PHP: curl_setopt_array - Manual (original) (raw)

(PHP 5 >= 5.1.3, PHP 7, PHP 8)

curl_setopt_array — Set multiple options for a cURL transfer

Description

Parameters

handle

A cURL handle returned bycurl_init().

options

An array specifying which options to set and their values. The keys should be valid curl_setopt() constants or their integer equivalents.

Return Values

Returns [true](reserved.constants.php#constant.true) if all options were successfully set. If an option could not be successfully set, [false](reserved.constants.php#constant.false) is immediately returned, ignoring any future options in the options array.

Changelog

Examples

Example #1 Initializing a new cURL session and fetching a web page

<?php // create a new cURL resource $ch = curl_init();// set URL and other appropriate options $options = array(CURLOPT_URL => 'http://www.example.com/', CURLOPT_HEADER => false );curl_setopt_array($ch, $options);// grab URL and pass it to the browser curl_exec($ch); ?>

Notes

Note:

As with curl_setopt(), passing an array to [CURLOPT_POST](curl.constants.php#constant.curlopt-post) will encode the data as multipart/form-data, while passing a URL-encoded string will encode the data as application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

Found A Problem?

maran dot emil at gmail dot com ¶

16 years ago

In case that you need to read SSL page content from https with curl, this function can help you:

<?php

function get_web_page( <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>l</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">url,</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span>curl_data )
{
    $options = array(
        CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => true,         // return web page
        CURLOPT_HEADER         => false,        // don't return headers
        CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION => true,         // follow redirects
        CURLOPT_ENCODING       => "",           // handle all encodings
        CURLOPT_USERAGENT      => "spider",     // who am i
        CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER    => true,         // set referer on redirect
        CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT => 120,          // timeout on connect
        CURLOPT_TIMEOUT        => 120,          // timeout on response
        CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS      => 10,           // stop after 10 redirects
        CURLOPT_POST            => 1,            // i am sending post data
           CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS     => $curl_data,    // this are my post vars
        CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST => 0,            // don't verify ssl
        CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER => false,        //
        CURLOPT_VERBOSE        => 1                //
    );

    <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><msub><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>n</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">ch      = curl_init(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0197em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ni</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>url);
    curl_setopt_array($ch,$options);
    <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><msub><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mi>x</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">content = curl_exec(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6151em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">co</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0197em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ec</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>ch);
    <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><msub><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">err     = curl_errno(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">err</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0197em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">rr</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>ch);
    <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><msub><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">errmsg  = curl_error(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">err</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0197em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">e</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">rror</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>ch) ;
    <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><msub><mi>l</mi><mi>g</mi></msub><mi>e</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>o</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">header  = curl_getinfo(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0197em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>ch);
    curl_close($ch);

  //  <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>n</mi><msup><mi>o</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">header[&#x27;errno&#x27;]   = </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0019em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mopen"><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">err</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span>err;
  //  <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><msup><mi>g</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">header[&#x27;errmsg&#x27;]  = </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0019em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mopen"><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">err</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span>errmsg;
  //  <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><msup><mi>t</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">header[&#x27;content&#x27;] = </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0019em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mopen"><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">co</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span>content;
    return $header;
}

$curl_data = "var1=60&var2=test"; <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>w</mi><mi>w</mi><mi>w</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>w</mi><mi>w</mi><mi>w</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>3.</mn><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>1998</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>L</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>o</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>w</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi><msub><mi>t</mi><mi>w</mi></msub><mi>e</mi><msub><mi>b</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mi>a</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.625</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>0.1944</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>o</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.2778</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.2778</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>1.0361</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>0.2861</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.03588</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.1514</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi 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mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>l</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">url = &quot;https://www.example.com&quot;; &lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;response = get_web_page(&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-html&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;res&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.2778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.2778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.03588em;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;height:0.1514em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;height:2.7em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal mtight&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.02691em;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;height:0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;height:0.1514em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;height:2.7em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal mtight&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;height:0.2861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.03588em;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mopen&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;url,</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ttp</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">//</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">www</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal">am</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">pl</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathnormal">co</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ka</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ka</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hm</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ttp</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">//</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">www</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">w</span><span class="mord">3.</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord">/1998/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">se</span><span class="mord mathnormal">man</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">cs</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ro</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">w</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;=&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span 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class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span 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mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ce</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.2778</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">re</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;=&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ce</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.2778</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ba</span><span class="mord mathnormal">se</span><span 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style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">0.2861</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.03588</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6542em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">2&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.1514</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">2.55</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.05</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">2.7</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em;">z</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">rese</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.02691</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">w</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">​</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.15</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord 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style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span 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style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">2&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.1514</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">2.55</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.05</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">2.7</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em;">z</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">rese</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">​</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.2861</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.03588</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span>curl_data);

print '<pre>';
print_r($response);

?>

Lionel ¶

10 years ago

If you are writing a mini API for your library, and if you are doing merging of options, remember to use the union operator (+) !

So something like this will definitely fail. This is because array_merge effectively resets all the keys in the array into running numbers:

<?php
function post($url, $options = array) {
    $ch = curl_init();
    curl_setopt_array($ch, array_merge(array(
        CURLOPT_HEADER => 1,
        CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => 1,
        .....
     )));
?>

Rather, this is the correct way of doing it:

<?php
function post($url, $options = array) {
    $ch = curl_init();
    curl_setopt_array($ch, array(
        CURLOPT_HEADER => 1,
        CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => 1,
        .....
     ) + (array) $options);
?>

Al ¶

8 years ago

You might be tempted to use array_merge with arrays where CURLOPT constants are the keys, but beware.

<?php
array_merge([], [CURLOPT_FOO => "foo"], [CURLOPT_BAR => "bar"]);
?>

Since these constants are numeric, array_merge will happily reindex:

<?php
[0 => "foo", 1 => "bar"];
?>

bendavis78 at gmail dot com ¶

19 years ago

You can use CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION  with a callback inside an object.  This makes is it easy to capture the headers for later use.  For example:

<?php
class Test
{
    public $headers;

    //...

    public function exec($opts)
    {
        $this->headers = array();
        <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>C</mi><mi>U</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>P</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mi>E</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>D</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>U</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>I</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>N</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">opts[CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION] = array(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">pt</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">OP</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">ERF</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">NCT</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">ON</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">rr</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>this, '_setHeader');
        $ch = curl_init();
        curl_setopt_array($ch, $opts);
        return curl_exec($ch);
    }

    private function _setHeader($ch, $header)
    {
        <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>−</mo><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">this-&gt;headers[] = </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hi</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ers</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span>header;
        return strlen($header);
    }

    
}

$test = new Test();
$opts = array(
   //... your curl opts here
); <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">data = </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span></span></span>test->exec($opts);
print_r($test->headers);
?>

...something like that

(This works in php v. 5.1.4)

mad_elf at maranelda dot org ¶

3 years ago

Important note: the option CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT is *ignored* by curl_setopt_array(). You *must* use curl_setopt() to set this option.

(True in PHP v7.3.27 at least)

Alexander ¶

9 years ago

Once upon a time I've got an error like "Problem with the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?)". Since what I was doing was pretty much an administrative task with no actual security issues involved, I decided to disallow certificate validation and this is where the most interesting stuff began.

First I did it like this and it worked:

        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0);

Next I thought, "But hey, I don't want any hardcoded stuff here. Let's use it in a configurable way!". And so I did something like this:

// in configuration
$CURL_OPTIONS = array(CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER => 0, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST => 0);

...........

// in place of two direct calls from earlier
            curl_setopt_array($ch, $CURL_OPTIONS);

And I was so happy, there was no error anymore... and do you think I was happy for a long time? If so, then you're wrong. It stopped giving an error, while it didn't start to work!

I checked the actual data but they were allright. Then I thought: "Is it the curl_setopt_array() problem? Let's make it a cycle." The way it is mentioned in this help, actually.

            foreach ($CURL_OPTIONS as <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&gt;</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">name =&gt; </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">nam</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=&gt;</span></span></span></span>value)
            {
                curl_setopt($ch, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">name, </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">nam</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span>value);
            }

And... it did not work the same way as with the curl_setopt_array() call. And the data were still allright...

So, if by chance you can't set CURL options with the curl_setopt_array() call, then now you know what to do and you know it is definitely not you who is to blame.

P.S.
By the way, the configuration used was:
Linux i-ween.com 3.2.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.2.73-2+deb7u3 x86_64
PHP Version 5.5.17

lawrence at dub3solutions dot com ¶

6 years ago

This function does not mix with `curl_file_create` (`CURLFile` object) and `CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS`. Took me forever to figure out, but essentially I was getting an "Invalid filename" PHP warning and the files weren't being sent. I was able to correct the issue in a matter like so:

curl_setopt_array($curl, $curlOpts);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postFields);

I removed the `$postFields` value from `$curlOpts` and set it separately using `curl_setopt`.

anthon at piwik dot org ¶

15 years ago

Starting in PHP 5.2.0, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION can't be set via curl_setopt_array() (or curl_setopt()) when either safe_mode is enabled or open_basedir is set.  In these cases, the order of CURLOPT_* settings in the array can be important.