Conjugation of Sindarin Verbs (original) (raw)

SUGGESTED CONJUGATION

of all known or inferred Sindarin verbs

Generally, the grammar of Tolkien's languages is relatively simple and straightforward. One of the more complex features seems to be the conjugation of the Sindarin verb. It should, however, be emphasized that we have no Tolkien-made grammar to consult; he certainly wrote about these things, but the relevant material has not been published. So we have to reconstruct the system from very scarce evidence, and future publications may significantly alter our understanding. To quote my own Sindarin article, "To be sure, hundreds of verbs are listed in the Etymologies, but we have so little actual Sindarin text that we cannot always be sure how these verbs are to be conjugated. In Etym itself, Tolkien did sometimes list a few inflected forms of a verb next to the basic form, but his notes are extremely dense, and often it is not even made clear what the inflected forms are intended to mean. But if we try to generalize from our few examples, taking into account everything we think we know about Eldarin phonology, the evolution of Sindarin and the primitive verbal system as it can be inferred from Quenya, we may arrive at something like the system we are going to sketch here."
Preparing my article about Sindarin, I myself attempted to conjugate all attested Sindarin verbs in all their known forms, according to the system reconstructed by David Salo. That was a useful exercise. It occurred to me that I should publish the whole list, since this might facilitate attempts to write in Sindarin. Unfortunately, the known Sindarin verbs are not very numerous (numbering less than 200), severely limiting what we can express in that language. Even so, a survey of the known or inferred verbs might be useful, so that prospective writers can know what is possible to express. However, even if the verb with the desired meaning is not found in the list below, all is not lost. Sometimes we can extrapolate Sindarin verbs from Quenya or some other Eldarin language, and there must be many verbs in the vast mass of unpublished material that will hopefully be made available to scholarship one day.

KEY: In the list below, the verbs are given like this example (the second on the list): adertha- "reunite", inf. adertho, pr.t. adertha, pa.t. aderthanne- (3 sg aderthant), fut. aderthatha, imp. adertho, part. aderthol (perfective aderthiel), pp. aderthannen (pl. aderthennin), ger. aderthad. Thus, the verb is listed in ten main forms:
1. First, as the entry-head, comes the uninflected "stem" of the verb, followed by its gloss: Adertha- "reunite".
2. Then follows the "inf." of infinitive form, in this case adertho: "to reunite".
3. The "pr.t." or present tense is listed next, adertha: "reunites" or "is reuniting". It is possible, however, that what we here call the present tense is in many cases rather the aorist, hence more strictly "reunites" rather than continuative "is reuniting". We don't know if Sindarin makes such distinctions. It is clear that many of the "present tenses" here presented descend from the same forms that came out as aorists in Quenya.
4. The "pa.t." = past tense is here listed twice, aderthanne- and the 3rd person singular aderthant. The form aderthanne- is not complete by itself, as is indicated by the final hyphen. It must receive some ending for the appropriate person or number; see below. In some cases, the same goes for the present tense: there are two forms listed, the 3rd person singular which is complete by itself, and an alternative form that covers all other persons and numbers, to be further specified by adding the appropriate ending (instead of the final hyphen).
5. After the past tense follows the "fut." = future tense, here aderthatha "will reunite".
6. Next comes the imperative, always ending in -o: adertho "reunite!" The imperative in -o covers all persons and numbers (Letters:427). In many cases, including our example, the imperative and the infinitive are identical in form (but in another class of verbs, the infinitive has the distinct ending -i).
7. After the imperative comes the "part." = participle. By participle we here refer to the active or present participle (as opposed to the "pp." = past/passive participle). The active participle is listed in two variants. The "normal" participle, in our example aderthol, is a word with adjectival meaning, "reuniting", describing an ongoing action. But following it, parenthetically, we also list:
8. another active participle with a perfective meaning: aderthiel, that may be translated "having reunited". The word is still adjectival, but it describes an action that is completed rather than ongoing.
9. The "pp." = past (or better passive) participle is listed next. This is another adjectival derivation, usually describing the state an object enters when exposed to this verbal action: If you "reunite" something, it becomes aderthannen = "reunited". Like most adjectives, the past participle also has a distinct plural form, used when it describes a plural noun or multiple nouns. We list the plural form parenthetically (aderthennin).
NOTE: Because of their meaning, describing a state or a wholly intransitive action, some verbs may not have any past participle (e.g. cuina- "be alive"); we still list what form it would have (in this case cuinannen pl. cuinennin), though in such cases the "past participle" may actually be rather meaningless - never really occurring in Sindarin texts.
10. Finally we list the "ger." = gerund, which is a verbal noun: aderthad, "reuniting" or - as it is translated in the Silmarillion chapter 13 - "reunion" (the narrative referring to the Mereth Aderthad or "Feast of Reunion"). Do not confuse this derived noun with the active participle that is adjectival in meaning (though in English, both gerunds and active participles can be translated as a form in "-ing", like "reuniting" in this case).

Endings for number and person: Except for the 3rd person singular, the Sindarin verb takes endings for various persons. The finite forms listed below are normally 3rd person singular, which can be turned into another person by adding the appropriate ending. Where the form that would receive the ending differs somewhat from the 3rd person singular, it is listed first with a hyphen at the end where the ending must be supplied, and the 3rd person singular is listed parenthetically immediately afterwards, e.g. like this: "ortha- "raise" (...) pa.t. orthanne- (3 sg orthant)." The form orthanne- is incomplete by itself and must receive an ending. These are the known, certain endings for various persons, attested in published material: First person singular -n ("I"), first person plural -m ("we"), and third person plural -r (which is only attested as a mere plural inflection, but quite possibly it can actually be used to translate "they"). Hence we would have for instance orthannen "I raised", orthannem "we raised", orthanner"they raised" (or just the plural form of this verb, used where there is a plural subject). One minor peculiarity is not indicated in the list below: When the ending -n for "I" is added to a finite form ending in -a, this vowel for some reason changes to -o- before this pronominal ending. The 3rd person sg. forms linna "sings, is singing" and its future tense linnatha "shall sing" therefore appear as linnon "I sing" and linnathon "I shall sing" (both of these first person forms are directly attested, the future tense in A Elbereth Gilthoniel and the present tense in_Lúthien's Song_). - The ending for the 2nd person ("you", singular or plural) does not appear in published material. However, in an Elfling post of January 22, 2002, Carl F. Hostetter wrote: "Charts can be found showing -ch as 2nd sg." As he immediately added, this ending had other meanings in earlier conceptual phases, but today it is best known as the ending for singular "you" (so used in Movie Sindarin). We have no explicit information about plural "you"; some have assumed that the relevant ending is -l, corresponding to Quenya -llë.

The 3rd person singular: This form, listed by itself, can be considered the basic form from which the forms with endings are derived. This is also the form used if an independent pronoun (of whatever person) is used instead of a pronominal ending attached to the verb itself, as the inscription on the Moria Gate: Im Narvi hain echant, "I, Narvi, made them". If "I" had not been expressed as a separate word (im), the first person ending -n could have been added directly to the verb echant instead, producing * echannen "I made" (reworked from **echanten for phonological reasons). - While the 3rd person has no distinct pronominal ending, it seems that an independent pronoun like e would often be placed before it for the sake of clarity, as in e aníra "he desires" in the King's Letter (SD:128-9). It has been theorized that e may not mean specifically "he", but is rather a general 3rd person marker, covering "she" and perhaps even "it" as well. (But at an earlier stage at least, Tolkien also envisioned gender-specific pronouns: ho "he",he "she", ha "it": LR:385. These would also be used in conjunction with the 3rd person singular form of the verb.)

Nasalized verbs: When a verb is derived from a stem that originally had an initial nasalized stop mb-, nd-, or ng- (which combinations are preserved in certain environments) this is indicated in the list, e.g. like this: banga- (mb-) "trade". After the relative pronoun i "who", plural in, such verbs would have mutations that differ from the "normal" ones - e.g. in a relative sentence like i manga"who trades" (for i mbanga), pl. i mbangar "who trade" (for in mbangar). A "normal" verb in b-, sc. a b that does not descend from earlier mb-, would behave differently: Beria- "protect" would become i veria "who protects" (for i beria), pl. i meriar "who protect" (for in beriar). See my main Sindarin article regarding soft mutation and nasal mutation (notice the section "Special cases: The development of nasalized stops").

Special symbols here used: ! = unattested or speculative word or form of a word deduced from other words or roots (e.g. !cab- leap, only attested as a gerund cabed leaping), ? = uncertain word or form. The asterisk * marks a form that is unattested either because it is altered from what seems to be a typo or misreading in the sources, or in the sense that it is altered from its attested form in another Tolkien-language - usually some variant of "Noldorin" - to its likely (but unattested) Sindarin form. An example is * rhib- scratch for "Noldorin" thrib-. (Some quite simple and trivial updates, such as reading Sindarin l- for "Noldorin" lh-, are not especially marked in any way.) In a few cases, * also marks unattested glosses. - These symbols are not used wholly consistently; the vast majority of verb-forms here listed are of course unattested as such, and yet are not especially marked in any way.

!abonna- *"after-bear", sc. "bear a child that is not the firstborn" (perhaps not actually used as a verb; only the pp. Abonnen_pl. Ebennin [archaic Eboennin, WJ:387] is attested, the equivalent of Quenya Apanónar, the "Afterborn" as a name of Mortal Men, the Second-born of Ilúvatar). Inf. abonno, pr.t. abonna, pa.t. abonne- (3 sg abonnant), fut. abonnatha, imp. abonno, part. abonnol (perfective abenniel), pp. abonnen (pl. ebennin), ger. abonnad !adertha- "reunite", inf. adertho, pr.t. adertha, pa.t. aderthanne- (3 sg aderthant), fut. aderthatha, imp. adertho, part. aderthol (perfective aderthiel), pp. aderthannen (pl. aderthennin), ger. aderthad (the latter being the only attested form)* adlanna- "slope, slant", inf. adlanno, pr.t. adlanna, pa.t. adlanne- (3 sg adlannant, or perhaps just adlant), fut. adlannatha, imp. adlanno, part. adlannol (perfective edlenniel), pp. adlannen (pl. edlennin), ger. adlannad. This verb mysteriously appears as "atlanno" in the source, LR:390 s.v. TALÁT, but according to everything we think we know about the language, t ought to be lenited to d in this position._
anglenna- "approach", inf. anglenno, pr.t. anglenna, pa.t. anglenne- (3 sg anglennant), fut. anglennatha, imp. anglenno, part. anglennol (perfective anglenniel), pp. anglennannen (pl. anglennennin) (normally probably shortened to anglennen pl. anglennin), ger. anglennad aníra- "desire", inf. aníro, pr.t. aníra, pa.t. anirne- (3 sg anirn), fut. aníratha, imp. aníro, part. anírol (perfective aníriel), pp. anirnen (pl. anirnin), ger. anírad anna- "give", inf. anno, pr.t. anna, irregular pa.t. one- (3 sg aun), fut. annatha, imp. anno, part. annol (perfective óniel), pp. onen (pl. onin), ger. annad aphada- "follow", inf. aphado, pr.t. aphada, pa.t. aphanni- (3 sg aphadant), fut. aphadatha, imp. aphado, part. aphadol (perfective aphódiel), pp. aphannen (pl. ephennin), ger. aphaded
!athra- "cross", inf. athro, pr.t. athra, pa.t. athranne- (3 sg athrant), fut. athratha, imp. athro, part. athrol (perfective ethriel), pp. athrannen (pl. ethrennin), ger. athrad (the latter being the only attested form, but cf. the next entry)
athrada- "cross, traverse", inf. athrado, pr.t. athrada, pa.t. athranne- (3 sg athrant), fut. athradatha, imp. athrado, part. athradol (perfective athródiel), pp. athrannen (pl. ethrennin), ger. athradad ava- "will not"; avo "don't" (before imperative verbs, any initial consonant of which is lenited: avo garo! "don't do [it]!", garo being the lenited form of the imperative of car-, q.v.) Inf. avo, pr.t. ava, pa.t. amme- (3 sg am), fut. avatha, imp. avo, part. avol (perfective óviel), pp. ammen (pl. emmin), ger avad awartha- "forsake, abandon", inf. awartho, pr.t. awartha, pa.t. awarthanne- (3 sg awarthant), fut. awarthatha, imp. awartho, part. awarthol (perfective ewerthiel), pp. awarthannen (pl. ewerthennin), ger. awarthad
!bad- "go", inf. bedi, pr.t. bedi- (3 sg bâd), pa.t. benni- (3 sg bant), fut. beditha, imp. bado, part. badel (perfective bódiel), pp. bannen (pl. bennin), ger. baded banga- (mb-) "trade", inf. bango, pr.t. banga, pa.t. !bange- (3 sg !banc), fut. bangatha, imp. bango, part. bangol (perfective bengiel), pp. bangen (pl. bengin), ger. bangad bartha- (mb-) "doom",inf. bartho, pr.t. bartha, pa.t. barthanne- (3 sg barthant), fut. barthatha, imp. bartho, part. barthol (perfective berthiel), pp. barthannen (pl. berthennin), ger. barthad batha- "trample", pr.t. batha, pa.t. bathanne- (3 sg bathant), fut. bathatha, imp. batho, part. bathol (perfective bethiel), pp. bathannen (pl. bethennin), ger. bathad baugla- (mb-) "constrain, oppress"; inf. bauglo, pr.t. baugla, pa.t. bauglanne- (3 sg bauglant), fut. bauglatha, imp. bauglo, part. bauglol (perfective baugliel), pp. bauglannen (pl. bauglennin), ger. bauglad baw "don't! no!" (imperative only)
beria- "protect", inf. berio, pr.t. beria, pa.t. berianne- (3 sg beriant), fut. beriatha, imp. berio, part. beriol (perfective bóriel), pp. beriannen (pl. beriennin), ger. beriad bertha- "dare", inf. bertho, pr.t. bertha, pa.t. berthanne- (3 sg berthant), fut. berthatha, part. berthol (perfective berthiel), pp. berthannen (pl. berthennin), ger. berthad blab- "flap, beat" (e.g. a wing), inf. blebi, pr.t. blebi- (3 sg blâb), pa.t. blemmi- (3 sg blamp), fut. blebitha, imp. blabo, part. blabel (perfective blóbiel), pp. blammen (pl. blemmin), ger. blabed boda- "ban, prohibit", inf. bodo, pr.t. boda, pa.t. bodanne- (3 sg bodant), fut. bodatha, part. bodol (perfective bódiel), pp. bodannen (pl. bodennin), ger. bodad
* boe (mb-) "it is necessary, one must, one is compelled to" (impersonal verb, apparently not further inflected. The form * boe is adapted to Sindarin from "Noldorin" bui, LR:372 s.v. MBAW_.)_
breitha- "break out suddenly", inf. breitho, pr.t. breitha, pa.t. breithanne- (3 sg breithant), fut. breithatha, part. breithol (perfective breithiel), pp. breithannen (pl. breithennin), ger. breithad brona- "last, survive", inf. brono, pr.t. brona, pa.t. bronne- (3 sg bronn), fut. bronatha, part. bronol (perfective brúniel), pp. bronnen (pl. brennin), ger. bronad bronia- "endure", inf. bronio, pr.t. bronia, pa.t. bronianne- (3 sg broniant), fut. broniatha, imp. bronio, part. broniol (perfective brúniel), pp. broniannen (pl. broniennin), ger. broniad buia- "serve, hold allegiance to", inf. buio, pr.t. buia, pa.t. buianne- (3 sg buiant), fut. buiatha, imp. buio, part. buiol (perfective buiel), pp. buiannen (pl. buiennin), ger. buiad !cab- "leap", inf. cebi, pr.t. cebi- (3 sg câb), pa.t. cemmi- (3 sg camp), fut. cebitha, imp. cabo, part. cabel (perfective cóbiel), pp. cammen (pl. cemmin), ger. cabed (the latter being the only attested form)
can- "cry out, shout, call", inf. ceni, pr.t. ceni- (3 sg cân), pa.t. cenni- (3 sg cann), part. canel (perfective cóniel), fut. cenitha, imp. cano, pp. cannen (pl. cennin), ger. caned car- "do, make, build", inf. ceri, pr.t. ceri- (3 sg câr), irregular pa.t. agore- (3 sg agor), fut. ceritha, imp. caro, part. carel (perfective córiel), pp. coren? (or carnen? - pl. either corin or cernin, accordingly), ger. cared !cen- "see"; inf. ceni, pr.t. ceni- (3 sg cên), pa.t. cenni- (3 sg cenn), part. cenel (perfective cíniel), fut. cenitha, imp. ceno, pp. cennen (pl. cennin), ger. cened (the latter being the only attested form)
critha- "reap", inf. critho, pr.t. critha, pa.t. crithanne- (3 sg crithant), fut. crithatha, part. crithol (perfective crithiel), pp. crithannen (pl. crithennin), ger. crithad cuia- "live", inf. cuio, pr.t. cuia, pa.t. cuianne- (3 sg cuiant) (other suggestion: cuine-, 3 sg cuin), fut. cuiatha, imp. cuio, part. cuiol (perfective cuiel), pp. cuiannen (pl. cuiennin) (other suggestion: cuinen, pl. cuinin), ger. cuiad cuina- "be alive", inf. cuino, pr.t. cuina, pa.t. cuinanne- (3 sg cuinant), fut. cuinatha, imp. cuino, part. cuinol (perfective cuiniel), pp. cuinannen (pl. cuinennin), ger. cuinad dag- (nd-) "slay", inf. degi, pr.t. degi- (3 sg dâg), pa.t. dengi- (3 sg danc), fut. degitha, imp. dago, part. dagel (perfective dógiel), pp. dangen (pl. dengin), ger. daged dagra- (nd-) "do battle, make war", inf. dagro, pr.t. dagra, pa.t. dagranne- (3 sg dagrant), fut. dagratha, imp. dagro, part. dagrol (perfective degriel), pp. dagrannen (pl. degrennin), ger. dagrad * damma- (nd-) "hammer" (misreading "damna" in LR:375 s.v. NDAM), inf. dammo, pr.t. damma, irregular pa.t. damminne- (3 sg dammint), fut. dammatha, part. dammol, perfective demmiel, pp. damminnen (pl. ?damminnin ), ger. dammad. We would have to inflect damma- something like this if we are to accept the strange past tense dammint listed in LR:375 as correct. It is, however, highly tempting to assume that this is a misreading or typo for dammant, that would fit the patterns otherwise observed. If the past tense is emended to dammant (damanne-), the pp. should be dammannen, with a plural form demminnin.
!danna- "fall", inf. danno, pr.t. danna, pa.t. danne- (3 sg dannant, or perhaps just dant), fut. dannatha, imp. danno, part. dannol (perfective denniel), pp. dannen (pl. dennin), ger. dannad
dar- "stop, halt", inf. deri, pr.t. deri- (3 sg dâr), pa.t. derni- (3 sg darn), fut. deritha, imp. daro, part. darel (perfective dóriel), pp. darnen (pl. dernin), ger. dared dartha- "wait, stay, last, endure", inf. dartho, pr.t. dartha, pa.t. darthanne- (3 sg darthant), fut. darthatha, imp. dartho, part. darthol (perfective derthiel), pp. darthannen (pl. derthennin), ger. darthad delia- "conceal", inf. delio, pr.t. delia, poetic or archaic past tense dole- (3 sg daul), ("modern", non-archaic delianne-, 3 sg deliant?), fut. deliatha, imp. delio, part. deliol (perfective dúliel), pp. dolen (pl. dolin), ger. deliad díhena- "forgive" (with matter forgiven as object; contrast gohena-); inf. díheno, pr.t. díhena, pa.t. díhenne- (3 sg díhenn), fut. díhenatha, imp. díheno, part. díhenol (perfective díhíniel), pp. díhennen (pl. díhennin), ger. díhenad dilia- "stop up", inf. dilio, pr.t. dilia, pa.t. dilianne- (3 sg diliant), fut. diliatha, imp. dilio, part. diliol (perfective díliel), pp. diliannen (pl. diliennin), ger. diliad doltha- "conceal", inf. doltho, pr.t. doltha, pa.t. dolthanne- (3 sg dolthant) (also poetic/archaic past tense dole-, 3 sg daul), fut. dolthatha, imp. doltho, part. dolthol (perfective delthiel), pp. dolen (pl. dolin) (perhaps poetic/archaic only, corresponding to "modern" dolthannen pl. delthennin), ger. dolthad
dortha- (nd-) "dwell, stay", inf. dortho, pr.t. dortha, pa.t. dorthanne- (3 sg dorthant), fut. dorthatha, imp. dortho, part. dorthol (perfective derthiel), pp. dorthannen (pl. derthennin), ger. dorthad drava- "hew", inf. dravo, pr.t. drava, pa.t. dramme- (3 sg dram, but in poetry also irregular dramp), fut. dravatha, part. dravol (perfective dróviel), pp. drammen (pl. dremmin), ger. dravad !drega- "flee", inf. drego, pr.t. drega, pa.t. drenge- (3 sg drenc) OR pa.t. dreganne- (3 sg dregant), fut. dregatha, imp. drego, part. dregol (perfective drígiel), pp. drengen (pl. drengin - or pp. dragannen pl. dregennin), ger. dregad. This verb is only attested in the imperative drego! It is also possible that it should be a consonant stem dreg-, in which case it would rather go like this: Inf. dregi, pr.t. dregi- (3 sg drêg), pa.t. drengi- (3 sg drenc), fut. dregitha, imp. drego, part. dregel (perfective drígiel), pp. drengen, ger. dreged
dringa- "beat", inf. dringo, pr.t. dringa, pa.t. dringanne- (3 sg dringant), fut. dringatha, imp. dringo, part. dringol (perfective dringiel), pp. dringannen (pl. dringennin), ger. dringad echad- "make, fashion", inf. echedi, pr.t. echedi- (3 sg echad), pa.t. echanne- (3 sg echant), fut. echeditha, imp. echado, part. echadel (perfective echódiel), pp. echannen (pl. echennin), ger. echaded * edledh- "go into exile" (adapted to Sindarin from "Noldorin" egledhi-),inf. edledhi, pr.t. edledhi- (3 sg edledh), pa.t. edlenni- (3 sg edlenn), fut. edledhitha, imp. edledho, part. edledhel (perfective edlídhiel), pp. edlennen (pl. edlennin), ger. edledhed * edledhia- "go into exile" (adapted to Sindarin from "Noldorin" egledhia-), inf. edledhio, pr.t. edledhia, pa.t. edledhianne- (3 sg edledhiant), fut. edledhiatha, imp. edledhio, part. edledhiol (perfective edlídhiel), pp. edledhiannen (pl. edledhiennin), ger. edledhiad edonna- "beget", inf. edonno, pr.t. edonna, pa.t. edonne- (3 sg edonnant), fut. edonnatha, imp. edonno, part. edonnol (perfective edenniel), pp. edonnen (pl. edennin), ger. edonnad edra- "open", inf. edro, pr.t. edra, pa.t. edranne- (3 sg edrant), fut. edratha, imp. edro, part. edrol (perfective edriel), pp. edrannen (pl. edrennin), ger. edrad egleria- "glorify, praise", inf. eglerio, pr.t. egleria, pa.t. eglerianne- (3 sg egleriant), fut. egleriatha, imp. eglerio, part. egleriol (perfective aglóriel), pp. egleriannen (pl. egleriennin), ger. egleriad
ego "be off" (imperative only?)
eitha- "prick with a sharp point, stab; treat with scorn, insult", inf. eitho, pr.t. eitha, pa.t. eithanne- (3 sg eithant), fut. eithatha, imp. eitho, part. eithol (perfective eithiel), pp. eithannen (pl. eithennin), ger. eithad elia- "rain", inf. elio, pr.t. ail = impersonal 3 sg "it rains" (adapted to Sindarin from the "Noldorin" impersonal form eil, oeil [= öil], LR:396 s.v. ULU), pa.t. eliant or aul = impersonal 3 sg "it rained", fut. eliatha = "it will rain", imp. elio, part. eliol (perfective úliel), pp. eliannen (pl. eliennin) (or olen, pl. olin?), ger. eliad ercha- "prick", inf. ercho, pr.t. ercha, pa.t. erchanne- (3 sg erchant), fut. erchatha, imp. ercho, part. erchol (perfective erchiel), pp. erchannen (pl. erchennin), ger. erchad eria- "rise, arise", inf. erio, pr.t. eria, pa.t. erianne- (3 sg eriant), fut. eriatha, imp. erio, part. eriol (perfective úriel), pp. eriannen (pl. eriennin), ger. eriad ertha- "unite", inf. ertho, pr.t. ertha, pa.t. erthanne- (3 sg erthant), fut. erthatha, part. erthol (perfective erthiel), pp. erthannen (pl. erthennin), ger. erthad
esta- "name, call", inf. esto, pr.t. esta (esta aen "is called"), pa.t. estanne- (3 sg estant), fut. estatha, imp. esto, part. estol (perfective estiel), pp. estannen (pl. estennin), ger. estad faltha- "foam", inf. faltho, pr.t. faltha, pa.t. falthanne- (3 sg falthant), fut. falthatha, imp. faltho, part. falthol (perfective felthiel), pp. falthannen (pl. felthennin), ger. falthad fara- "hunt", inf. faro, pr.t. fara, pa.t. farne- (3 sg farn), fut. faratha, imp. faro, part. farol (perfective fóriel), pp. farnen (pl. fernin), ger. farad fir- "fade, die", inf. firi, pr.t. firi- (3 sg fîr), pa.t. firni- (3 sg firn), fut. firitha, imp. firo, part. firiel (perfective fíriel), pp. firnen (pl. firnin), ger. fired fuia- "feel disgust at, abhor", inf. fuio, pr.t. fuia, pa.t. fuianne- (3 sg fuiant), fut. fuiatha, imp. fuio, part. fuiol (perfective fuiel), pp. fuiannen (pl. fuiennin), ger. fuiad gad- "catch", inf. gedi, pr.t. gedi- (3 sg gâd), pa.t. genni- (3 sg gant), fut. geditha, imp. gado, part. gadel (perfective gódiel), pp. gannen (pl. gennin), ger. gaded gala- "grow", inf. galo, pr.t. gala, pa.t. galle- (3 sg gall), fut. galatha, imp. galo, part. galol (perfective góliel), pp. gallen (pl. gellin), ger. galad ganna- (ng-) "play a harp", inf. ganno, pr.t. ganna, pa.t. ganne- (3 sg gand, or gannant), fut. gannatha, imp. ganno, part. gannol (perfective genniel), pp. gannen (pl. gennin), ger. gannad gannada- (ng-) "harp, play a harp", inf. gannado, pr.t. gannada, pa.t. ganne- (for gannanne-), 3 sg gannant; fut. gannadatha, imp. gannado, part. gannadol (perfective gennediel), pp. gannen (pl. gennin), ger. gannadad
gar- "hold, have, possess; be able, can", irregular inf. garo (maybe regular * geri is also possible), pr.t. geri- (3 sg gâr), pa.t. gerni- (3 sg garn), fut. geritha, imp. garo, part. garel (perfective góriel), pp. garnen (pl. gernin), ger. gared gawa- (ng-) "howl", inf. gawo, pr.t. gawa, pa.t. gone- (3 sg gaun), fut. gawatha, imp. gawo, part. gówiel, pp. gonen (pl. gonin), ger. gawad genedia- "reckon", inf. genedio, pr.t. genedia, pa.t. genedianne- (3 sg genediant), fut. genediatha, imp. genedio, part. genediol (perfective gonúdiel), pp. genediannen (pl. genediennin), ger. genediad gir- "shudder", inf. giri, pr.t. giri- (3 sg gîr), pa.t. girni- (3 sg girn), fut. giritha, imp. giro, part. giriel (perfective gíriel), pp. girnen (pl. girnin), ger. gired glavra- "babble", inf. glavro, pr.t. glavra, pa.t. glavranne- (3 sg glavrant), fut. glavratha, imp. glavro, part. glavrol (perfective glevriel), pp. glavrannen (pl. glevrennin), ger. glavrad gleina- "bound, enclose, limit", inf. gleino, pr.t. gleina, pa.t. gleinanne- (3 sg gleinant), fut. gleinatha, imp. gleino, part. gleinol (perfective glóniel), pp. gleinannen (pl. gleinennin), ger. gleinad. It is possible that gleina- is an error for gleinia-; see VT42:8, 28. If so, read: inf. gleinio, pr.t. gleinia, pa.t. gleinianne- (3 sg gleiniant), fut. gleiniatha, imp. gleinio, part. gleiniol (perfective glóniel in either case), pp. gleiniannen (pl. gleiniennin), ger. gleiniad glinga- "hang, dangle", inf. glingo, pr.t. glinga, pa.t. glinganne- (3 sg glingant), fut. glingatha, imp. glingo, part. glingol (perfective glingiel), pp. glingannen (pl. glingennin), ger. glingad * glinna- "glance at" (the attested form glintha- in WJ:337 must be archaic), inf. glinno, pr.t. glinna, pa.t. glinne- (3 sg glinnant), fut. glinnatha, imp. glinno, part. glinnol (perfective glinniel), pp. glinnen (pl. glinnin), ger. glinnad glir- "sing, recite poem", inf. gliri, pr.t. gliri- (3 sg glîr), pa.t. glirni- (3 sg glirn), fut. gliritha, imp. gliro, part. gliriel (perfective glíriel), pp. glirnen (pl. glirnin), ger. glired gohena- "forgive" (with person forgiven as object; contrast díhena-); inf. goheno, pr.t. gohena, pa.t. gohenne- (3 sg gohenn), fut. gohenatha, imp. goheno, part. gohenol (perfective gohíniel), pp. gohennen (pl. gehennin), ger. gohenad gonathra- "entangle, enmesh", inf. gonathro, pr.t. gonathra, pa.t. gonathranne- (3 sg gonathrant), fut. gonathratha, imp. gonathro, part. gonathrol (perfective genethriel), pp. gonathrannen (pl. genethrennin), ger. gonathrad gonod- "count up, reckon, sum up", inf. genedi, pr.t. genedi- (3 sg gonod), pa.t. genenni- (3 sg gonont), fut. geneditha, imp. gonodo, part. gonodel (perfective gonúdiel), pp. gononnen (pl. genennin), ger. gonoded
gosta- "fear exceedingly", inf. gosto, pr.t. gosta, pa.t. gostanne- (3 sg gostant), fut. gostatha, imp. gosto, part. gostol (perfective gestiel), pp. gostannen (pl. gestennin), ger. gostad
!govad- "meet, come together", inf. gevedi, pr.t. gevedi- (3 sg govad), pa.t. gevenni- (3 sg govant), fut. geveditha, imp. govado, part. govadel (perfective govódiel), pp. govannen (pl. gevennin), ger. govaded. (All that is actually attested of this verb is the pp. govannen; the form govad- should be seen as an educated guess about what the basic stem is.) groga- "feel terror", inf. grogo, pr.t. groga, pa.t. grunge- (3 sg grunc), fut. grogatha, imp. grogo, part. grogol (perfective grúgiel), pp. grungen (pl. gryngin), ger. grogad gruitha- "terrify", inf. gruitho, pr.t. gruitha, pa.t. gruithanne- (3 sg gruithant), fut. gruithatha, imp. gruitho, part. gruithol (perfective gruithiel), pp. gruithannen (pl. gruithennin), ger. gruithad gwanna- "depart, die", inf. gwanno, pr.t. gwanna, pa.t. gwanne- (3 sg gwannant), fut. gwannatha, imp. gwanno, part. gwannol (perfective gwenniel), pp. gwannen (pl. gwennin), ger. gwannad gwatha- "soil, stain", inf. gwatho, pr.t. gwatha, pa.t. gwathanne- (3 sg gwathant), fut. gwathatha, imp. gwatho, part. gwathol (perfective gwethiel), pp. gwathannen (pl. gwethennin), ger. gwathad gwathra- "overshadow, dim, veil, obscure", inf. gwathro, pr.t. gwathra, pa.t. gwathranne- (3 sg gwathrant), fut. gwathratha, imp. gwathro, part. gwathrol (perfective gwethriel), pp. gwathrannen (pl. gwethrennin), ger. gwathrad * gwedh- "bind" (the infinitive gwedi in LR:397 s.v. WED should probably read * gweði, or as we will spell it:) inf. gwedhi, pr.t. gwedhi- (3 sg gwêdh), irregular pa.t. gwedhanne- with 3 sg gwedhant (the regular pa.t. forms had come to be perceived as archaic or poetic: gwenni-, 3 sg gwend), fut. gwedhitha, imp. gwedho, part. gwedhel (perfective gwídhiel), pp. gwennen (pl. gwennin) (this form may have become archaic along with the pa.t. gwend and would in that case have been replaced by the "modern" pp. gwedhannen pl. gwedhennin), ger. gwedhed gweria- "betray, cheat", inf. gwerio, pr.t. gweria, pa.t. gwerianne- (3 sg gweriant), fut. gweriatha, imp. gwerio, part. gweriol (perfective gwóriel), pp. gweriannen (pl. gweriennin), ger. gweriad gwesta- "swear", inf. gwesto, pr.t. gwesta, pa.t. gwestanne- (3 sg gwestant), fut. gwestatha, imp. gwesto, part. gwestol (perfective gwestiel), pp. gwestannen (pl. gwestennin), ger. gwestad hab- "clothe", inf. hebi, pr.t. hebi- (3 sg hâb), pa.t. hemmi- (3 sg hamp), fut. hebitha, imp. habo, part. habel (perfective hóbiel), pp. hammen (pl. hemmin), ger. habed had- "hurl", inf. hedi, pr.t. hedi- (3 sg hâd), pa.t. henni- (3 sg hant), fut. heditha, imp. hado, part. hadel (perfective hódiel), pp. hannen (pl. hennin), ger. haded haltha- "screen", inf. haltho, pr.t. haltha, pa.t. halthanne- (3 sg halthant), fut. halthatha, imp. haltho, part. halthol (perfective helthiel), pp. halthannen (pl. helthennin), ger. halthad * hamma- "clothe" ("hamnia" in LR:363 s.v. KHAP_- must be a misreading), inf. hammo, pr.t. hamma, pa.t. hammanne- (3 sg hammant), fut. hammatha, imp. hammo, part. hammol (perfective hemmiel), pp. hammannen (pl. hemmennin), ger. hammad
harna- "wound", inf. harno, pr.t. harna, pa.t. harnanne- (3 sg harnant), fut. harnatha, imp. harno, part. harnol (perfective herniel), pp. harnannen (pl. hernennin), ger. harnad !hartha- "hope", inf. hartho, pr.t. hartha, pa.t. harthanne- (3 sg harthant), fut. harthatha, imp. hartho, part. harthol (perfective herthiel), pp. harthannen (pl. herthennin), ger. harthad (the latter form representing what is attested of this verb: SD:62) hasta- "hack through", inf. hasto, pr.t. hasta, pa.t. hastanne- (3 sg hastant), fut. hastatha, imp. hasto, part. hastol (perfective hestiel), pp. hastannen (pl. hestennin), ger. hastad heb- "keep", inf. hebi, pr.t. hebi- (3 sg hêb), pa.t. hemmi- (3 sg hemp), fut. hebitha, imp. hebo, part. hebel (perfective híbiel), pp. hemmen (pl. hemmin), ger. hebed
* heltha- "strip". (Altered from the attested form helta- in LR:386 s.v. SKEL; the cluster lt would become lth in Sindarin, so this must be a misprint or a misreading, unless the word is actually meant to be Quenya. Its Sindarin cognate would still be * heltha-.)_ Inf. heltho, pr.t. heltha, pa.t. helthanne- (3 sg helthant), fut. helthatha, imp. heltho, part. helthol (perfective helthiel), pp. helthannen (pl. helthennin), ger. helthad henia- "understand", inf. henio, pr.t. henia, pa.t. henianne- (3 sg heniant), fut. heniatha, imp. henio, part. heniol (perfective hóniel), pp. heniannen (pl. heniennin), ger. heniad heria- "begin suddenly and vigorously", inf. herio, pr.t. heria, pa.t. herianne- (3 sg heriant), fut. heriatha, imp. herio, part. heriol (perfective húriel), pp. heriannen (pl. heriennin), ger. heriad !hol- "close", inf. heli, pr.t. heli- (3 sg hôl), pa.t. helli- (3 sg holl), fut. helitha, imp. holo, part. holel (perfective húliel), pp. hollen (pl. hellin), ger. holed. (Only pp. hollen is attested. Some think this is a lenited form of * sollen; if so, read s for h in all the forms just listed.) hortha- "urge on, speed", inf. hortho, pr.t. hortha, pa.t. horthanne- (3 sg horthant), fut. horthatha, imp. hortho, part. horthol (perfective herthiel), pp. horthannen (pl. herthennin), ger. horthad hwinia- "twirl, whirl, eddy", inf. hwinio, pr.t. hwinia, pa.t. hwinianne- (3 sg hwiniant), fut. hwiniatha, imp. hwinio, part. hwiniol (perfective hwíniel), pp. hwiniannen (pl. hwiniennin), ger. hwiniad ista- "have knowledge, inf. isto, pr.t. ista, pa.t. istanne- (3 sg istant), fut. istatha, imp. isto, part. istol (perfective istiel), pp. istannen (pl. istennin), ger. istad iuitha- "use, employ". (Tolkien's actual gloss to this verb was almost unreadable but Christopher Tolkien suggests "enjoy", but "employ" seems more likely in light of the root meaning: "use, employ". See LR:400 s.v. YUK_.)Inf. iuitho, pr.t. iuitha, pa.t. iuithanne- (3 sg iuithant), fut. iuithatha, imp. iuitho, part. iuithol (perfective iuithiel), pp. iuithannen (pl. iuithennin), ger. iuithad laba- "hop", inf. labo, pr.t. laba, pa.t. lamme- (3 sg lamp), fut. labatha, imp. labo, part. labol (perfective lóbiel), pp. lammen (pl. lemmin), ger. labad lacha- "flame", inf. lacho, pr.t. lacha, pa.t. lachanne- (3 sg lachant), fut. lachatha, imp. lacho, part. lachol (perfective lechiel), pp. lachannen (pl. lechennin), ger. lachad lasta- "listen", inf. lasto, pr.t. lasta, pa.t. lastanne- (3 sg lastant), fut. lastatha, imp. lasto, part. lastol (perfective lestiel), pp. lastannen (pl. lestennin), ger. lastad lathra- "listen in, eavesdrop"; inf. lathro, pr.t. lathra, pa.t. lathranne- (3 sg lathrant), fut. lathratha, imp. lathro, part. lathrol (perfective lethriel), pp. lathrannen (pl. lethrennin), ger. lathrad lathrada- "listen in, eavesdrop", inf. lathrado, pr.t. lathrada, pa.t. lathranne- (pr.t. lathrant), fut. lathradatha, imp. lathrado, part. lathradol (perfective lethrediel), pp. lathrannen (pl. lethrennin), ger. lathradad lav- "lick", inf. levi, pr.t. levi- (3 sg lâf), pa.t. lemmi- (3 sg lam), fut. levitha, imp. lavo, part. lavel (perfective lóviel), pp. lammen (pl. lemmin), ger. laved
leitha- "set free", inf. leitho, pr.t. leitha, pa.t. leithanne- (3 sg leithant), fut. leithatha, imp. leitho, part. leithol (perfective leithiel), pp. leithannen (pl. leithennin), ger. leithad limmida- "moisten", inf. limmido, pr.t. limmida, pa.t. limminne- (3 sg limmint), fut. limmidatha, imp. limmido, part. limmidol (perfective limmidiel), pp. limminnen (pl. limminnin), ger. limmidad linna- "sing, chant", inf. linno, pr.t. linna, pa.t. linne- (3 sg lind, or linnant), fut. linnatha, imp. linno, part. linnol (perfective linniel), pp. linnen (pl. linnin), ger. linnad loda- "float", inf. lodo, pr.t. loda, pa.t. lunne- (3 sg lunt), fut. lodatha, imp. lodo, part. lodol (perfective lúdiel), pp. lunnen (pl. lynnin), ger. lodad * luitha- "enchant" (adapted to normal Sindarin from Doriathrin Sindarin lútha-), inf. luitho, pr.t. luitha, pa.t. luithanne- (3 sg luithant), fut. luithatha, imp. luitho, part. luithol (perfective luithiel), pp. luithannen (pl. luithennin), ger. luithad luithia- "quench". Inf. luithio, pr.t. luithia, pa.t. luithianne- (3 sg luithiant), fut. luithiatha, imp. luithio, part. luithiol (perfective luithiel), pp. luithiannen (pl. luithiennin), ger. luithiad !mab- "seize, take away by force" (only "Old Noldorin" map- is given, LR:371 s.v. MAP), inf. mebi, pr.t. mebi- (3 sg mâb), pa.t. memmi- (3 sg mamp), fut. mebitha, imp. mabo, part. mabel (perfective móbiel), pp. mammen (pl. memmin), ger. mabed mad- "eat", inf. medi, pr.t. medi- (3 sg mâd), pa.t. menni- (3 sg mant), fut. meditha, imp. mado, part. madel (perfective módiel), pp. mannen, ger. maded maetha- "fight", inf. maetho, pr.t. maetha, pa.t. maethanne- (3 sg maethant), fut. maethatha, imp. maetho, part. maethol (perfective maethiel), pp. maethannen (pl. maethennin), ger. maethad matha- "stroke, feel, handle; wield" (confused with maetha- "fight"). Pr.t. matha, pa.t. mathanne- (3 sg mathant), fut. mathatha, imp. matho, part. mathol (perfective methiel), pp. mathannen (pl. methennin), ger. mathad minna- "enter", inf. minno, pr.t. minna, pa.t. minne- (3 sg minnant), fut. minnatha, imp. minno, part. minnol (perfective minniel), pp. minnen (pl. minnin), ger. minnad mista- "stray", inf. misto, pr.t. mista, pa.t. mistanne- (3 sg mistant), fut. mistatha, imp. misto, part. mistol (perfective mistiel), pp. mistannen (pl. mistennin), ger. mistad muda- "labour, toil", inf. mudo, pr.t. muda, pa.t. mudanne- (3 sg mudant), fut. mudatha, part. mudol (perfective múdiel), pp. mudannen (pl. mudennin), ger. mudad * naegra- "cause pain" (Adapted to Sindarin from "Noldorin" negro-, LR:375 s.v. NÁYAK). Inf. naegro, pr.t. naegra, pa.t. naegranne- (3 sg naegrant), fut. naegratha, imp. naegro, part. naegrol (perfective naegriel), pp. naegrannen (pl. naegrennin), ger. naegrad nag- "bite", inf. negi, pr.t. negi- (3 sg nâg), pa.t. nengi- (3 sg nanc), fut. negitha, imp. nago, part. nagel (perfective nógiel), pp. nangen (pl. nengin), ger. naged nalla- "cry, cry out", inf. nallo, pr.t. nalla, pa.t. nallanne- (3 sg nallant), fut. nallatha, imp. nallo, part. nallol (perfective nelliel), pp. nallannen (pl. nellennin), ger. nallad
nara- "tell" (a story) (an archaic or poetic word), inf. naro, pr.t. nara, pa.t. narne- (3 sg narn), fut. naratha, imp. naro, part. narol (perfective nóriel), pp. narnen (pl. nernin), ger. narad narcha- "rend", inf. narcho, pr.t. narcha, pa.t. narchanne- (3 sg narchant), fut. narchatha, imp. narcho, part. narchol (perfective nerchiel), pp. narchannen (pl. nerchennin), ger. narchad nasta- "prick, point, stick, thrust", inf. nasto, pr.t. nasta, pa.t. nastanne- (3 sg nastant), fut. nastatha, imp. nasto, part. nastol (perfective nestiel), pp. nastannen (pl. nestennin), ger. nastad nautha- "conceive", inf. nautho, pr.t. nautha, pa.t. nauthanne- (3 sg nauthant), fut. nauthatha, imp. nautho, part. nauthol (perfective nauthiel), pp. nauthannen (pl. nauthennin), ger. nauthad !neitha- "wrong, *deprive", inf. neitho, pr.t. neitha, pa.t. neithanne- (3 sg neithant), fut. neithatha, imp. neitho, part. neithol (perfective neithiel), pp. neithannen, ger. neithad. (Verb deduced to exist from Túrin's epithet Neithan, The Wronged.) neledh- "go in, enter",inf. neledhi, pr.t. neledhi- (3 sg neledh), pa.t. nelenni- (3 sg nelenn), fut. neledhitha, imp. neledho, part. neledhel (perfective nelídhiel), pp. nelennen (pl. nelennin), ger. neledhed nella- "sound bells",inf. nello, pr.t. nella, pa.t. nellanne- (3 sg nellant), fut. nellatha, imp. nello, part. nellol (perfective nelliel), pp. nellannen (pl. nellennin), ger. nellad !nesta- "heal", inf. nesto, pr.t. nesta, pa.t. nestanne- (3 sg nestant), fut. nestatha, imp. nesto, part. nestol (perfective nestiel), pp. nestannen (pl. nestennin), ger. nestad nestag- "insert, stick in", inf. nestegi, pr.t. nestegi- (3 sg nestag), pa.t. nestengi- (3 sg nestanc), fut. nestegitha, imp. nestago, part. nestagel (perfective nestógiel), pp. nestangen (pl. nestengin), ger. nestaged nimmida- "whiten", inf. nimmido, pr.t. nimmida, pa.t. nimminne- (3 sg nimmint), fut. nimmidatha, imp. nimmido, part. nimmidol (perfective nimmidiel), pp. nimminnen (pl. nimminnin), ger. nimmidad nod- "tie, bind", inf. nedi, pr.t. nedi- (3 sg nôd), pa.t. nynni- (3 sg nunt), fut. neditha, imp. nodo, part. nodel (perfective núdiel), pp. nunnen (pl. nynnin) (the pp. may also be noden), ger. noded
nor- "run", inf. neri, pr.t. neri- (3 sg nôr), pa.t. nerni- (3 sg norn), fut. neritha, imp. noro, part. norel (perfective núriel), pp. nornen (pl. nernin) ger. nored nuitha- "stunt, prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue", inf. nuitho, pr.t. nuitha, pa.t. nuithanne- (3 sg nuithant), fut. nuithatha, imp. nuitho, part. nuithol (perfective nuithiel), pp. nuithannen (pl. nuithennin), ger. nuithad oltha- "dream", inf. oltho, pr.t. oltha, pa.t. olthanne- (3 sg olthant), fut. olthatha, imp. oltho, part. olthol (perfective elthiel), pp. olthannen (pl. elthennin), ger. olthad
onna- "beget", inf. onno, pr.t. onna, pa.t. onne- (3 sg onnant), fut. onnatha, imp. onno, part. onnol (perfective enniel), pp. onnen (pl. ennin), ger. onnad
ortha- "raise", inf. ortho, pr.t. ortha, pa.t. orthanne- (3 sg orthant), fut. orthatha, imp. ortho, part. orthol (perfective erthiel), pp. orthannen (pl. erthennin), ger. orthad orthel- "roof, screen above", inf. ortheli, pr.t. ortheli- (3 sg orthel), pa.t. orthelli- (3 sg orthell), fut. orthelitha, imp. orthelo, part. orthelel (perfective erthíliel), pp. orthellen (pl. orthellin), ger. ortheled. Since the prefix or- is not umlauted (to er-) in the attested infinitive ortheli (LR:391 s.v. TEL), we do not introduce umlaut in other forms, either (hence present/past/future ortheli-/orthelli-/orthelitha instead of umlauted forms ?ertheli/erthelli/erthelitha, and plural pp. orthellin instead of ?erthellin). Cf. also the next entry, including the same prefix: the infinitive ortheri "master, conquer" (not ?ertheri) is attested. But since the prefix os- "round, about" is seen to be subject to umlaut in the verb osgar- "cut round, amputate" (attested infinitive esgeri instead of ?osgeri, LR:379 s.v._ OS_), this may be seen as inconsistency on Tolkien's part._ orthor- "master, conquer", inf. ortheri, pr.t. ortheri- (3 sg orthor), pa.t. ortherni- (3 sg orthorn), fut. ortheritha, imp. orthoro, part. orthorel (perfective orthúriel), pp. orthornen (pl. orthernin), ger. orthored osgar- "cut round, amputate", inf. esgeri, pr.t. esgeri- (3 sg osgar), pa.t. esgerni- (3 sg osgarn), fut. esgeritha, imp. osgaro, part. osgarel (perfective osgóriel), pp. osgarnen (pl. esgernin), ger. osgared ovra- "abound". Inf. ovro, pr.t. ovra, pa.t. ovranne- (3 sg ovrant), fut. ovratha, imp. ovro, part. ovrol (perfective evriel), pp. ovrannen (pl. evrennin), ger. ovrad pada- "walk on a track or path", inf. pado, pr.t. pada, pa.t. panne- (3 sg pant), fut. padatha, imp. pado, part. padol (perfective pódiel), pp. pannen (pl. pennin), ger. padad palan-dir- "view far and wide", inf. palan-diri, pr.t. palan-diri- (3 sg palan-dir), pa.t. palan-dirni- (3 sg palan-dirn), fut. palan-diritha, imp. palan-diro, part. palan-diriel (perfective palan-díriel), pp. palan-dirnen (pl. palan-dirnin), ger. palan-dired panna- (1) "open, enlarge", (2) "fill". Inf. panno, pr.t. panna, pa.t. panne- (3 sg pannant), fut. pannatha, imp. panno, part. pannol (perfective penniel), pp. pannen (pl. pennin), ger. pannad * partha- "arrange, compose"; inf. partho (derived from "ON" inf. parthóbi [prob. misreading for parthóbe], LR:380 s.v. PAR_), inf. partho, pr.t. partha, pa.t. parthanne- (3 sg parthant), fut. parthatha, part. parthol (perfective perthiel), pp. parthannen (pl. perthennin), ger. darthad pathra- "fill"; inf. pathro, pr.t. pathra, pa.t. pathranne- (3 sg pathrant), fut. pathratha, imp. pathro, part. pathrol (perfective pethriel), pp. pathrannen (pl. pethrennin), ger. pathrad ped- "say, speak", inf. pedi, pr.t. pedi- (3 sg pêd), pa.t. penni- (3 sg pent), fut. peditha, imp. pedo, part. pedol (perfective pídiel), pp. pennen (pl. pennin), ger. peded pel- "fade, wither", inf. peli, pr.t. peli- (3 sg pêl), pa.t. pelli- (3 sg pell), fut. pelitha, imp. pelo, part. pelol (perfective píliel), pp. pellen (pl. pellin), ger. peled pelia- "spread", inf. pelio, pr.t. pelia, pa.t. pelianne- (3 sg peliant), fut. peliatha, imp. pelio, part. peliol (perfective póliel), pp. peliannen (pl. peliennin), ger. peliad penia- "fix, set", inf. penio, pr.t. penia, pa.t. penianne- (3 sg peniant), fut. peniatha, imp. penio, part. peniol (perfective póniel), pp. peniannen (pl. peniennin), ger. peniad penna- "slant down", inf. penno, pr.t. penna, pa.t. penne- (3 sg pend, or pennant), fut. pennatha, imp. penno, part. pennol (perfective penniel), pp. pennen (pl. pennin), ger. pennad presta- "affect, trouble, disturb", inf. presto, pr.t. presta, pa.t. prestanne- (3 sg prestant), fut. prestatha, imp. presto, part. prestol (perfective prestiel), pp. prestannen (pl. prestennin), ger. prestad puia- "spit", inf. puio, pr.t. puia, pa.t. puianne- (3 sg puiant), fut. puiatha, imp. puio, part. puiol (perfective puiel), pp. puiannen (pl. puiennin), ger. puiad rada- "make a way, find a way", inf. rado, pr.t. rada, pa.t. ranne- (3 sg rant), fut. radatha, imp. rado, part. radol (perfective ródiel), pp. rannen (pl. rennin), ger. radad raeda- "catch in net", inf. raedo, pr.t. raeda, pa.t. raedanne- (3 sg raedant), fut. raedatha, imp. raedo, part. raedol (perfective raediel), pp. raedannen (pl. raedennin), ger. raedad redh- "sow", inf. redhi, pr.t. redhi- (3 sg rêdh), pa.t. renni- (3 sg rend), fut. redhitha, imp. redho, part. redhel (perfective rídhiel), pp. rennen (pl. rennin), ger. redhed renia- "stray" (adapted to Sindarin from the "Noldorin" form "rhenia" in LR:383 s.v. RAN), inf. renio, pr.t. renia, pa.t. renianne- (3 sg reniant), fut. reniatha, imp. renio, part. reniol (perfective róniel), pp. reniannen (pl. reniennin), ger. reniad revia- "fly, sail; wander" (the "Noldorin" infinitive form "rhenio" in LR:382 s.v. RAM is a misreading for rhevio). Inf. revio, pr.t. revia, pa.t. revianne- (3 sg reviant), fut. reviatha, imp. revio, part. reviol (perfective róviel), pp. reviannen (pl. reviennin), ger. reviad * rhib- "scratch" (adapted to Sindarin from "Noldorin" thribi, LR:387), inf. rhibi, pr.t. rhibi- (3 sg rhîb), pa.t. rhimmi- (3 sg rhimp), fut. rhibitha, imp. rhibo, part. rhibel (perfective rhíbiel), pp. rhimmen (pl. rhimmin), ger. rhibed rib- "rush, fly, fling", inf. ribi, pr.t. ribi- (3 sg rîb), pa.t. rimmi- (3 sg rimp), fut. ribitha, imp. ribo, part. ribel (perfective ríbiel), pp. rimmen (pl. rimmin), ger. ribed rimma- "flow like a torrent", inf. rimmo, pr.t. rimma, pa.t. rimmanne- (3 sg rimmant), fut. rimmatha, imp. rimmo, part. rimmol (perfective rimmiel), pp. rimmannen (pl. rimmennin), ger. rimmad
rista- "rend, rip, cut, cleave", inf. risto, pr.t. rista, pa.t. ristanne- (3 sg ristant), fut. ristatha, imp. risto, part. ristol (perfective ristiel), pp. ristannen (pl. ristennin), ger. ristad ritha- "jerk, twitch, snatch", inf. ritho, pr.t. ritha, pa.t. rithanne- (3 sg rithant), fut. rithatha, part. rithol (perfective rithiel), pp. rithannen (pl. rithennin), ger. rithad rosta- "hollow out, excavate", inf. rosto, pr.t. rosta, pa.t. rostanne- (3 sg rostant), fut. rostatha, imp. rosto, part. rostol (perfective restiel), pp. rostannen (pl. restennin), ger. rostad sautha- "drain", inf. sautho, pr.t. sautha, pa.t. sauthanne- (3 sg sauthant), fut. sauthatha, imp. sautho, part. sauthol (perfective sauthiel), pp. sauthannen (pl. sauthennin), ger. sauthad seidia- "set aside; appropriate to a special purpose or owner", inf. seidio, pr.t. seidia, pa.t. seidianne- (3 sg seidiant), fut. seidiatha, imp. seidio, part. seidiol (perfective sódiel), pp. seidiannen (pl. seidiennin), ger. seidiad síla- "shine white", inf. sílo, pr.t. síla, pa.t. sille- (3 sg sill), fut. sílatha, imp. sílo, part. sílol (perfective síliel), pp. sillen (pl. sillin), ger. sílad
siria- "flow", inf. sirio, pr.t. siria, pa.t. sirianne- (3 sg siriant), fut. siriatha, imp. sirio, part. siriol (perfective síriel), pp. siriannen (pl. siriennin), ger. siriad soga- "drink", inf. sogo, pr.t. soga- (irregular [?] 3 sg sôg), pa.t. sunge- (3 sg sunc) or soganne- (3 sg sogant), fut. sogatha, imp. sogo, part. sogol (perfective súgiel), pp. sungen (pl. syngin) or sogannen ("sogennen" in LR:388 s.v. SUK is probably a misreading, whether this is intended as a 1st person past tense or a past passive participle) (pl. segennin), ger. sogad
suilanna- "greet", inf. suilanno, pr.t. suilanna, pa.t. ?suilanne- (3 sg ?suilannant, or perhaps just ?suilant), fut. suilannatha, imp. suilanno, part. suilannol (perfective ?suilenniel), pp. ?suilannen (pl. ?suilennin), ger. suilannad. Some think this verb incorporates anna- "to give" and is literally "to give greeting". If so, it may share the irregularities of anna-. We would then have past tense ?suilone- with 3 sg. ?suilon (for older suilaun), perfective participle ?suilóniel, past participle ?suilonen (pl. ?suilonin).
taetha- "fasten, tie", inf. taetho, pr.t. taetha, pa.t. taethanne- (3 sg taethant), fut. taethatha, imp. taetho, part. taethol (perfective taethiel), pp. taethannen (pl. taethennin), ger. taethad * tamma- "knock". (By a misreading or misprint, LR:390 s.v. TAM has "mn" for "mm".) Inf. tammo, pr.t. tamma, pa.t. tammanne- (3 sg tammant), fut. tammatha, imp. tammo, part. tammol (perfective temmiel), pp. tammannen (pl. temmennin), ger. tammad
tangada- "make firm, confirm, establish", inf. tangado, pr.t. tangada, pa.t. tanganne- (pr.t. tangant), fut. tangadatha, imp. tangado, part. tangadol (perfective tengediel), pp. tangannen (pl. tengennin), ger. tangadad
telia- "play" (may probably be used in the same broad sense as English "play", referring to some kind of sport or game as well as to playing an instrument). Inf. telio, pr.t. telia, pa.t. telianne- (3 sg teliant), fut. teliatha, imp. telio, part. teliol (perfective tóliel), pp. teliannen (pl. teliennin), ger. teliad. (Variant teilia- below.) teilia- "play" (variant of telia- above). Inf. teilio, pr.t. teilia, pa.t. teiliant, fut. teiliatha, imp. teilio, part. teiliol (perfective teiliel - or tóliel?), pp. teiliannen (pl. teiliennin), ger. teiliad teitha- "draw, write", inf. teitho, pr.t. teitha, pa.t. teithanne- (3 sg teithant), fut. teithatha, imp. teitho, part. teithol (perfective teithiel), pp. teithannen (pl. teithennin), ger. teithad than- "kindle, set light to", inf. theni, pr.t. theni- (3 sg thân), pa.t. thenni- (3 sg thann), part. thanel (perfective thóniel), fut. thenitha, imp. thano, pp. thannen (pl. thennin), ger. thaned !thel- "intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will" (see WJ:319), inf. theli, pr.t. theli- (3 sg thêl), pa.t. thelli- (3 sg thell), fut. thelitha, imp. thelo, part. thelol (perfective thíliel), pp. thellen (pl. thellin), ger. theled thia- "appear, seem", inf. thio, pr.t. thia, pa.t. thianne- (3 sg thiant), fut. thiatha, imp. thio, part. thiol (perfective thiel), pp. thiannen (pl. thiennin), ger. thiad thilia- "glister, glisten", inf. thilio, pr.t. thilia, pa.t. thilianne- (3 sg thiliant), fut. thiliatha, imp. thilio, part. thiliol (perfective thíliel), pp. thiliannen (pl. thiliennin), ger. thiliad thinna- "fade, grow towards evening", inf. thinno, pr.t. thinna, pa.t. thinne- (3 sg thinnant), fut. thinnatha, imp. thinno, part. thinnol (perfective thinniel), pp. thinnen (pl. thinnin), ger. thinnad thora- "fence", inf. thoro, pr.t. thora, irregular pa.t. thore- (3 sg thaur), fut. thoratha, imp. thoro, part. thorol (perfective thóriel), pp. thoren (pl. thorin), ger. thorad thuia- "breathe", inf. thuio, pr.t. thuia, pa.t. thuianne- (3 sg thuiant), fut. thuiatha, imp. thuio, part. thuiol (perfective thuiel), pp. thuiannen (pl. thuiennin), ger. thuiad tinna- "glint", inf. tinno, pr.t. tinna, pa.t. tinne- (3 sg tinnant), fut. tinnatha, imp. tinno, part. tinnol (perfective tinniel), pp. tinnen (pl. tinnin), ger. tinnad tíra- "see", inf. tíro, pr.t. tíra, pa.t. tirne- (3 sg tirn), fut. tíratha, imp. tíro, part. tírol (perfective tíriel), pp. tirnen (pl. tirnin), ger. tírad tir- "watch, watch over, guard, gaze, look at, look towards", inf. tiri, pr.t. tiri- (3 sg tîr), pa.t. tirni- (3 sg tirn), fut. tiritha, imp. tiro, part. tiriel (perfective tíriel), pp. tirnen (pl. tirnin), ger. tired tiria- "watch, guard, gaze, look towards", inf. tirio, pr.t. tiria, pa.t. tirianne- (3 sg tiriant), fut. tiriatha, imp. tirio, part. tiriol (perfective tíriel), pp. tiriannen (pl. tiriennin), ger. tiriad toba- "cover, roof over", inf. tobo, pr.t. toba, pa.t. tumme- (3 sg tump), fut. tobatha, imp. tobo, part. tobol (perfective túbiel), pp. tummen (pl. tymmin), ger. tobad tog- "lead, bring", inf. tegi, pr.t. tegi- (3 sg tôg), pa.t. tyngi- (3 sg tunc), fut. tegitha, imp. togo, part. togel (perfective túgiel), pp. tungen (pl. tyngin), ger. toged tol- "come", inf. teli, pr.t. teli- (3 sg tôl), pa.t. telli- (3 sg toll), fut. telitha, imp. tolo, part. tolel (perfective túliel), pp. tollen (pl. tellin), ger. toled toltha- "fetch, make come", inf. toltho, pr.t. toltha, pa.t. tolthanne- (3 sg tolthant), fut. tolthatha, imp. toltho, part. tolthol (perfective telthiel), pp. tolthannen (pl. telthennin), ger. tolthad tortha- "wield, control", inf. tortho, pr.t. tortha, pa.t. torthanne- (3 sg torthant), fut. torthatha, imp. tortho, part. torthol (perfective terthiel), pp. torthannen (pl. terthennin), ger. torthad trasta- "harass, trouble", inf. trasto, pr.t. trasta, pa.t. trastanne- (3 sg trastant), fut. trastatha, imp. trasto, part. trastol (perfective trestiel), pp. trastannen (pl. trestennin), ger. trastad trenar- "recount, tell to the end"; inf. treneri, pr.t. treneri- (3 sg trenar), irregular pa.t. trenori- (or treneri-) with 3 sg trenor (or trener), fut. treneritha-, imp. trenaro, part. trenarel (perfective trenóriel), pp. ?trenoren (pl. trenorin), ger. trenared trevad- "traverse", inf. trevedi, pr.t. trevedi- (3 sg trevad), pa.t. trevenni- (3 sg trevant), fut. treveditha, imp. trevado, part. trevadel (perfective trevódiel), pp. trevannen (pl. trevennin), ger. trevaded tuia- "swell; spring, sprout", inf. tuio, pr.t. tuia, pa.t. tuianne- (3 sg tuiant) (other suggestion: tuine-, 3 sg tuin), fut. tuiatha, imp. tuio, part. tuiol (perfective tuiel), pp. tuiannen (pl. tuiennin) (other suggestion: tuinen, pl. tuinin), ger. tuiad * yr- "run" (Sindarin form derived from "Old Noldorin" yurine "I run", LR:400 s.v. YUR)_. Inf. yri, pr.t. yri- (3 sg y^r), pa.t. yrni- (3 sg yrn), fut. yritha, imp. yro, part. yrel (perfective iúriel), pp. yrnen (pl. yrnin), ger. yred

Ardalambion Index