Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of Biota in Water Self-Purification.-Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2010, Vol. 80, No. 13, 2010, p. 2754–2761. http://ru.scribd.com/doc/49131150/ (original) (raw)
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Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of Biota in Water Self-Purification.-Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2010, Vol. 80, No. 13, 2010, p. 2754–2761. http://ru.scribd.com/doc/49131150/
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http://ru.scribd.com/doc/49131150/ 10Rus.J.gen.Chem.biocon.water.Q.inen.Fulltext http://www.scribd.com/doc/49131150; S. A. Ostroumov. Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of Biota in Water Self-Purification.- Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2010, Vol. 80, No. 13, 2010, pp. 2754–2761. (ISSN 1070-3632, © Pleiades Publishing Ltd., 2010) [Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia] Abstract : The experimental data analysis, concepts, and generalizations in this article provide the fundamental elements of a new qualitative theory of biocontrol of water quality in a systematized form. The theory covers water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory is supported by the results of the author’s experimental studies of the effects exerted by some chemical pollutants including synthetic surfactants, detergents, and other xenobiotics on aquatic organisms. The theory provides a basis for remediation of polluted aquatic ecosystems including purification of water bodies and streams, and briefly present the qualitative theory of the self-purification mechanism of aquatic ecosystems, phytoremediation and other types of technologies. Received November 30, 2009. DOI: 10.1134/S1070363210130086. [Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, 2010, published in Ekologicheskaya Khimiya, 2010, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 197–204]. ** 'biocontrol' here means biological regulation, biological formation DOI 10.1134/S1070363210130086; Internet impact: mentioned 4,430 times; citation of a related paper of the same author; Download PDF (289 KB); Full text free: http://www.scribd.com/doc/49131150; Number of reads in Internet: About 4.100 READS; Full text free: www.econf.rae.ru/article/6960; www.citeulike.org/user/ATP/article/8803058; This paper was covered by Ebscohost.com: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/57817898/ [EBSCOhost Online Research Databases | EBSCO www.ebscohost.com/ Leading research databases & discovery service providing scholarly journals, full-text articles, magazines, e-books & more for Academic, Medical, Corporate, ... ] Covered by scienceindex.com: http://scienceindex.com/stories/1461547/Biocontrol\_of\_water\_quality\_Multifunctional\_role\_of\_biota\_in\_water\_selfpurification.html About this paper: http://5bio5.blogspot.com/2013/07/4100-reads-biocontrol-of-water-quality.html Tags: role, effects, studies, theory, experimental, water, chemical, freshwater, results, marine, synthetic, ecosystems, multifunctional, pollutants, water quality, surfactants, biocontrol, biota, selfpurification, detergents, ecotoxicology, environmental, toxicology, aquatic, pollution control, review,
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Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of Biota in Water Self-Purification.-Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2010, Vol. 80, No. 13, 2010, p. 2754–2761. http://ru.scribd.com/doc/49131150/
http://ru.scribd.com/doc/49131150/ 10Rus.J.gen.Chem.biocon.water.Q.inen.Fulltext http://www.scribd.com/doc/49131150; S. A. Ostroumov. Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of B…
ISSN 1070-3632, Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2010, Vol. 80, No. 13, 2010, pp. 2754–2761. © Pleiades Publishing Ltd., 2010. Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, 2010, published inEkologicheskaya Khimiya, 2010, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 197–204.
2754
Biocontrol of Water Quality: Multifunctional Role of Biota in Water Self-Puri
fi
cation
S. A. Ostroumov
Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia
Received November 30, 2009
Abstract —
The experimental data analysis, concepts, and generalizations in this article provide the fundamen-tal elements of the qualitative theory of biocontrol of water quality in a systematized form. The theory covers water self-puri
fi
cation in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory is supported by the results of the au-thor’s experimental studies of the effects exerted by some chemical pollutants including synthetic surfactants, detergents, and other xenobiotics onaquatic organisms. The theory provides a basis for remediation of polluted aquatic ecosystems including puri
fi
cation of water bodies and streams, and brie
fl
y present the qualitative theory of the self-puri
fi
cation mechanism of aquatic ecosystems
,
phytoremediation and other types of technologies.
DOI:
10.1134/S1070363210130086
INTRODUCTIONThe bene
fi
ts of aquatic resources and proper water quality are classical examples of ecosystem services. In 2000 some elements of the theory of the function of aquatic ecosystems were developed [1]. However, the role of aquatic biota in the control of water quality still needed to be covered by a scienti
fi
c analysis, and enormous amount of relevant data needed to be orga-nized. Water quality depends on the activities of many aquatic organisms [2–19].The role of the ecological factors and processes that contribute to improving water quality (water self-puri
fi
cation) increases due to the deterioration of natural water quality [3, 4, 14, 20] an anthropogenic impact on water bodies and streams [3, 14, 21–41]. The self-puri
fi
cation of aquatic ecosystems and water quality formation is controlled by many factors [8, 15, 17, 20–33, 36–38, 42–50].The aim of this study is to systematize some key seg-ments of the knowledge about the polyfunctional role of aquatic biota (aquatic organisms) in the self-puri
fi
cation of water bodies and streams and to present brie
fl
y the qualitative theory of the self-puri
fi
cation mechanism of aquatic ecosystems. The synthesis and system-based organization of the material was made at the conceptual level without detailed review of extensive literature. This paper is substantially based on the string of our previ-ous publications including published in refs. [18, 19, 24, 32, 51] and some others. The article is not a review of extensive literature in the
fi
eld, it is an opinion paper that is an outcome of a multi-year period of experimental studies and publications by the author.COMPLEX OF PROCESSES CONTRIBUTINGTO THE WATER QUALITY AND THE WATER SELF-PURIFICATION IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSThe formation of water quality and its puri
fi
cation in the aquatic ecosystems is governed by physical, chemi-cal [42], and biotic [1, 2, 8, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 36–38, 42, 46, 49, 50] processes.The physical and chemical processes of water self- puri
fi
cation are often controlled by biological factors or strongly depend on them. Thus, the redox state of the aquatic environment, which is formed with the participation of H
2
O
2
released by microalgae in the light [23, 42], is of an importance for a decrease in the toxic effect of some pollutants. The concentration of H
2
O
2
in the river Volga was found to be equal up to
Sergei Andreevich Ostroumov, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Leading Re-searcher, Laboratory of Physico
−
Chemistry of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University. Scienti
fi
c areas of focus: chemico-biological interactions, aquatic ecology, biochemical ecology.
BIOCONTROL OF WATER QUALITY2755
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 80 No. 13 2010
10
–6
–10
–5
mol l
–1
, which was found by measurements made by Dr. E.V. Shtamm and other authors [23, 42].An important process is gravitational sedimenta-tion of suspended particles both of biotic and abiotic nature. The sedimentation of phytoplankton depends on water temperature. The sedimentation velocity is equal to 0.3–1.5, 0.4–1.7, and 0.4–2.0 m day
–1
at T = 15, 20 and 25
C, respectively. According to our data, the sedimentation velocity of the pellets of
Lym-naea stagnalis
varies from 0.6 to 1.4 cm s
–1
with a mean value of 0.82 cm s
–1
at T = 22–24°C [23].Experiments with the traps for suspended particles showed that the suspended matter precipitates onto the bed of the river Moskva with a mean rate of 2.3 mg cm
–2
of the bed surface, that is, 23.1 g m
2
day
–1
of the bed surface. The proportion of C
org
(where C is carbon) in these sediments is 64.5% [40].Organic matter oxidation and water
fi
ltration by aquatic invertebrate animals (
fi
lter-feeders) are among the majorbiotic processes contributing to improve water quality and water puri
fi
cation.The overall oxidation of organic matter by the entire community can be expressed either in absolute or in relative units, for example, as the ratio of energy expen-diture to the exchange (total respiration R) by aquatic animals to their total biomass B. This ratio (R/B)
e
is referred to as Schroedinger ratio. The subscript “e” is introduced to show that the estimation is made for the ecosystem as a whole. In the water bodies where primary production exceeds the total respiration of the community this ratio averages 3.0–6.1 [1], but it can be even greater in some water bodies. For example, the Schroedinger ratio is 17.0 in the lake Lyubevoe in the Leningrad province and 33.8 in the lake Zun-Torei east of the lake Baikal [1]. It is believed that the pri-mary production in these lakes is much less than the total respiration, and a large amount of organic matter delivered from outside is oxidized here.Many aquatic organisms contribute to organic matter oxidation but particular role in this oxidation belongs to bacteria [31]. The total population of heterotrophic bacterioplankton taken at a depth of 0.1–1.0 m in the Mozhaisk Reservoir in June and July amounted to (1.4–5.9) 10
9
, and the population of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria was (0.4–5.0) 10
6
cell ml
–1
[8].The rate of water
fi
ltration (FR) by some aquatic ani-mals (e.g., zooplankton, barnacles, some echinoderms, bivalves, polychaetes, sponges and many others) com-monly amounts to 1–9 l h
–1
g
–1
of ash-free dry mass [22, 23]. The dependence of
fi
ltration rate, l h
–1
, on the mass of the aquatic animal dry weight of soft tissues (DW, g), can be described by the power function [2, 23]:
FR = a DW
b
The values of a coef
fi
cient for some bivalve mollusk species vary from 6.8 to 11.6, and those of coef
fi
cient b are between 0.66 and 0.92 [23]. The rate of water
fi
ltration by
fi
ve bivalve mollusk species converted to the area of their gills is about 1.2–1.9 ml min
–1
cm
–2
[23].The total rate of water
fi
ltration by benthic (bot-tom-dwelling) populations of macroinvertebrates (e.g., bivalve mollusks, polychaetes) was estimated at 1–10 m
3
m
–2
day
–1
of the bottom of the aquatic ecosys-tem [20, 23].Additional data on the
fi
ltration activity of aquatic animals are given in ref. [32].THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE SELF-PURIFICATION MECHANISM OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSAccording to a serie of our previous publications, the biological self-puri
fi
cation mechanism of aquatic ecosystems incorporates three main types of major functional components [22, 23]:
fi
ltration activity of organisms (“
fi
lters”) [21]; the mechanisms of transfer of chemicals from one ecological compartment into another, from one medium into another (“pumps”); and splitting pollutant molecules (“mills”).The processes and aquatic organisms that serve as
fi
lters [21, 22, 23]: theinvertebrate
fi
lter-feeders [2, 44]; the coastal macrophytes, which retain some nutrients and pollutants delivered into water from neighboring areas; the benthos, which retains and absorbs part of nutrients and pollutants at the water-bottom sediment interface; the microorganisms adsorbed on particulates that move within water column due to sedimentation of particles under the effect of gravity; as a result, the water mass and microorganisms move relative to one another, which is equivalent to the situation when water moves through a porous substrate with microorganisms attached to the walls [21]. Precipitation of a suspended particle, that is, its movement relative to water, enhances O
2
exchange between the adsorbed bacteria and the aquatic medium [50].The processes and aquatic organisms that serve as pumps [22, 23]: the transfer of part of the pollut-
2756OSTROUMOV
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 80 No. 13 2010
ants from the water column to bottom sediments (e.g. sedimentation, sorption); the transfer of part of the pollutants from the water column into the atmosphere (evaporation); the transfer of part of the nutrients from water onto the territory of neighboring terrestrial eco-systems because of the emergence of imago of aquatic insects; the transfer of part of the nutrients from water onto the territory of neighboring terrestrial ecosystems through
fi
sh-eating birds, which withdraw some
fi
sh biomass from water.The processes and aquatic organisms that serve as mills and split the molecules of many pollutants [22, 23]: the intracellular enzymatic processes; the processes catalyzed by extracellular enzymes; the decomposition of the pollutants by photolysis: the photochemical processes, sensitized by the organic matter; the destruction of pol-lutants in the free-radical processes with the participation of biogenic ligands [42].ENERGY SOURCES FOR BIOTIC SELF-PURIFICATION MECHANISMS OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSAs all types of machinery, the biomachinery for water self-puri
fi
cation needs some reliable sources of energy.The processes of the biotic self-puri
fi
cation of water take energy from the following sources: photosynthesis, oxidation of autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter; of other redox reactions. Thus, practically all available energy sources are used. A part of the energy is supplied through oxidation of the components (dis-solved and particulate organic matter) which the system gets rid of [34].Water self-puri
fi
cation is commonly associated with organic matter oxidation by aerobic microor-ganisms. Equally important are anaerobic processes which receive energy from the transfer of electrons to acceptors other than oxygen. Anaerobic energetics feeds the metabolism of microorganisms of methano-genic community (decomposition of organic matter results in the production of H
2
S, H
2
, and CH
4
), and anoxygenic phototrophic community (with the forma-tion of SO
42
, H
2
S, H
2
, and CH
4
) [50]. The products produced by organisms of these communities are used as oxidation substrates by organisms of other com-munities including the organisms that form the group referred to a bacterial oxidation
fi
lter. The latter
fi
lter functions under aerobic conditions and oxidizes H
2
, CH
4
(methanotrophs), NH
3
(nitri
fi
ers), H
2
S (thiobac-teria), thiosulfate (thionic bacteria) [50].For example, in the lake Mirror (USA) 19.1 g C m
2
of the lake surface is oxidized annually due to the phy-toplankton respiration, 12.0 g C m
2
is oxidized due to the zooplankton respiration, 1.0 g C m
2
is oxidized due to the macrophytes, 1.16 g C m
2
is oxidized due to the attached plants, 2.8 g C m
2
is oxidized due to the benthic invertebrates, and 0.2 g C m
2
due to the
fi
sh. Oxidation by bacteria in bottom sediments and by bacterioplankton accounts for 17.3 and 4.9 g C m
2
of the lake surface [49].INVOLVEMENT OF MAJOR TAXA IN THE SELF-PURIFICATION IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSAnalysis of facts demonstrate how practically all major groups of organisms contribute to the self-puri
fi
cation of the aquatic ecosystems and to the formation of the water quality [11, 17, 20, 22, 23, 25–29, 31, 33–38, 49, 50]. A signi
fi
cant role belongs to the microorganisms [8, 46, 50, 44], to the phytoplankton [22, 23], to the higher plants [22, 23], to the protozoa [11], to the zooplankton [22, 23, 49], to the benthic invertebrates [22, 23, 49], and to the
fi
sh. All these groups contribute largely to the self-puri
fi
cation of aquatic ecosystems, each group taking part in several processes.Additional data on the role of the aquatic plants were obtained in experiments with microcosms [12]. It was shown that the aquatic plants accelerated the decrease in concentration of a synthetic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) that was added to water. This result was of interest as synthetic surfactant belonged to an important group of chemical pollutants of aquatic environment.Microbial processes of water self-puri
fi
cation are associated basically with the activity of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria. However, representatives of practi-cally all major bacterial groups (>30) participate in the key processes of organic matter destruction and self-puri
fi
cation of water bodies [50].It is worth mentioning that the microorganisms participating in the destruction of biopolymers and in water self-puri
fi
cation system feature wide taxonomic diversity [50]. An important role in organic matter de-struction and self-puri
fi
cation of the aquatic ecosystems belongs also to the eucaryotic microorganisms (pro-tists), in particular, to the euglenes, amebo
fl
agellates, dino
fl
agellates, infusoria, hetero
fl
agellates, cryptomon-ades, choano
fl
agellates, metamonads, chitrids, and other organisms [50].
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