Montaigne's Essays (original) (raw)
Note on the e-text: this Renascence Editionstext was provided by Professor Emeritus Ben R. Schneider, Lawrence University, Wisconsin. It is in the public domain. "Florio's Translation of Montaigne's Essays was first published in 1603. In 'The World's Classics' the first volume was published in 1904, and reprinted in 1910 and 1924." Additional material was supplied by Risa S. Bear from the Everyman's Library edition of 1910. Content unique to this presentation is copyright © 1999 The University of Oregon. For nonprofit and educational uses only. Send comments and corrections to the Publisher, rbear[at]uoregon.edu.
| | | Florio's Preface | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | To the curteous Reader | | | | | Dedicatory Poems | | | | | The Author to the Reader | | | I. | | By divers Meanes men come unto a like End | | II. | | Of Sadnesse or Sorrowe | | III. | | Our Affections are transported beyond our selves | | IV. | xx | How the Soule dischargeth her Passions upon false objects, when the true faile it | | V. | | Whether the Captaine of a Place Besieged ought to sallie forth to Parlie | | VI. | | That the Houre of Parlies is dangerous | | VII. | | That our Intention judgeth our Actions | | VIII. | | Of Idlenesse | | IX. | | Of Lyers | | X. | | Of Readie or Slow Speech | | XI. | | Of Prognostications | | Xll. | | Of Constancie | | XIII. | | Of Ceremonies in the enterview of Kings | | XIV. | | Men are punished by too-much opiniating themselves in a place without reason | | XV. | | Of the punishment of Cowardise | | XVI. | | A tricke of certaine Ambassadors | | XVII. | | Of Feare | | XVIII. | | That we should not judge of our Happinesse untill after our Death | | XIX. | | That to Philosophise is to learn how to die | | XX. | | On the force of Imagination | | XXI. | | The profit of one man is the dammage of another | | XXII. | | Of customs, and how a received law should not easily be changed | | XXIII. | | Divers events from one selfsame counsell | | XXIV. | | Of Pedantisme | | XXV. | | Of the Institution and Education of Children; to the Ladie Diana of Foix | | XXVI. | | It is follie to referre Truth or Falsehood to our sufficiencie | | XXVII. | | Of Friendship | | XXVIII. | | Nine and twentie Sonnets of Steven de la Boetie, to the Lady of Grammont | | XXIX. | | Of Moderation | | XXX. | | Of the Caniballes | | XXXI. | | That a Man ought soberly to meddle with judging of Divine Lawes | | XXXII. | | To avoid Voluptuousnesse in regard of Life | | XXXIII. | | That Fortune is oftentimes met withall in pursuit of Reason | | XXXIV. | | Of a Defect in our Policies | | XXXV. | | Of the Use of Apparell | | XXXVI. | | Of _Cato_the younger | | XXXVII. | | How we weepe and laugh at one selfe-same thing | | XXXVIII. | | Of Solitarinesse | | XXXIX. | | A consideration upon Cicero | | XL. | | That the taste of Goods or Evils doth greatly depend on the opinion we have of them | | XLI. | | That a Man should not communicate his Glorie | | XLII. | | Of the Inequalitie that is betweene us | | XLIII. | | Of Sumptuarie Lawes, or Lawes for moderating of Expenses | | XLIV. | | Of Sleeping | | XLV. | | Of the Battell of Dreux | | XLVI. | | Of Names | | XLVII. | | Of the uncertaintie of our Judgement | | XLVIII. | | Of Steeds, called in French Destriers | | XLIX. | | Of ancient Customes | | L. | | Of _Democritus_and Heraclitus | | LI. | | Of the Vanitie of Words | | LII. | | Of the Parcimonie of our Forefathers | | LIII. | | Of a saying of Cæsar | | LIV. | | Of vaine Subtlities, or subtill Devices | | LV. | | Of Smels and Odors | | LVI. | | Of Praiers and Orisons | | LVII. | | Of Age |
Relucent lustre of our English Dames,
In one comprising all most priz'de of all,
Whom Vertue hirs, and bounty hirs do call,
Whose vertue honor, beauty love enflames,
Whose value wonder writes, silence proclaimes,
Though, as your owne, you know th'originall
Of this, whose grace must by translation fall;
Yet since this, as your owne, your Honor claimes,
Yours be the honour; and if any good
Be done by it, we give all thanks and praise
For it to you, but who enough can give?
Aye-honor'd be your Honorable Blood;
Rise may your Honor, which your merites raise:
Live may you long, your Honor you out-live.To the noble-minded Ladie, Anne Harrington
If Mothers love exceeding others love,
If Honours heart excelling all mens hearts,
If bounties hand with all her beauteous parts,
Poets, or Painters would to pourtray prove,
Should they seeke earth below, or heav'n above,
Home, Court or Countrie, forraine moulds or marts,
For Maister point, or modell of their artes,
For life, then here, they neede no further move:
For Honour, Bountie, Love, when all is done,
(Detract they not) what should they adde, or faine,
But onely write, Lady A N N E H A R R I N G T O N.
Her picture lost, would Nature second her,
She could not, or she must make her againe.
So vowes he, that himselfe doth hers averre.Il Candido.
To the curteous Reader.
Shall I apologize translation? Why but some holde (as for their free-hold that such conversion is the subversion of Universities. God holde with them, and withholde them from impeach or empaire. It were an ill turne, the turning of Bookes should be the overturning of Libraries. Yea but my olde fellow Nolano tolde me, and taught publikely, that from translation all Science had it's of-spring. Likely, since even Philosophie, Grammar, Rhethorike, Logike, Arithmetike, Geometrie, Astronomy, Musike, and all the Mathematikes yet holde their name of the Greekes: and the Greekes drew their baptizing water from the conduit-pipes of the Egiptians, and they from the well-springs of the Hebrews or Chaldees. And can the wel-springs be so sweete and deepe; and will the well-drawne water be so sower and smell? And were their Countries so ennobled, advantaged, and embellished by such deriving; and doth it drive our noblest Colonies upon the rockes of ruine? And did they well? and prooved they well? and must we proove ill that doe so? Why but Learning would not be made common. Yea but Learning cannot be too common and the commoner the better. Why but who is not jealous, his Mistresse should be so prostitute? Yea but this Mistresse is like ayre, fire, water, the more breathed the clearer; the more extended the warmer; the more drawne the sweeter. It were inhumanitie to coope her up, and worthy forfeiture close to conceale her. Why but Schollers should have some privilege of preheminence. So have they: they onely are worthy Translators. Why but the vulgar should not knowe at all. No, they can not for all this; nor even Schollers for much more: I would, both could and knew much more than either doth or can. Why but all would not be knowne of all. No nor can: much more we know not than we know: all know something, none know all: would all know all? they must breake ere they be so bigge. God only; men farre from God. Why but pearles should not be cast to swine: yet are rings put in their noses; and a swine should know his stie, and will know his meate and his medicine, and as much beside, as any swine doth suppose it to be Marjoram. Why, but it is not wel Divinite should be a childes or old wives, a coblers, or clothiers tale or table-talke. There is use, and abuse: use none too much: abuse none too little. Why but let Learning be wrapt in a learned mantle. Yea but to be unwrapt by a leaned nurse: yea, to be lapt up againe. Yea, and unlapt againe. Else, hold we ignorance the mother of devotion; praying and preaching in an unknowne tongue: as sory a mother, as a seely daughter: a good minde perhaps, but surely an ill manner. If the best be meete for us, why should the best be barrd? Why but the best wrote best in a tongue more unknowne: Nay in a tongue more known to them that wrote, and not unknowne of them to whom they wrote. Why but more honour to him that speakes more learned. Yea such perhaps, as Quintillians Orator: a learned man I warrant him, for I understand him never a word. Why but let men write for the most honour of the Writer. Nay, for most profit of the Reader: and so haply, most honour. If to write obscurely be perplexedly offensive,as Augustus well judged: for our owne not to write in our owne but unintelligible, is haply to fewer and more criticall, but surely without honor, without profit, if he goe not, or send not an interpreter; who else what is he but a Translator? Obscure be he that loves obscuritie. And therefore willingly I take his worde, though wittingly I doe mistake it, Translata proficit.Why but who ever did well in it? Nay, who ever did well without it? If nothing can be now sayd, but hath beene saide before (as hee sayde well) if there be no new thing under the Sunne. What is that that hath beene? That that shall be: (as he sayde that was wisest) What doe the best then, but gleane after others harvest? borrow their colors, inherite their possessions? What doe they but translate? perhaps, usurpe? at least, collect? if with acknowledgement, it is well; if by stealth, it is too bad: in this, our conscience is our accuser; posteritie our judge: in that our studie is our advocate, and you Readers our jurie. Why but whom can I name, that bare a great name for it? nay who else, but either in parte of Plato_and_ Aristotle out of many; Tullie, Plutarch, Plinie out of Plato, Aristotle and many; or of purpose, as all since havemade most know the Greeke, and almost the Latinr, even translated their whole treatises? Why Cardan_maintaineth, neither_ Homers verse can be well exprest in Latine, nor Virgils in Greeke, nor Petrarch in either. Suppose Homer_tooke nothing out of any, for we heare of none good before him, and there must be a first; yet_ Homer by Virgil is often so translated as Scaliger_conceives there is the armour of_ Hercules most puissant on the backe of Bacchus most delicate: and Petrarch_, if well tracked, would be found in their footsteps, whose verie garbage lesse Poets are noted to have gathered. Why but that_ Scaliger thinkes that Ficinus_by his rusticall simplicitie translated_ Plato, as if an Owle should represent an Eagle, or some tara-rag PLayer should act the princely Telephus_with a voyce, as rag'd as his clothes, a grace as bad as his voyce. If the famous_ Ficinus were so faulty, who may hope to scape foot-free? But for him and us all let me confesse, as he heere censureth; and let cofession make halfe amends, that every language hath it's Genius_and inseparable forme; without_ Pythagoras his Metempsychosis_it can not rightly be translated. The Tuscan altiloquence, the_ Venus_of the French, the sharpe state of the Spanish, the strong signifacncy of the Dutch cannot from heere be drawne to life. The sense many keepe forme; the sentence is disfigured; the fineness, fitnesse, featenesse diminished: as much as artes nature is short of natures arte, a picture of a body, a shadow of a substance. Why then belike I have done_ Montaigne_as_ Terence_by_ Menander, made of good French no good English. If I have done no worse, and it be no worse taken, it is well. As he, if no Poet, yet am I no theefe, since I say of whom I had it, rather to imitate his and his authors negligence, then any backbiters obscure diligence. His horse I set before you; perhaps without his trappings; and his meat without sause. Indeede in this specially finde I fault with my maister, that as Crassus_and_ Antonius in Tullie, the one seemed to contemne, the other not to know the Greeks, whereas the one so spake Greeke as he seemed to know no other tongue: the other in his travells to Athens and Rhodes_had long conversed with the learned Græcians: So he, writing of himselfe, and the worst rather than the best, disclaimeth all memorie, authorities, or borrowing of the ancient or moderne; whereas in course of his discourse he seemes acquainted not onely with all, but no other but authours; and could out of question like_ Cyrus or Cæsar call any of his armie by name and condition. And I would for us all he had in this whole body done as much, as in most of that of other languages my peerelesse deere-deerest and never sufficiently commended friend hath done for mine and your ease and inteligence. Why then againe, as Terence, I have had helpe. Yea, and thanke them for it, and thinke you neede not be displeased by them that may please you in a better matter. Why but Essayes are but mens school-themes pieced together; you might as wel say, several texts. Al is in the choise & handling. Yea mary; but Montaigne_, had he wit, it was but a French wit ferdillant, legier, and extravagant. Now say you English wits by the staydest censure of as learned a wit as is among you. The counsel of that judicious worthy Counsellor (honorable Sir_ Edward Wotton_) would not have embarked me to this discovery, had not his wisedome knowne it worth my paines, and your persusing. And should or would any dog-tooth'de course of his discourses, or webbe of his Essayes, or entitling of his chapters, he holdeth a disjoynted, broken and gadding stile; and that many times they answere not his titles, and have no coherence together, to such I will say little, for they deserve but little; but if they lift, else let them chuse, I send them to the ninth chapter of the third books, folio_ 956_, where himselfe preventeth their carping, and foreseeing their critikisme answereth them for me at full. Yet are there herein errors. If of matter, the Authours; if of omission, the printers: him I would not amend, but send him to you as I found him: this I could not attend; but where I now finde faults, let me pray and entreate you for your owne sake to correct as you reade; to amend as you list. But some errors are mine, and mine are by more then translation. Are they in Grammar, or Orthographie? as easie for you to right, as me to be wrong; or in construction, as mis-attributing him, her, or it, to thingsalive, or dead, or newter; you may soone know my meaning, and eftsoones use your mending: or are they in some uncouth termes; as entraine, conscientious, endeare, tarnish, comporte, efface, facilitate, ammusing, debauching, regret, effort, emotion, and such like; if you like them not, take others more commonly set to make such likely French words familiar with our English, which well may beare them. If any be capitall in sense mistaking, be I admonished, and they shall be recanted: Howsoever, the falsenesse of the French prints, the diversities of copies, editions and volumes (some whereof have more or lesse then others), and I in_ London having followed some, and in the countrie others; now those in folio, now those in octavo, yet in this last survay reconciled all; therefore or blame not rashly, or condemne not fondly the multitude of them set for your further ease in a Table (at the end of the booke) which ere you beginne to reade, I entreate you to peruse: this Printers want a diligent Corrector, my many employments, and the distance between me, and my friends I should conferre-with, may extenuate, if not excuse, even more errors. In summe, if any think he could do better, let him trie; then will he better thinke of what is done. Seven or eight of great wit and worth have assayed, but found these Essayes no attempt for French apprentises or Littletonians. If this doone it may please you, as I wish it may, and I hope it shall, I with you shall be pleased: though not, yet still I am the same resolute
IOHN FLORIO.
Al mio amato Istruttore Mr. Giovanni Florio.
Florio che fai? Vai cosi ardito di Monte?
Al monte piu scoscese che Parnasso,
Ardente piu che Mingibello?
Plino qui muore prima, che qui monte.
Se'l Pegaso non hai, che cavi'l fonte,
Ritirati dal preiglioso passo.
L'hai fatto pur', andand' hor' alt' hor baffo:
Ti so ben dir', tu sei Bellerophonte.
Tre corpi di Chimera di Montagna
Hai trapassato, scosso, rinversato.
Del' honorat' impres' anch' io mi glorio.
Premiar' to potess' io d'or' di Spagna,
Di piu che Bianco-fior' saresti ornato.
Ma del' hono' ti basti, che sei Florio.Il Candido.
A reply upon Maister Florio's answere to the Lady of Bedfords
Invitation to this worke, in a Sonnet of like terminations. Anno. 1599.Thee to excite from Epileptic fits,
Whose lethargie like frost benumming bindes
Obstupefying sence with sencelesse kindes,
Attend the vertue of Minervas wittes;
Colde sides are spurrd, hot muthes held-in with bittes;
Say No, and grow more rude, then rudest hindes;
Say No, and blow more rough, then roughest windes.
Who never shootes, the marke he never hitt's.
To take such taske, a pleasure is no paine;
Vertue and Honor (which immortalize)
Not stepdame Iuno(who would wish thee slaine)
Calls thee to this thrice-honorable prize;
_Montaigne,_no cragg'd Mountaine, but faire plaine.
And who would resty rest, when SHEE bids rise?Il Candido
To my deere friend M. Iohn Florio,
concerning his translation of Montaigne.Bookes the amasse of humors, swolne with ease,
The Griefe of peace, the maladie of rest,
So stuffe the world, falne into this disease,
As it receives more than it can digest:
And doe so evercharge, as they confound
The apetite of skill with idle store:
There being no end of words, nor any bound
Set to conceipt, the Ocean_without shore._
As if man labor'd with himself to be
As infinite in words, as in intents,
And draws his manifold incertaintie
In ev'ry figure, passion represents;
That these innumerable visages,
And strange shapes of opinions and discourse
Shadowed in leaves, may be the witnesses
Rather of our defects, then of our force.
And this proud frame of our presumption,
This Babel of our skill, this Towre of wit,
Seemes onely chekt with the confusion
Of our mistakings, that dissolveth it.
And well may make us of our knowledge doubt,
Seeing what uncertainties we build upon,
To be as weake within booke or without;
Or els that truth hath other shapes then one.
But yet although we labor with this store
And with the presse of writings seeme opprest,
And have too many bookes, yet want we more,
Feeling great dearth and scarsenesse of the best;
Which cast in choiser shapes have bin produc'd,
To give the best proportions to the minde
To our confusion, and have introduc'd
The likeliest images frailtie can finde.
And wherein most the skill-desiring soule
Takes her delight, the best of all delight,
And where her motions evenest come to rowle
About this doubtful center of the right.
Which to discover this great Potentate,
This Prince Montaigne_(if he be not more)_
Hath more adventur'd of his owne estate
Than ever man did of himselfe before:
And hath made such bolde sallies out upon
Custome, the mightie tyrant of the earth,
In whose Seraglio_of subjection_
We all seeme bred-up, from our tender birth;
As I admire his powres, and out of love,
Here at his gate do stand, and glad I stand
So neere to him whom I do so much love,
T'applaude his happie setling in our land:
And safe transpassage by his studious care
Who both of him and us doth merit much,
Having as sumptuously, as he is rare
plac'd him in the best lodging of our speach.
And made him now as free, as if borne here,
And as well ours as theirs, who may be proud
That he is theirs, though he he be every where
To have the franchise of his worth allow'd.
It being the portion of a happie Pen,
Not to b'invassal'd to one Monarchie,
But dwells with all the better world of men
Whose spirits are all of one communitie.
Whom neither Ocean, Desarts, Rockes nor Sands
Can keepe from th'intertraffique of the minde,
But that it vents her treasure in all lands,
And doth a most secure commercement finde.
Wrap Excellencie_up never so much,_
In Hierogliphicques, Ciphers, Caracters,
And let her speake nver so strange a speach,
Her Genius yet finds apt decipherers:
And never was she borne to dye obscure,
But guided by the Starres of her owne grace,
Makes her owne fortune, and is aever sure
In mans best hold, to hold the strongest place.
And let the Critic_say the worst he can,_
He cannot say but that Montaige_yet,_
Yeeldes most rich pieces and extracts of man;
Though in a troubled frame confus'dly set.
Which yet h'is blest that he hath ever seene,
And therefore as a guest in gratefulnesse,
For the great good the house yeelds him within
Might spare to taxe th'unapt convayances.
But this breath hurts not, for both worke and frame,
Whilst England English speakes, is of that store
And that choyse stuffe, as that without the same
The richest librarie can be but poore.
And they unblest who letters do professe
And have him not: whose owne fate beates their want
With more sound blowes, then Alcibiades
Did his pedante that did Homer_want._SAM. DANYEL.
PREFACE
To the Right Ho-
norable and all praise-worthie Ladies,
_Elizabeth_Countesse of Rutland, and Ladie Penelope RichGive me leave
THE AUTHOR TO THE READER
EADER, loe here a well-meaning Booke. It doth at the first entrance forewarne thee, that in contriving the same I have proposed unto my selfe no other than a familiar and private end: I have no respect or consideration at all, either to thy service, or to my glory: my forces are not capable of any such desseigne. I have vowed the same to the particular commodity of my kinsfolk and friends: to the end, that losing me (which they are likely to do ere long), they may therein find some lineaments of my conditions and humours, and by that meanes reserve more whole, and more lively foster the knowledge and acquaintance they have had of me. Had my intention beene to forestal and purchase the world's opinion and favour, I would surely have adorned myselfe more quaintly, or kept a more grave and solemne march. I desire thereun to be delineated in mine own genuine, simple and ordinarie fashion, without contention, art or study; for it is myselfe I pourtray. My imperfections shall thus be read to the life, and my naturall forme discerned, so farre-forth as publike reverence hath permitted me. For if my fortune had beene to have lived among those nations which yet are said to live under the sweet liberty of Nature's first and uncorrupted lawes, I assure thee, I would most willingly have pourtrayed myselfe fully and naked. Thus, gentle Reader, myselfe am the groundworke of my booke: it is then no reason thou shouldest employ thy time about so frivolous and vaine a subject. Therefore farewell, From MONTAIGNE,
The First of March, 1580.