. 1863 - d. 1920) (chairman Council of Elders of Central Albania, in opposition in Durr�s) Chairman of the Central Government 22 Jan 1914 - 7 Mar 1914 Fejzi Bej Alizoti (b. 1876 - d. 1945) Sovereign Prince 7 Mar 1914 - 3 Sep 1914 Wilhelm zu Wied (b. 1876 - d. 1945) Chairman of the Administrative Commission 3 Sep 1914 - Sep 1914 Qamil Musa Haxhi Feza Chairman of the General Council Sep 1914 - 5 Oct 1914 Mustafa Bej Ndroqi Chairmen of the Provisional Government 5 Oct 1914 - 24 Feb 1916 Esat Pash� Toptani (s.a.) 24 Feb 1916 - 28 Dec 1918 no national government 28 Dec 1918 - 28 Jan 1920 Turhan Pash� P�rmeti (b. 1839? - d. 1927) Chairman of the National Government 28 Jan 1920 - 30 Jan 1920 Sulejman Bej Delvina (b. 1884 - d. 1932) 30 Jan 1920 - 25 Dec 1921 High Council - Aqif Pash� Bi�aku (b. 18... - d. 1926) (to 22 Dec 1921) - Luigj Bum�i (b. 1872 - d. 1945) (to 22 Dec 1921) - Abdi Bej Toptani (b. 1864 - d. 1942) - Mihal Turtulli 25 Dec 1921 - 31 Jan 1925 High Council - Omer Pash� Vrioni (to 22 Jan 1922) - Ndoc Pistulli (to 22 Jan 1922) - Sotir Peci (b. 1873 - d. 1932) - Refik Bej Toptani - Xhafer Bej Ypi (b. 1880 - d. 1940) (from 2 Dec 1922) - Gjon �oba (from 2 Dec 1922) 2 Jul 1924 - 24 Dec 1924 Fan Noli (b. 1882 - d. 1965) (acting for High Council) President 31 Jan 1925 - 1 Sep 1928 Amet Zogu (b. 1895 - d. 1961) Kings (title Mbret i Shqiptar�ve; 1939-43 Mbret i Shqip�ris�) 1 Sep 1928 - 8 Apr 1939 Zog I (s.a.) 9 Apr 1939 - 12 Apr 1939 Xhafer Ypi (s.a.) (chairman Provisional Administration Committee) 12 Apr 1939 - 16 Apr 1939 Shefqet Bej V�rlaci (b. 1877 - d. 1946) (acting head of state) 16 Apr 1939 - 3 Sep 1943 Vittorio Emanuele III (b. 1869 - d. 1947) Lieutenants-general, representing Vittorio Emanuele III: 22 Apr 1939 - Mar 1943 Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino (b. 1894 - d. 1973) Mar 1943 - Sep 1943 Alberto Pariani (b. 1876 - d. 1955) 14 Sep 1943 - 20 Oct 1943 Ibrahim Bej Bi�aku (b. 1905 - d. 1977) (chairman Provisional Executive Committee) 20 Oct 1943 - 25 Oct 1944 Mehdi Bej Frash�ri (b. 1872 - d. 1963) (chairman High Council of Regency) Chairmen of the Presidium of the People's Assembly 26 May 1944 - 1 Aug 1953 Omer Nishani (b. 1887 - d. 1954) (chairman Presidium of Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation to 12 Jan 1946; chairman Presidium of Constituent Assembly 12 Jan - 14 Mar 1946) 1 Aug 1953 - 22 Nov 1982 Haxhi Lleshi (b. 1913 - d. 1998) 22 Nov 1982 - 30 Apr 1991 Ramiz Alia (s.a.) Presidents 30 Apr 1991 - 3 Apr 1992 Ramiz Alia (s.a.) 3 Apr 1992 - 6 Apr 1992 Kastriot Islami (acting) (b. 1952) 6 Apr 1992 - 9 Apr 1992 Pjet�r Arbnori (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2006) 9 Apr 1992 - 24 Jul 1997 Sali Berisha (b. 1944) 24 Jul 1997 (hours) Sk�nder Gjinushi (acting) (b. 1949) 24 Jul 1997 - 24 Jul 2002 Rexhep Meidani (b. 1944) 24 Jul 2002 - 24 Jul 2007 Alfred Moisiu (b. 1929) 24 Jul 2007 - 24 Jul 2012 Bamir Topi (b. 1957) 24 Jul 2012 - 24 Jul 2017 Bujar Nishani (b. 1966 - d. 2022) 24 Jul 2017 - 24 Jul 2022 Ilir Meta (b. 1969) 24 Jul 2022 - Bajram Begaj (b. 1967)

Prime ministers 17 Mar 1914 - 3 Sep 1914 Turhan Pash� P�rmeti (s.a.) 27 Mar 1920 - 14 Nov 1920 Sulejman Bej Delvina (s.a.) 10 Dec 1920 - 19 Oct 1921 Iliaz Bej Vrioni (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1932) 19 Oct 1921 - 6 Dec 1921 Pandeli Evangjeli (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1949) 7 Dec 1921 - 12 Dec 1921 Hasan Bej Pristina (b. 1873 - d. 1933) 12 Dec 1921 - 30 Dec 1921 Idhomene Kosturi (b. 1873 - d. 1943) 30 Dec 1921 - 4 Dec 1922 Xhafer Bej Ypi (s.a.) 4 Dec 1922 - 5 Mar 1924 Amet Zogu (1st time) (s.a.) 5 Mar 1924 - 2 Jun 1924 Shefqet Bej V�rlaci (1st time) (s.a.) 2 Jun 1924 - 16 Jun 1924 Iliaz Bej Vrioni (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Jun 1924 - 26 Dec 1924 Fan Noli (s.a.) 26 Dec 1924 - 6 Jan 1925 Iliaz Bej Vrioni (3rd time) (s.a.) 6 Jan 1925 - 30 Jan 1925 Amet Zogu (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 Sep 1928 - 5 Mar 1930 Ko�o Kota (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1947) 5 Mar 1930 - 22 Oct 1935 Pandeli Evangjeli (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Oct 1935 - 9 Nov 1936 Mehdi Bej Frash�ri (s.a.) 9 Nov 1936 - 8 Apr 1939 Ko�o Kota (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Apr 1939 - 4 Dec 1941 Shefqet Bej V�rlaci (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Dec 1941 - 19 Jan 1943 Mustafa Merlika-Kruja (b. 1887 - d. 1958) 19 Jan 1943 - 13 Feb 1943 Eqrem Bej Libohova (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1948) 13 Feb 1943 - 12 May 1943 Maliq Bushati (b. 1880 - d. 1946) 12 May 1943 - 9 Sep 1943 Eqrem Bej Libohova (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Nov 1943 - 18 Jul 1944 Rexhep Mitrovica (b. 1888 - d. 1967) 18 Jul 1944 - 7 Sep 1944 Fiqri Dine (b. 1897 - d. 1960) 7 Sep 1944 - 26 Oct 1944 Ibrahim Bej Bi�aku (s.a.) Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 22 Oct 1944 - 20 Jul 1954 Enver Hoxha (s.a.) 20 Jul 1954 - 18 Dec 1981 Mehmet Shehu (b. 1913 - d. 1981) 18 Dec 1981 - 22 Feb 1991 Adil �ar�ani (b. 1922 - d. 1997) (acting to 15 Jan 1982) Prime ministers 22 Feb 1991 - 5 Jun 1991 Fatos Nano (1st time) (b. 1952) 5 Jun 1991 - 10 Dec 1991 Ylli Bufi (b. 1948) 10 Dec 1991 - 13 Apr 1992 Vilson Ahmeti (b. 1951) 13 Apr 1992 - 11 Mar 1997 Aleksand�r Meksi (b. 1939) 11 Mar 1997 - 24 Jul 1997 Bashkim Fino (b. 1962 - d. 2021) 24 Jul 1997 - 2 Oct 1998 Fatos Nano (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Oct 1998 - 29 Oct 1999 Pandeli Majko (1st time) (b. 1967) 29 Oct 1999 - 22 Feb 2002 Ilir Meta (s.a.) 22 Feb 2002 - 31 Jul 2002 Pandeli Majko (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Jul 2002 - 11 Sep 2005 Fatos Nano (3rd time) (s.a.) 11 Sep 2005 - 15 Sep 2013 Sali Berisha (s.a.) 15 Sep 2013 - Edi Rama (b. 1964)

Ministries, etc. (from 1944)

Alderney: see under Guernsey.

Aleppo: see under Syria.

Algeria

   1536                Ottoman rule
   1671                rule of semi-autonomous deys
   1711                deys recognized as governors by the Ottomans
   1830                French occupation

4 Nov 1848 French annexation 3 Jul 1962 independence (Algerian State) 25 Sep 1962 People's Democratic Algerian Republic

Military commanders 5 Jul 1830 - 3 Sep 1830 Louis de Bourmont (b. 1773 - d. 1846) 3 Sep 1830 - 21 Mar 1831 Bertrand, comte Clauzel (b. 1772 - d. 1842) 21 Mar 1831 - 6 Dec 1831 Pierre, baron Berthez�ne (b. 1775 - d. 1847) 6 Dec 1831 - 29 Apr 1833 Ren� Savary, duc de Rovigo (b. 1774 - d. 1833) 22 Nov 1832 - Dec 1843 Abd-el-Kader (b. 1808 - d. 1883) (Amir al-Mu�minin [also styled Sultan], in rebellion) 29 Apr 1833 - 27 Jul 1834 Th�ophile, baron Voirol (b. 1781 - d. 1853) Governors-general 27 Jul 1834 - 8 Jul 1835 Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon (b. 1765 - d. 1844) 8 Jul 1835 - 12 Feb 1837 Bertrand, comte Clauzel (s.a.) 12 Feb 1837 - 13 Oct 1837 Charles Denys, comte de Damr�mont (b. 1783 - d. 1837) 1 Dec 1837 - 18 Jan 1841 Sylvain Charles, comte Val�e (b. 1773 - d. 1846) 19 Jan 1841 - 22 Feb 1841 Jean-Paul, vicomte Schramm (b. 1789 - d. 1884) (acting) 22 Feb 1841 - 27 Sep 1847 Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, (from 1844) duc d'Isly (b. 1784 - d. 1849) 1 Sep 1845 - 6 Jul 1847 Louis Juchault de Lamorici�re (b. 1806 - d. 1865) (acting for Bugeaud) 6 Jul 1847 - 27 Sep 1847 Marie-Alphonse Bedeau (b. 1804 - d. 1863) (acting for Bugeaud) 27 Sep 1847 - 24 Feb 1848 Henri Eug�ne Philippe Louis d'Orl�ans, duc d'Aumale (b. 1822 - d. 1897) 24 Feb 1848 - 29 Apr 1848 Louis Eug�ne Cavaignac (b. 1802 - d. 1857) 29 Apr 1848 - 9 Sep 1848 Nicolas Anne Th�odule Changarnier (b. 1793 - d. 1877) 9 Sep 1848 - 22 Oct 1850 Viala, baron Charon (b. 1794 - d. 1880) 22 Oct 1850 - 10 May 1851 Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul (b. 1789 - d. 1865) 10 May 1851 - 11 Dec 1851 Aimable Jean Jacques P�lissier (1st time) (b. 1794 - d. 1864) 11 Dec 1851 - 31 Aug 1858 Jacques Louis C�sar Alexandre Randon (from 1852, Jacques Louis C�sar Alexandre, comte de Randon) (b. 1795 - d. 1871) Military commanders 31 Aug 1858 - 24 Apr 1859 Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon (b. 1808 - d. 1893) 24 Apr 1859 - 17 Aug 1859 Philippe Antoine Gues-Viller (b. 1791 - d. 1865) 17 Aug 1859 - 24 Nov 1860 Edmond Charles de Martimprey (b. 1808 - d. 1883) Governors-general 24 Nov 1860 - 22 May 1864 Aimable Jean Jacques P�lissier, duc de Malakoff (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 May 1864 - 1 Sep 1864 Edmond Charles de Martimprey (s.a.) (acting) 1 Sep 1864 - 27 Jul 1870 Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon (s.a.) 27 Jul 1870 - 23 Oct 1870 Louis, baron Durrieu (acting) (b. 1812 - d. 1877) 23 Oct 1870 - 16 Nov 1870 Jean Louis Marie Walsin-Esterhazy (b. 1804 - d. 1871) (acting) Extraordinary commissioners 16 Nov 1870 - 8 Feb 1871 Charles du Bouzet (b. 1817 - d. 1883) 8 Feb 1871 - 29 Mar 1871 Alexis Lambert (b. 1829 - d. 1877) Governors-general 29 Mar 1871 - 10 Jun 1873 Louis Henri, comte de Gueydon (b. 1809 - d. 1886) 10 Jun 1873 - 15 Mar 1879 Antoine Chanzy (b. 1823 - d. 1883) 15 Mar 1879 - 26 Nov 1881 Albert Gr�vy (acting) (b. 1834 - d. 1899) 26 Nov 1881 - 18 Apr 1891 Louis Tirman (b. 1837 - d. 1899) 18 Apr 1891 - 1 Oct 1897 Jules Cambon (b. 1845 - d. 1935) 1 Oct 1897 - 26 Jul 1898 Louis L�pine (b. 1846 - d. 1933) 26 Jul 1898 - 3 Oct 1900 �douard Laferri�res (b. 1813 - d. 1901) 3 Oct 1900 - 18 Jun 1901 Charles Jonnart (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1927) (acting) 18 Jun 1901 - 11 Apr 1903 Paul R�voil (b. 1856 - d. 1914) 11 Apr 1903 - 5 May 1903 Maurice Varnier (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 19...) 5 May 1903 - 22 May 1911 Charles Jonnart (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 22 May 1911 - 29 Jan 1918 Charles Lutaud (b. 1855 - d. 1921) 29 Jan 1918 - 29 Aug 1919 Charles Jonnart (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 29 Aug 1919 - 28 Jul 1921 Jean-Baptiste Abel (b. 1863 - d. 1921) 28 Jul 1921 - 17 Apr 1925 Th�odore Steeg (b. 1868 - d. 1950) 17 Apr 1925 - 12 May 1925 Henri Dubief (acting) 12 May 1925 - 20 Nov 1927 Maurice Viollette (b. 1870 - d. 1960) 20 Nov 1927 - 18 Dec 1930 Pierre Bordes (b. 1870 - d. 1943) 18 Dec 1930 - 21 Sep 1935 Jules Carde (b. 1874 - d. 1949) 21 Sep 1935 - 20 Jul 1940 Georges Le Beau (b. 1879 - d. 1962) 20 Jul 1940 - 16 Jul 1941 Jean Abrial (b. 1879 - d. 1962) 16 Jul 1941 - 20 Nov 1941 Maxime Weygand (b. 1867 - d. 1965) 20 Nov 1941 - 20 Jan 1943 Yves Chatel (b. 1885 - d. 1944) 20 Jan 1943 - 3 Jun 1943 Marcel Peyrouton (b. 1887 - d. 1983) 3 Jun 1943 - 8 Sep 1944 Georges Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969) 8 Sep 1944 - 11 Feb 1948 Yves Chataigneau (b. 1891 - d. 1969) 11 Feb 1948 - 9 Mar 1951 Marcel Edmond Naegelen (b. 1892 - d. 1978) 12 Apr 1951 - 26 Jan 1955 Roger L�onard (b. 1898 - d. 1987) 26 Jan 1955 - 1 Feb 1956 Jacques Soustelle (b. 1912 - d. 1990) Resident ministers 1 Feb 1956 - 9 Feb 1956 Georges Catroux (s.a.) 9 Feb 1956 - 13 May 1958 Robert Lacoste (b. 1898 - d. 1989) 13 May 1958 - 1 Jun 1958 Andr� Mutter (b. 1901 - d. 1973) 13 May 1958 - 23 May 1958 Jacques Massu (b. 1908 - d. 2002) (president of the Committee of Public Safety, in rebellion) 23 May 1958 - 7 Jun 1958 Jacques Massu (s.a.) + Ch�rif Sid Cara (b. 1902 - d. 1999) (presidents of the Central Committee of Public Safety, in rebellion) Delegates-general 7 Jun 1958 - 12 Dec 1958 Raoul Salan (b. 1899 - d. 1984) 12 Dec 1958 - 23 Nov 1960 Paul Delouvrier (b. 1914 - d. 1995) 23 Nov 1960 - 19 Mar 1962 Jean Morin (b. 1916 - d. 2008) 21 Apr 1961 - 25 Apr 1961 Directorate (in rebellion) - Maurice Challe (b. 1905 - d. 1979) - Andr� Zeller (b. 1898 - d. 1979) - Edmond Jouhaud (b. 1905 - d. 1995) - Raoul Salan (s.a.) High commissioner 19 Mar 1962 - 3 Jul 1962 Christian Fouchet (b. 1911 - d. 1974) Chairman of the Provisional Executive 7 Apr 1962 - 25 Sep 1962 Abderrahmane Far�s (b. 1911 - d. 1991) Chairman of the National Constituent Assembly 25 Sep 1962 - 29 Sep 1962 Ferhat Abbas (b. 1899 - d. 1985) Presidents 29 Sep 1962 - 19 Jun 1965 Ahmed Ben Bella (b. 1918 - d. 2012) (head of state as prime minister to 20 Sep 1963) 19 Jun 1965 - 27 Dec 1978 Houari Boumedienne (b. 1932? - d. 1978) (chairman Revolutionary Council to 11 Dec 1976) 27 Dec 1978 - 9 Feb 1979 Rabah Bitat (interim) (b. 1925 - d. 2000) 9 Feb 1979 - 11 Jan 1992 Chadli Bendjedid (b. 1929 - d. 2012) 11 Jan 1992 - 14 Jan 1992 Abdelmalek Benhabyles (b. 1921 - d. 2018) (chairman Constitutional Council) 14 Jan 1992 - 31 Jan 1994 High State Committee - Khaled Nezzar (b. 1937 - d. 2023) - Ali Haroun (b. 1927) - Tedjini Haddam (b. 1921 - d. 2000) - Ali Kafi (b. 1928 - d. 2013) (chairman from 2 Jul 1992) - Mohamed Boudiaf (b. 1919 - d. 1992) (16 Jan - 29 Jun 1992) (chairman) - Redha Malek (b. 1931 - d. 2017) (from 2 Jul 1992) 31 Jan 1994 - 27 Apr 1999 Liamine Z�roual (b. 1941) (President of the State to 27 Nov 1995) 27 Apr 1999 - 3 Apr 2019 Abdelaziz Bouteflika (b. 1937 - d. 2021) 3 Apr 2019 - 19 Dec 2019 Abdelkader Bensalah (acting) (b. 1941 - d. 2021) 19 Dec 2019 - Abdelmadjid Tebboune (b. 1945)

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (in Tunis exile to 3 Jul 1962) 19 Sep 1958 - 27 Aug 1961 Ferhat Abbas (s.a.) 27 Aug 1961 - 25 Sep 1962 Benyoucef Ben Khedda (b. 1920 - d. 2003) Prime ministers 29 Sep 1962 - 20 Sep 1963 Ahmed Ben Bella (s.a.) 8 Mar 1979 - 22 Jan 1984 Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani (b. 1927 - d. 1996) 22 Jan 1984 - 5 Nov 1988 Abdelhamid Brahimi (b. 1936 - d. 2021) 5 Nov 1988 - 9 Sep 1989 Kasdi Merbah (b. 1938 - d. 1993) 9 Sep 1989 - 5 Jun 1991 Mouloud Hamrouche (b. 1943) 5 Jun 1991 - 8 Jul 1992 Sid Ahmed Ghozali (b. 1937) 8 Jul 1992 - 21 Aug 1993 Belaid Abdessalam (b. 1928 - d. 2020) 21 Aug 1993 - 11 Apr 1994 Redha Malek (s.a.) 11 Apr 1994 - 31 Dec 1995 Mokdad Sifi (b. 1940) 31 Dec 1995 - 15 Dec 1998 Ahmed Ouyahia (1st time) (b. 1952) 15 Dec 1998 - 23 Dec 1999 Smail Hamdani (b. 1930 - d. 2017) 23 Dec 1999 - 27 Aug 2000 Ahmed Benbitour (b. 1946) 27 Aug 2000 - 5 May 2003 Ali Benflis (b. 1944) 5 May 2003 - 24 May 2006 Ahmed Ouyahia (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 May 2006 - 23 Jun 2008 Abdelaziz Belkhadem (b. 1945) 23 Jun 2008 - 4 Sep 2012 Ahmed Ouyahia (3rd time) (s.a.) 4 Sep 2012 - 13 Mar 2014 Abdelmalek Sellal (1st time) (b. 1948) 13 Mar 2014 - 29 Apr 2014 Youcef Yousfi (interim) (b. 1941) 29 Apr 2014 - 25 May 2017 Abdelmalek Sellal (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 May 2017 - 16 Aug 2017 Abdelmadjid Tebboune (s.a.) 16 Aug 2017 - 12 Mar 2019 Ahmed Ouyahia (4th time) (s.a.) 12 Mar 2019 - 19 Dec 2019 Noureddine Bedoui (b. 1959) 19 Dec 2019 - 28 Dec 2019 Sabri Boukadoum (interim) (b. 1958) 28 Dec 2019 - 30 Jun 2021 Abdelaziz Djerad (b. 1954) 30 Jun 2021 - 11 Nov 2023 Ayman Benabderrahmane (b. 1960) 11 Nov 2023 - Nadir Larbaoui (b. 1949)

Kel Ahaggar

 _c._1750                Kel Ahaggar Tuareg confederation established
   1903                under French suzerainty
   1962                confederation not recognized by independent Algeria
   1975                confederation terminated

Rulers (title Amenokal) - Kel Rela "tobol" - 17.. - 17.. Salah 17.. - 17.. Muhammad al-Khir ag Salah 17.. - 17.. Sidi ag Muhammad al-Khir 17.. - 1790 Yunus ag Sidi 1790 - 1830 Ag Mama ag Sidi 1830 - 1877 al-Hajj Ahmad 1877 - 1900 Aytarel ag Muhammad Biskra 1900 - 1905 Attici ag Amellal 1905 - 27 Dec 1920 Musa ag Amastan (b. 1867 - d. 1920) 1920 - 26 Mar 1941 Akhamuk ag Ihemma (b. 1874 - d. 1941) 1941 - 1950 Meslar ag Amayas (b. ... - d. 1950) 1950 - 1975 Bayy ag Akhamuk (b. ... - d. 1975)

American Samoa

17 Apr 1900 Tutuila ceded to United States 16 Jul 1904 Manu'a ceded to United States 2 Apr 1909 the Tui Manu'a lineage becomes extinct 17 Jul 1911 U.S. Naval Station Tutuila renamed American Samoa 20 Feb 1929 U.S. Congress formally accepts the cession of Tutuila and Manu'a by their chiefs, with retroactive effect to 16 Jul 1904

Kings/Queens (title Tui Manu'a - Moa'atoa dynasty - _c._1828 Taalolomana _c._1836 Tauveve _c._1888 Tauilima Alalamua 1 Jul 1891 - 29 Oct 1895 Matelita (f) 1899 - 2 Apr 1909 Elisara Commandants 17 Feb 1900 - 27 Nov 1901 Benjamin Franklin Tilley 27 Nov 1901 - 16 Dec 1902 Uriel Sebree 16 Dec 1902 - 5 May 1903 Henry Minett (acting) 5 May 1903 - 30 Jan 1905 Edmund Beardsley Underwood Governors 30 Jan 1905 - 21 May 1908 Charles Brainard Taylor Moore 21 May 1908 - 10 Nov 1910 John Frederick Parker 10 Nov 1910 - 14 Mar 1913 William Michael Crose 14 Mar 1913 - 14 Jul 1913 Nathan Woodworth Post (1st time) (acting) 14 Jul 1913 - 2 Oct 1914 Clark Daniel Stearns 2 Oct 1914 - 6 Dec 1914 Nathan Woodworth Post (2nd time) (acting) 6 Dec 1914 - 1 Mar 1915 Charles Armijo Woodruff (acting) 1 Mar 1915 - 10 Jun 1919 John Martin Poyer 10 Jun 1919 - 3 Nov 1920 Warren Jay Terhune 11 Nov 1920 - 1 Mar 1922 Waldo Evans 1 Mar 1922 - 4 Sep 1923 Edwin Taylor Pollock 4 Sep 1923 - 17 Mar 1925 Edward Stanley Kellogg 17 Mar 1925 - 9 Sep 1927 Henry Francis Bryan 9 Sep 1927 - 2 Aug 1929 Stephen Victor Graham 2 Aug 1929 - 24 Mar 1931 Gatewood Sanders (1st time) 24 Mar 1931 - 22 Apr 1931 James Sutherland Spore (acting) 22 Apr 1931 - 17 Jul 1931 Arthur Tenney Emerson (acting) 17 Jul 1931 - 12 May 1932 Gatewood Sanders (2nd time) 12 May 1932 - 10 Apr 1934 George Bertram Landenberger 10 Apr 1934 - 17 Apr 1934 Thomas Calloway 17 Apr 1934 - 15 Jan 1936 Otto Carl Dowling 15 Jan 1936 - 20 Jan 1936 Thomas Benjamin Fitzpatrick (acting) 20 Jan 1936 - 3 Jun 1938 MacGillivray Milne 26 Jun 1938 - 30 Jul 1940 Edward William Hanson 30 Jul 1940 - 8 Aug 1940 Jesse Rink Wallace (acting) 8 Aug 1940 - 5 Jun 1942 Laurence Wild 17 Jan 1942 - 25 Apr 1942 Henry L. Larsen (military governor) 5 Jun 1942 - 8 Feb 1944 John Gould Moyer 8 Feb 1944 - 27 Jan 1945 Allen Hobbs 27 Jan 1945 - 3 Sep 1945 Ralph Waldo Hungerford 3 Sep 1945 - 10 Sep 1945 Samuel Wakefield Canan (acting) 10 Sep 1945 - 22 Apr 1947 Harold Alexander Houser 22 Apr 1947 - 15 Jun 1949 Vernon Huber 7 Jul 1949 - 23 Feb 1951 Thomas Francis Darden, Jr. 23 Feb 1951 - 20 Jun 1952 Phelps Phelps 16 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952 John C. Elliott 28 Nov 1952 - 4 Mar 1953 James Arthur Ewing 4 Mar 1953 - 5 Aug 1953 Lawrence M. Judd 1 Oct 1953 - 15 Oct 1956 Richard Barrett Lowe 15 Oct 1956 - 24 May 1961 Peter Tali Coleman (1st time) 24 May 1961 - 31 Jul 1967 Fanaese (b. 1872? - d. 1895) (b. 18... - d. 1909) (b. 1848 - d. 1907) (b. 1848 - d. 1922) (b. 1857 - d. 1952) (b. 1853 - d. 1928) (b. 1853 - d. 1923) (b. 1853 - d. 1911) (b. 1867 - d. 1929) (b. 1881 - d. 1938) (b. 1870 - d. 1944) (s.a.) (b. 1884 - d. 1945) (b. 1861 - d. 1922) (b. 1869 - d. 1920) (b. 1869 - d. 1936) (b. 1870 - d. 1943) (b. 1870 - d. 1948) (b. 1865 - d. 1944) (b. 1874 - d. 1955) Lincoln (b. 1875 - d. 1957) (b. 1885 - d. 1937) (b. 1893 - d. 1975) Lincoln (s.a.) (b. 1879 - d. 1936) Latimore (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1942) (b. 1887 - d. 1946) (b. 1896 - d. 1974) (b. 1882 - d. 1959) (b. 1889 - d. 1959) (b. 1899 - d. 1961) (b. 1890 - d. 1971) (b. 1890 - d. 1962) (b. 1893 - d. 1976) (b. 1899 - d. 1960) (b. 1896 - d. 1977) (b. 1898 - d. 1964) (b. 1897 - d. 1981) (b. 1899 - d. 1967) (b. 1900 - d. 1961) (b. 1897 - d. 1981) (b. 1919 - d. 2001) (b. 1916?) (b. 1887 - d. 1968) (b. 1902 - d. 1972) (b. 1919 - d. 1997) rel="noopener noreferrer">Hyrum Rex Lee (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 2001) (b. 1927 - d. 1997) (b. 1920 - d. 1991) (b. 1909 - d. 1993) (b. 1916 - d. 1989) (b. 1933 - d. 2016) rel="noopener noreferrer">Hyrum Rex Lee (2nd time) (s.a.) (s.a.) rel="noopener noreferrer">A.P. Lutali (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 2002) (s.a.) rel="noopener noreferrer">A.P. Lutali (2nd time) (s.a.) (b. 1941 - d. 2003) (b. 1947) 7 Apr 2003) (b. 1949) (b. 1960)

Swains Island
13 Oct 1856 settlement founded by an American 4 Mar 1925 annexed to American Samoa

Leaders 13 Oct 1856 - 4 Dec 1878 Eli Hutchinson Jennings (b. 1814 - d. 1878) 4 Dec 1878 - 25 Oct 1891 Malia Jennings (f) (b. ... - d. 1891) 25 Oct 1891 - 24 Oct 1920 Eli Hutchinson Jennings, Jr. (b. 1863 - d. 1920) 24 Oct 1920 - Aug 1921 Ann Eliza Jennings (f) (b. 1897 - d. 1921) + Alexander Jennings Aug 1921 - 4 Mar 1925 Alexander Jennings