Arguments from Global Warming Skeptics and what the science really says (original) (raw)

Climate Myth

What the Science Says

"Climate's changed before"

Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

"It's the sun"

In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions

"It's not bad"

Negative impacts of global warming on agriculture, health & environment far outweigh any positives.

"There is no consensus"

97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.

"It's cooling"

All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.

"Models are unreliable"

Models successfully reproduce temperatures since 1900 globally, by land, in the air and the ocean.

"Temp record is unreliable"

The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

"Animals and plants can adapt"

Global warming will cause mass extinctions of species that cannot adapt on short time scales.

"It hasn't warmed since 1998"

Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

"Antarctica is gaining ice"

Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.

"Ice age predicted in the 70s"

The vast majority of climate papers in the 1970s predicted warming.

"CO2 lags temperature"

CO2 didn't initiate warming from past ice ages but it did amplify the warming.

"Climate sensitivity is low"

Net positive feedback is confirmed by many different lines of evidence.

"We're heading into an ice age"

Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.

"Ocean acidification isn't serious"

Ocean acidification threatens entire marine food chains.

"Hockey stick is broken"

Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

"Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy"

A number of investigations have cleared scientists of any wrongdoing in the media-hyped email incident.

"Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming"

There is increasing evidence that hurricanes are getting stronger due to global warming.

"Al Gore got it wrong"

Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.

"Glaciers are growing"

Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.

"It's cosmic rays"

Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

"1934 - hottest year on record"

1934 was one of the hottest years in the US, not globally.

"It's freaking cold!"

A local cold day has nothing to do with the long-term trend of increasing global temperatures.

"Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming"

Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

"Sea level rise is exaggerated"

A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

"It's Urban Heat Island effect"

Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.

"Medieval Warm Period was warmer"

Globally averaged temperature now is higher than global temperature in medieval times.

"Mars is warming"

Mars is not warming globally.

"Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle"

Thick Arctic sea ice is undergoing a rapid retreat.

"Increasing CO2 has little to no effect"

The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.

"Oceans are cooling"

The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

"Climate scientists are in it for the money"

Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

"It's a 1500 year cycle"

Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

"Human CO2 is a tiny % of CO2 emissions"

The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.

"IPCC is alarmist"

Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

"Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas"

Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

"Polar bear numbers are increasing"

Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

"CO2 limits will harm the economy"

The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.

"It's not happening"

There are many lines of evidence indicating global warming is unequivocal.

"Was Greenland really green in the past?"

Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

"CO2 is not a pollutant"

Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant

"Greenland is gaining ice"

Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

"CO2 is plant food"

The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors

"There's no empirical evidence"

There are multiple lines of direct observations that humans are causing global warming.

"Arctic sea ice has recovered"

Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.

"Other planets are warming"

Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.

"There's no correlation between CO2 and temperature"

There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

"We're coming out of the Little Ice Age"

Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.

"It cooled mid-century"

Mid-century cooling involved aerosols and is irrelevant for recent global warming.

"Global warming stopped in ~~1998~~, ~~1995~~, ~~2002~~, ~~2007~~, ~~2010~~, ????"

Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.

"CO2 was higher in the past"

Climate has changed along with CO2 levels through geological time.

"It warmed before 1940 when CO2 was low"

Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.

"Satellites show no warming in the troposphere"

The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.

"It's aerosols"

Aerosols have been masking global warming, which would be worse otherwise.

"2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells"

A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

"It's a natural cycle"

No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

"It's El Niño"

El Nino has no trend and so is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

"It's not us"

Multiple sets of independent observations find a human fingerprint on climate change.

"Mt. Kilimanjaro's ice loss is due to land use"

Most glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, notwithstanding a few complicated cases.

"It's Pacific Decadal Oscillation"

The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

"There's no tropospheric hot spot"

We see a clear "short-term hot spot" - there's various evidence for a "long-term hot spot".

"2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory"

The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.

"Scientists can't even predict weather"

Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

"IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers"

Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 1000 page IPCC report.

"Greenhouse effect has been falsified"

The greenhouse effect is standard physics and confirmed by observations.

"Clouds provide negative feedback"

Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.

"CO2 limits will hurt the poor"

Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

"Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated"

Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.

"The science isn't settled"

That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

"It's the ocean"

The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

"IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests"

The IPCC statement on Amazon rainforests was correct, and was incorrectly reported in some media.

"Corals are resilient to bleaching"

Globally about 1% of coral is dying out each year.

"Volcanoes emit more CO2 than humans"

Humans emit 100 times more CO2 than volcanoes.

"CO2 effect is saturated"

Direct measurements find that rising CO2 is trapping more heat.

"Greenland ice sheet won't collapse"

When Greenland was 3 to 5 degrees C warmer than today, a large portion of the Ice Sheet melted.

"CO2 is just a trace gas"

Many substances are dangerous even in trace amounts; what really matters is the total amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

"500 scientists refute the consensus"

Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.

"It's methane"

Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

"CO2 has a short residence time"

Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years

"CO2 measurements are suspect"

CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

"Humidity is falling"

Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

"Jupiter is warming"

Jupiter is not warming, and anyway the sun is cooling.

"Neptune is warming"

And the sun is cooling.

"Springs aren't advancing"

Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

"CO2 is not increasing"

CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

"It's land use"

Land use plays a minor role in climate change, although carbon sequestration may help to mitigate.

"Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature"

The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

"Record snowfall disproves global warming"

Warming leads to increased evaporation and precipitation, which falls as increased snow in winter.

"They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"

'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.

"Wildfires are not caused by global warming"

Global warming worsens wildfires by creating drier conditions with more fuel for fires to spread further and faster.

"Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun"

The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.

"CO2 is coming from the ocean"

The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.

"CO2 is not the only driver of climate"

Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

"IPCC overestimate temperature rise"

Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

"Peer review process was corrupted"

An Independent Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and didn't threaten the integrity of peer review.

"Pluto is warming"

And the sun has been recently cooling.

"Arctic was warmer in 1940"

The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.

"CO2 limits will make little difference"

If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

"Renewable energy is too expensive"

When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.

100

"Sea level rise is decelerating"

Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

101

"Southern sea ice is increasing"

Antarctic sea ice has grown in recent decades despite the Southern Ocean warming at the same time.

102

"Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate"

Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.

103

"It's microsite influences"

Microsite influences on temperature changes are minimal; good and bad sites show the same trend.

104

"Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity"

Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.

105

"Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995"

Phil Jones was misquoted.

106

"Dropped stations introduce warming bias"

If the dropped stations had been kept, the temperature would actually be slightly higher.

107

"Infrared Iris will reduce global warming"

The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research has found that if it exists, the effect is much smaller than originally hypothesized, and may even slightly amplify rather than reducing global warming.

108

"It's not urgent"

A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

109

"It's too hard"

Scientific studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions enough to avoid dangerous climate change.

110

"It's albedo"

Albedo change in the Arctic, due to receding ice, is increasing global warming.

111

"Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960"

This is a detail that is complex, local, and irrelevant to the observed global warming trend.

112

"It's soot"

Soot stays in the atmosphere for days to weeks; carbon dioxide causes warming for centuries.

113

"Roy Spencer finds negative feedback"

Spencer's model is too simple, excluding important factors like ocean dynamics and treats cloud feedbacks as forcings.

114

"Hansen's 1988 prediction was wrong"

Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.

115

"Earth hasn't warmed as much as expected"

This argument ignores the cooling effect of aerosols and the planet's thermal inertia.

116

"It's global brightening"

This is a complex aerosol effect with unclear temperature significance.

117

"Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain"

Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain.

118

"It's a climate regime shift"

There is no evidence that climate has chaotic “regimes” on a long-term basis.

119

"Solar cycles cause global warming"

Over recent decades, the sun has been slightly cooling & is irrelevant to recent global warming.

120

"A drop in volcanic activity caused warming"

Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.

121

"Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming"

Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.

122

"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project"

The 'OISM petition' was signed by only a few climatologists.

123

"Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels"

Stomatal data is not as direct as ice core measurements and hence not as precise.

124

"Ice isn't melting"

Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.

125

"Sea level is not rising"

The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.

126

"Climate is chaotic and cannot be predicted"

Weather is chaotic but climate is driven by Earth's energy imbalance, which is more predictable.

127

"IPCC ‘disappeared’ the Medieval Warm Period"

The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.

128

"It's ozone"

Ozone has only a small effect.

129

"Climate 'Skeptics' are like Galileo"

Modern scientists, not anti-science skeptics, follow in Galileo’s footsteps.

130

"Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored"

An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

131

"The IPCC consensus is phoney"

113 nations signed onto the 2007 IPCC report, which is simply a summary of the current body of climate science evidence.

132

"Tuvalu sea level isn't rising"

Tuvalu sea level is rising 3 times larger than the global average.

133

"Naomi Oreskes' study on consensus was flawed"

Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

134

"Renewables can't provide baseload power"

A number of renewable sources already do provide baseload power, and we don't need renewables to provide a large percentage of baseload power immediately.

135

"Trenberth can't account for the lack of warming"

Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

136

"CRU tampered with temperature data"

An independent inquiry went back to primary data sources and were able to replicate CRU's results.

137

"Ice Sheet losses are overestimated"

A number of independent measurements find extensive ice loss from Antarctica and Greenland.

138

"Breathing contributes to CO2 buildup"

By breathing out, we are simply returning to the air the same CO2 that was there to begin with.

139

"Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic"

Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.

140

"Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures"

Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.

141

"Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature"

Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations while ignoring the long-term correlation.

142

"Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural"

Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.

143

"We're heading into cooling"

There is no scientific basis for claims that the planet will begin to cool in the near future.

144

"97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven"

The 97% consensus has been independently confirmed by a number of different approaches and lines of evidence.

145

"Most of the last 10,000 years were warmer"

This argument uses regional temperature data that ends in 1855, long before modern global warming began.

146

"The sun is getting hotter"

The sun has just had the deepest solar minimum in 100 years.

147

"A grand solar minimum could trigger another ice age"

Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.

148

"An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature"

CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.

149

"Climate change solutions are too expensive"

Many climate solutions are cheaper than the alternatives before even accounting for the trillions of dollars saved by reducing climate and air pollution.

150

"CO2 emissions do not correlate with CO2 concentration"

That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

151

"It warmed just as fast in 1860-1880 and 1910-1940"

The warming trend over 1970 to 2001 is greater than warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.

152

"It's waste heat"

Greenhouse warming is adding 100 times more heat to the climate than waste heat.

153

"Record high snow cover was set in winter 2008/2009"

Winter snow cover in 2008/2009 was average while the long-term trend in spring, summer, and annual snow cover is rapid decline.

154

"Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming"

This possibility just means that future global warming could be even worse.

155

"CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming"

The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.

156

"Mauna Loa is a volcano"

The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.

157

"Deniers are part of the 97%"

If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.

158

"It's planetary movements"

Blaming global warming on the movements of other planets is little more than 'climastrology' and curve fitting without a physical basis.

159

"Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect"

Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.

160

"Antarctica is too cold to lose ice"

Glaciers are sliding faster into the ocean because ice shelves are thinning due to warming oceans.

161

"Positive feedback means runaway warming"

Positive feedback won't lead to runaway warming; diminishing returns on feedback cycles limit the amplification.

162

"Skeptics were kept out of the IPCC?"

Official records, Editors and emails suggest CRU scientists acted in the spirit if not the letter of IPCC rules.

163

"Water levels correlate with sunspots"

This detail is irrelevant to the observation of global warming caused by humans.

164

"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused"

Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

165

"CO2 was higher in the late Ordovician"

The sun was much cooler during the Ordovician.

166

"Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise"

Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.

167

"It's internal variability"

Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

168

"No warming in 16 years"

Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

169

"Warming causes CO2 rise"

Recent warming is due to rising CO2.

170

"CO2 limits won't cool the planet"

CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.

171

"It's CFCs"

CFCs contribute at a small level.

172

"Renewable energy investment kills jobs"

Investment in renewable energy creates more jobs than investment in fossil fuel energy.

173

"Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity"

The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

174

"Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising"

The Siddall 2009 paper was retracted because its predicted sea level rise was too low.

175

"The 97% consensus on human-caused global warming is a robust result"

The 97% consensus on human-caused global warming is a robust result using two independent methods (volunteer abstract ratings and scientist self-ratings) and consistent with similar previous surveys.

176

"Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report"

The IPCC operates by consensus. Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report. Accusations to the contrary are simply an attempt to re-write history.

177

"DMI show cooling Arctic"

While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

178

"Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass"

Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

179

"It's a climate shift step function caused by natural cycles"

Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

180

"It's only a few degrees"

A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.

181

"Royal Society embraces skepticism"

The Royal Society still strongly state that human activity is the dominant cause of global warming.

182

"Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past"

Current Arctic sea ice extent is the lowest in the past several thousand years.

183

"Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs"

The data and research are unclear whether climate change is increasing extreme weather damage costs, but many types of extreme weather are becoming more intense and/or frequent, and disaster costs from extreme weather events are rising.

184

"CO2 only causes 35% of global warming"

CO2 and corresponding water vapor feedback are the biggest cause of global warming.

185

"IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading"

All of the statements made in the IPCC report regarding the figure in question are correct and supported.

186

"It's satellite microwave transmissions"

Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

187

"Sea level fell in 2010"

The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

188

"Great Barrier Reef is in good shape"

Evidence clearly shows that both ocean warming and acidification due to human CO2 emissions are damaging the Great Barrier Reef

189

"Hansen predicted the West Side Highway would be underwater"

Hansen was speculating on changes that might happen if CO2 doubled.

190

"Heatwaves have happened before"

Global warming is increasing the frequency, duration and intensity of heatwaves.

191

"Humans survived past climate changes"

Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and mostly in our far distant past.

192

"IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded"

The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

193

"Ljungqvist broke the hockey stick"

Ljungqvist's temperature reconstruction is very similar to other reconstructions by Moberg and Mann.

194

"Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming"

Loehle and Scafetta's paper is nothing more than a curve fitting exercise with no physical basis using an overly simplistic model.

195

"Postma disproved the greenhouse effect"

Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.

196

"Removing all CO2 would make little difference"

Removing CO2 would cause most water in the air to rain out and cancel most of the greenhouse effect.

197

"UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong"

The most likely explanation for UAH data warming less than expected is that the UAH data set is biased low.

198

"Underground temperatures control climate"

The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

199

"We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution"

CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.

200

"Akasofu Proved Global Warming is Just a Recovery from the Little Ice Age"

Akasofu provided no physical explanation for the supposed "recovery" from the Little Ice Age, nor did he explain how the increased greenhouse effect isn't causing global warming.

201

"Animal agriculture and eating meat are the biggest causes of global warming"

Animal agriculture is responsible for only 14 to 18% of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions globally, compared to 60% from fossil fuel burning.

202

"Arctic sea ice loss in the 1940s was similar to today's"

Current Arctic sea ice decline is far greater than any decline earlier in the 20th Century.

203

"Arctic Storm Caused the 2012 Record Sea Ice Minimum"

The 2012 Arctic storm only impacted sea ice because of the long-term, human-caused deterioration of Arctic sea ice.

204

"BEST hides the decline in global temperature"

BEST data shows an approximately 0.3°C per decade global warming trend over land.

205

"Clearing trees for solar panels negates any climate change benefits"

An average acre of solar panels in the United States reduced approximately 204–231 times more carbon dioxide per year than an acre of forest.

206

"Climate science peer review is pal review"

Climate 'skeptics' including Patrick Michaels are the ones who have been guilty of true pal review in the journal Climate Research from 1997 to 2003.

207

"Electric vehicles are impractical due to range restrictions"

The majority of EVs can travel roughly 200 miles on a single charge and some models can travel over 400 miles on a single charge, more than enough to meet the daily needs of median U.S. households.

208

"Electric vehicles cannot function in hot or cold weather"

Extreme temperatures can decrease EV range, particularly extreme cold, but gasoline-powered cars are also susceptible to extreme weather conditions and EVs may actually be more reliable than gasoline-powered cars in the cold.

209

"Electric vehicles have a net harmful effect on climate change"

Electric vehicles have lower lifecycle emissions than traditional gasoline-powered cars because they are between 2.5 to 5.8 times more efficient, and are essential to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

210

"Electric vehicles will cost the United States many automobile industry jobs"

EV manufacturing need not result in fewer jobs in the U.S. automobile industry with over 179,000 announced U.S. jobs related to EVs and EV batteries from 2015 to 2023.

211

"Electromagnetic fields from solar farms are harmful to human health"

The electromagnetic fields generated at a solar farm are similar in strength and frequency to those of toaster ovens and other household appliances—and harmless to humans.

212

"Electromagnetic radiation from wind turbines poses a threat to human health"

Multiple studies have found that the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by wind turbines are lower than those generated by most common household appliances and that they easily meet rigorous international safety standards.

213

"Himalayan glaciers are not shrinking"

Himalayan glaciers supporting hundreds of millions of people are showing consistent loss of ice.

214

"Holistic Management can reverse Climate Change "

Soils managed holistically show no significant boost in productivity or overall storage of carbon over a long period of time and are therefore not a solution for climate change.

215

"IPCC admits global warming has paused"

The overall warming of the global climate has continued at a rate equivalent to 4 Hiroshima atomic bomb detonations per second.

216

"IPCC edited out natural causes of climate change"

The 2007 IPCC report explicitly discusses natural contributions to climate change but concludes that natural contribution to recent climate change is small.

217

"IPCC global warming projections were wrong"

Global surface temperature measurements have fallen within the range of IPCC model projections.

218

"Low-frequency noise from wind turbines harms human health and causes 'wind turbine syndrome'"

The weight of the evidence suggests that there is no direct causal correlation between low-frequency noise from wind turbines and human health.

219

"Monckton shows the IPCC overestimated warming"

Lord Monckton has taken a single equation from the IPCC, used it in an inappropriate manner, and then attributed his results to the IPCC.

220

"No long tail means climate sensitivity is low"

New studies showing climate sensitivity may not be high fail to account for the accelerated warming in the deep ocean, but their estimates are nevertheless within the IPCC expected range.

221

"Northwest passage has been navigated in the past"

In the mid-20th Century, traversing the Northwest Passage was a difficult and dangerous endeavor, whereas today, virtually anyone can accomplish the passage.

222

"Nuclear testing is causing global warming"

CO2 warming is 10,000 times greater than the energy from every nuclear bomb ever exploded.

223

"Offshore wind development is harmful to whales and other marine life"

Wind turbines generate far less low-frequency sound than ships do and the main causes of mortality for right whales are vessel strikes and entanglements in fishing gear.

224

"Planting a trillion trees will solve global warming"

Maximum afforestation and reforestation (close to a trillion new trees) would sequester around 75 billion tons of carbon, which is 7–8 years of annual human emissions at current rates and enough to slow global warming by less than a quarter degree Celsius.

225

"Producing and transporting wind turbine components releases more carbon dioxide than burning fossil fuels"

The average lifecycle emissions of coal is 77 times greater than wind energy.

226

"Reliance on solar will make the United States dependent on China and other countries"

Although the United States still imports a majority of the solar panels it installs, domestic solar manufacturing is on the rise and likely to grow further as manufacturers open factories in the U.S.

227

"Satellite record is more reliable than thermometers"

Thermometers are more reliable than satellites, so there!

228

"Shadow flicker from wind turbines can trigger seizures in people with epilepsy"

Wind turbines operate between much lower than the threshold frequency typically required to cause a seizure and public-health studies have found that wind turbines do not cause seizures.

229

"Solar development will destroy jobs"

Solar development creates more jobs per unit of energy generated than other types of energy production, and renewable jobs will far exceed the jobs lost due to a shift away from fossil fuels.

230

"Solar energy is more expensive than fossil fuels and completely dependent on subsidies"

Unsubsidized solar energy is now generally cheaper than fossil fuels and according to the International Energy Agency, solar PV is “the cheapest source of new electricity generation in most parts of the world."

231

"Solar energy is unreliable"

an increasing number of planned solar projects are set to include an energy storage component, and solar, wind, and storage together can provide the majority of the country’s electricity without compromising reliability.

232

"Solar energy is worse for the climate than burning fossil fuels"

The lifecycle emissions of solar energy are far lower than fossil fuel sources, with the emissions of coal being 23 times greater than solar PV while the emissions of natural gas are 11 times greater than solar PV.

233

"Solar panels don’t work in cold or cloudy climates"

Solar panels generate energy even in cloudy or cold conditions, with cold temperatures actually increasing solar panel efficiency by increasing voltage.

234

"Solar panels generate too much waste and will overwhelm landfills"

Waste from solar panels is trivial compared to the waste generated by fossil fuels, with coal ash generating 300-800 times more waste, and oily sludge generating 2-5 times more waste than PVs.

235

"Solar projects harm biodiversity"

When applying best practices for project design, large-scale solar farms can sustain and even increase local biodiversity by replanting indigenous flowering species that benefit insects, , mammals and ground nesting birds.

236

"Solar projects will hurt farmers and rural communities"

Solar deployment would utilize a relatively small percentage of U.S. land when compared to the land currently being used for agriculture.

237

"The connection between Hurricane Sandy and global warming"

There are several ways in which human-caused global warming contributed to the damage caused by Hurricane Sandy - by causing higher sea levels (bigger storm surges and flooding), warmer oceans (a stronger hurricane), and more moisture in the air (more flooding).

238

"Toxic heavy metals leach out from solar panels and pose a threat to human health"

The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources has assessed that there is little, if any, risk of chemical releases to the environment during normal use, and that all materials in a solar panel are "insoluble and non-volatile at ambient conditions," and "don’t mix with water or vaporize into air."

239

"Tropical thermostat limits sea surface temperature to 30°C"

There is no compelling physical justification to suggest that negative feedbacks restrict sea surface temperature to some maximum.

240

"Utility-scale solar farms destroy the value of nearby homes"

Data across multiple studies show that utility-scale solar projects only have a minor impact on the closest properties and no effect on properties more than a mile away.

241

"Veganism is the best way to reduce carbon emissions"

Veganism has the potential to reduce global GHG emissions; however, it is not the only option and may not be the most achievable.

242

"We do not have sufficient mineral resources for [large-scale] solar development"

Multiple analyses have found that global mineral resources are likely sufficient to meet long-term demand across all energy transition sectors, including EVs and transmission.

243

"Wind energy is bad for U.S. jobs"

Wind power is a fast-growing industry, employing roughly 120,000 U.S. workers in 2021 and creating roughly 5,400 new jobs (up 4.7%) since 2019.

244

"Wind energy is unreliable"

As with solar energy, complete reliance on wind energy would pose intermittency challenges. However, wind, solar, and storage together can provide the majority of the country’s electricity without compromising reliability.

245

"Wind power - particularly offshore wind power - is too expensive"

In the United States, onshore wind has the lowest unsubsidized levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of all utility-scale energy sources and the LCOE of offshore wind power has declined substantially over the past decade.

246

"Wind turbines are a major threat to birds, bats, and other wildlife."

Wind power is a relatively minor source of mortality for birds compared to climate change, which threatens two-thirds of all North American bird species with a heightened risk of extinction.

247

"Wind turbines are bad for farmers and rural communities"

Wind power offers farmers the opportunity to earn additional income from leasing out their land, while also growing crops or grazing livestock.

248

"Wind turbines are error prone and a threat to human health and safety"

Turbine collapse or breakage are extremely rare, utilising safety mechanisms to survive extreme weather conditions, and the mortality rate from wind energy pales in comparison to the risks associated with fossil fuels.

249

"Wind turbines are very noisy"

Depending on distance, wind turbines are comparable in noise to typical household AC-units.

250

"Wind turbines destroy nearby property values"

While there might initially be a small decrease in property values, the effect all but disappears with time and distance from a wind project and the presence of a fossil fuel fired power plant has greater impact on property values.

251

"Wind turbines take up too much land"

The wind turbines require less land per kilowatt-hour generated than fossil fuels and the land required for net-zezro emissions will have a notably smaller footprint than the 4.4 million acres currently used for natural gas extraction and the 3.5 million acres for oil extraction.

252

"Wind turbines will generate an unsustainable amount of waste"

Roughly 85% of the mass of a wind turbine, including the tower, gearbox, and generator, consist of metals that are easily recycled.