ANJOU INTRODUCTION (original) (raw)

ANJOU

introduction

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The counts and dukes of Anjou and the nobility in Anjou are grouped geographically in the following documents.�

ANJOU: COMTES, DUCS d�ANJOU.� Comtes d'ANJOU 909-1167.� Comtes d'ANJOU 1067-1189 (G�tinais).� Vicomtes d'ANJOU.� S�n�chal d�ANJOU (ROCHE).� Ducs d'ANJOU (Valois).� Seigneurs de MEZIERES, Marquis de MEZIERES. �

ANJOU: NOBILITY: Seigneurs de BREZE (Comtes de MAULEVRIER), Seigneurs de CH�TEAU-GONTHIER, Seigneurs de CH�TEAU-RENARD.� Seigneurs de CRAON.� Seigneurs de LANGEAIS.� Seigneurs de MATHEFELON.� Seigneurs de MONTREUIL.� Seigneurs de ROCHECORBON.� Seigneurs de ROCHEFORT-sur-LOIRE.� Seigneurs de SABLE.� Seigneurs de SAUMUR.� Seigneurs de VIHIERS.�

The county of Anjou was the successor of the _pagus Andegavensis_or Andecavus, the territory being called by the latter name in a charter of Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks dated 17 Sep 848 which is included in the cartulary of the cathedral of St Maurice, Angers[1].� The Anjou area was under Merovingian and Carolingian Frankish rule until 849, when Nomino� Duke of Brittany captured Angers and pushed his territorial acquisitions as far as Le Mans and Blois[2].� The Annales Bertiniani record the attack on "Andegavis" by "Nomenogius Brito" in 849[3].� Duke Nomino� died in 851 and the precise fate of the territory around Angers under his immediate successor is unclear.� However, a document issued by King Charles II dated Nov 853 names "Dodo episcopus, Hrotbertus et Osbertus" as missi in "Cinnomannio, Andegavensi, atque Turonico, Corboniso, et Sagiso"[4], which suggests that the West Frankish king had regained control.� The area also suffered Viking raids:� the Annales Bertiniani record that "pirat� Nortmannorum" sailed up the Loire in 854 and burned "civitatem Andegavorum"[5].� Difficulties with the Bretons persisted as the Annales Bertiniani record that "Rodbertus" attacked "Salomone duce" [duke of Brittany] in 862[6].� The Annales record that King Charles II�s son, the future King Louis II "le B�gue", rebelled against his father in 862 and, heading an army of Bretons, defeated "Rotbertum patris fidelem" in 862 and burned Angers yet again[7].� The creation of the "march" of Anjou is probably dated to the early 860s, as the Annales Bertiniani name "Rodberto, qui marchio in Andegavo fuerat" in 865[8].� However, this change of jurisdictional status must have been insufficient to control the Bretons and the Vikings as the mention of Robert in the _Annales_in 865 appears in the context of King Charles II imposing direct rule in the area by sending "Hludowicum filium suum" into "Neustriam" and granting him "comitatum Andegavensem et abbatiam Maioris-monasterii et quasdam villas illi", while Robert was compensated with "comitatum Autissiodorensem et comitatum Nivernensem".�

Between 866 and the late 920s, the history of the county of Anjou is obscure and the record of the succession of counts incomplete and imprecise.� The Chronicle of Saint-Serge records that Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks recaptured Angers in 872, adding that, following the deaths of "Robertum Andegavorum comitem, Ranulphum Pictavorum comitem", the Vikings occupied the town[9].� The Chronicle of Saint-Aubin dates the same event to 873[10].� Neither source specifies who was appointed as comte d�Anjou at that time.� The Historia Comitum Andegavorum records that Louis II "le B�gue" King of the West Franks, therefore dated to [877/79], granted "dimidium Andegavis comitatum" to "Ingelgerius"[11].� The source does not state who was granted the other half of the county, but says that "Fulco Rufus secundus comes, filius Ingelgerii" was granted "integrum comitatum Andegavensium et abbatias Sancti Albini et Sancti Sergii" in 912[12].� The Gesta Consulum Andegavorum records that "Ingelgerius Gastinensis comes�Lochi� et Ambazi� dominus" acquired "Andegavensem consulatum" (undated) and that he was succeeded by "filius eius Fulco�cognominatus�Rufus", adding in a later passage that Foulques held "integrum comitatum Andegavensium" which had previously been divided into two parts[13].�

The early history of the family of the counts of Anjou is recounted in several lengthy 11th and 12th century chronicles.� The reported origin of the comtes d�Anjou appears legendary.� The reconstruction of the early generations of the family, as reported in the Gesta Consulum Andegavorum, is unlikely to be historically accurate.� Many later details in these sources can be corroborated by charter evidence, despite their composition up to a couple of centuries later than the events which they record.� One curious divergence is noteworthy.� Both the Gesta Consulum Andegavorum and the Historia Comitum Andegavorum record that Count Geoffroy I "Grisegonelle" was succeeded as count by his youngest son Maurice, who in turn was succeeded by his own alleged son Count Foulques III "Nerra"[14].� This supposed line of succession is chronologically impossible and is contradicted by all other sources, including the _Histori� Andegavensis_which was allegedly written by Foulques IV "Rechin" Comte d'Anjou, all of which confirm that Foulques III was the son and successor of Geoffroy I.� This is the only example so far found, in all the numerous sources consulted during the course of researching Medieval Lands, of an important discrepancy in the line of succession of a major ruling European comital family.� No explanation has so far been found for this curious anomaly.�

Foulques III "Nerra" Comte d�Anjou, who ruled from 987 to 1040, considerably expanded the territory of the county of Anjou by conquering "le pays de Mauge" from Brittany, and Saumur and Langeais from the comtes de Blois, while his successor Geoffroy II "Martel" conquered Touraine and was granted Saintonge as ransom for Guillaume III Duke of Aquitaine whom he had captured[15].� The county of Anjou remained in the same family until the early 13th century and the counts recognised the Capetian king of France as their suzerain throughout the period.� The marriages of the counts of Anjou in the 10th and 11th centuries, notably with the families of the counts of Angoul�me, Blois, G�tinais, Maine and Vend�me, as well as the dukes of Brittany, show that their influence and ambitions were limited at that time to neighbouring parts of France.� However, two fortunate marriage alliances launched the family on to the international political scene in the early part of the second quarter of the 12th century.� Firstly, Foulques V Comte d'Anjou married in 1129, as his second wife, the heiress of the kingdom of Jerusalem.� He resigned Anjou to his son Geoffroy, and left for Jerusalem where his descendants, in the male line, continued to rule the kingdom until 1185.� Secondly, his son and successor, Comte Geoffroy V, married Matilda, daughter of Henry I King of England in 1128.� This marriage was to have even more important consequences for the success of the Anjou family as the couple's son succeeded to the English throne in 1154 as King Henry II, and his descendants in the male line continued to rule England until 1485.�

The English Angevin kings lost the counties of Anjou and Maine to the Capetian kings of France in [1206].� King Louis IX invested his brother Charles with the county of Anjou in 1246, but Charles's principal fields of activity were Provence (which he ruled from 1246 by right of his wife) and the kingdom of Naples/Sicily where he was installed as king in 1265 with the active support of the Papacy.� His descendants are shown in the document SICILY.� The second Angevin dynasty from the family of the Capetian kings was founded by Louis, son of Jean II King of France, who was installed as Comte d'Anjou in 1351 and as Duc d'Anjou in 1360 (see Chapter 2).�

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Full citation references to the sources cited in the Anjou set of documents, in which only abbreviated references are given.�

A.����� CARTULARIES

Angers Cathedral: Urseau, C. (ed.) (1908) Cartulaire noir de la cath�drale d'Angers (Paris, Angers).�

Angers Saint-Aubin: Broussillon, B. de (ed.) (1903) Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Aubin d'Angers (Paris).�

Angers Saint-Laud: Planchenault, A. (ed.) (1903) Cartulaire du chapitre de Saint-Laud d�Angers (Angers).�

Anjou Charit�: Marchegay, P. (ed.) (1854) Archives d'Anjou, Tome III (Angers), Cartularium monasterii beat� Mari� Caritatis Andegavensis.�

Ass�-le-Riboul: Broussillon, B. de (1903) Cartulaire d�Ass�-le-Riboul, Archives Historiques du Maine III (Le Mans).�

Az� et du Gen�til: Brossay, M. du (ed.) (1903) Cartulaire d'Az� et du Gen�til, Archives historiques du Maine Tome III (Le Mans).�

Chartes Vend�moises: M�tais, C. (ed.) (1910) Chartes Vend�moises (Vend�me).�

Ch�teau-du-Loir: Soci�t� des Archives Historiques du Maine (1905) Cartulaire de Ch�teau-du-Loir, Archives historiques du Maine Tome VI (Le Mans).�

Ch�teaudun H�tel-Dieu: Belfort, A. de (ed.) (1884) Archives de la Maison-Dieu de Ch�teaudun (Paris, Ch�teaudun).�

Cluny: Bernard, A. & Bruel, A. (eds.) (1876-1903)Recueil des chartes de l'abbaye de Cluny (Paris).�

Couture Saint-Pierre: B�n�dictins de Solesmes (1881) Cartulaire des abbayes de Saint-Pierre de la Couture et de Saint-Pierre de Solesmes (Le Mans).�

Craon Bonshommes: Farcy, P. de (ed.) (1907) Cartulaire et obituaire du prieur� des Bonshommes de Craon (Laval).�

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Fontevraud: Bienvenue, J. M. (ed.) (2000) Grand Cartulaire de Fontevraud Tome I (Poitiers).�

Le Mans Saint-Vincent: Charles, R. & Menjot d�Elbenne (eds.) (1886) Cartulaire de l�abbaye de Saint-Vincent du Mans (Mamer, Le Mans).�

Lieu-Notre-Dame-l�s-Romorantin: Plat, E. (ed.) (1892) Cartulaire de l�abbaye royale du Lieu-Notre-Dame-l�s-Romorantin (Romorantin).�

M�con: Ragut, M. C. (ed.) (1864) Cartulaire de Saint-Vincent de M�con (M�con).�

Marmoutier-Anjou: Marchegay, P. (ed.) (1853) Archives d'Anjou, Tome II (Angers), Les prieur�s de Marmoutier en Anjou, Inventaire des titres, Suppl�ment aux chartes des XI et XII si�cle.�

Marmoutier (Bl�sois): M�tais, C. (ed.) (1889/91) Marmoutier Cartulaire Bl�sois (Blois).�

Marmoutier-Dunois: Lecesne, H. (ed.) (1874) Cartulaire de Marmoutier pour le Dunois.�

Marmoutier-Tours: Nobilleau, P. (ed.) (1879) Marmoutier, Dom Claude Chantelou, Cartulaire Tourangeau (Paris).�

Marmoutier-Vend�mois: Tr�mault, M. de (ed.) (1893)Cartulaire de Marmoutier pour le Vend�mois (Paris, Vend�me).�

Marseille Saint-Victor: Gu�rard, M. (1857) Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Victor de Marseille (Paris).�

Morbihan: Rosenzweig, L. (ed.) (1895) Cartulaire g�n�rale du Morbihan, Tome I (Vannes).�

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Poitiers Saint-Nicolas: Soci�t� des Archives Historiques du Poitou (1872) Cartulaire du prieur� de Saint-Nicolas de Poitiers, Archives historiques du Poitou Tome I (Poitiers).�

Rays, Vol. I: Blanchard, R. �Cartulaire des Sires de Rays�, Archives Historiques du Poitou, Tome XXVIII (Poitiers, 1898).�

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B.����� OTHER PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTIONS

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[1]Angers Cathedral, 8, p. 21.�

[2]Espinay (1864), p. 6.�

[3] Annales Bertiniani 849, MGH SS I, p. 444.�

[4] Karoli II Conventus Silvacensis, Missi�et pagi� 8, MGH LL 1, p. 426.�

[5] Annales Bertiniani 854, MGH SS I, p. 449.�

[6] Annales Bertiniani 862, MGH SS I, p. 456.�

[7] Annales Bertiniani 862, MGH SS I, p. 457.�

[8] Annales Bertiniani 865, MGH SS I, p. 470.�

[9] Chroniques des Eglises d'Anjou, Chronicon sancti Sergii Andegavensis, p. 132.�

[10] Chroniques des Eglises d'Anjou, Chronic� sancti Albini Andegavensis, p. 19.�

[11] Chroniques d'Anjou Tome I, Historia comitum Andegavensium, p. 320.�

[12] Chroniques d'Anjou Tome I, Historia comitum Andegavensium, p. 320.�

[13] Chroniques d'Anjou Tome I, Chronica de Gesta Consulum Andegavorum, pp. 54, 63, and 65.�

[14] Chroniques d'Anjou Tome I, Chronica de Gesta Consulum Andegavorum, pp. 87-8, and Historia Comitum Andegavorum, p. 320.�

[15]Espinay (1864), p. 8.�