Countries Ch (original) (raw)

Contents of this page:
Chad - Chile - China - Christmas Island

Chad

5 Sep 1900 French rule (Military Territory of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad) 5 Jul 1902 Circumscription of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad 29 Dec 1903 Territory of Chad 11 Feb 1906 Military Territory of Chad (part of Oubangui-Chari-Tchad [see Central African Republic]) 14 May 1915 Territory of Chad (part of Oubangui-Chari-Tchad to 12 Apr 1916, thereafter separate part of French Equatorial Africa [see under Congo (Brazzaville)]) 17 Mar 1920 Colony of Chad 30 Jun 1934 Region of Chad 31 Dec 1937 Territory of Chad 28 Nov 1958 autonomy (Republic of Chad) 11 Aug 1960 independence

Commissioners 29 May 1900 - 2 Jul 1902 �mile Gentil (b. 1866 - d. 1914) 25 Aug 1900 - 8 Mar 1901 F�lix Robillot (b. 1865 - d. 1943) (acting for Gentil) 8 Mar 1901 - 15 Jul 1902 Georges Destenave (b. 1854 - d. 1928) (acting [for Gentil to 2 Jul 1902]) Administrators 8 Aug 1902 - 19 Oct 1902 Emmanuel Largeau (acting) (b. 1867 - d. 1916) 19 Oct 1902 - Nov 1903 Alfred Fourneau (b. 1860 - d. 1930) Commandants Nov 1903 - 17 Jul 1904 Emmanuel Largeau (1st time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1904 - 11 Aug 1906 Henri Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946) 11 Aug 1906 - 25 Jul 1908 Emmanuel Largeau (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Jul 1908 - 1 Nov 1909 Constant Millot (b. 1863 - d. 19...) 1 Nov 1909 - 9 Nov 1910 Henry Moll (b. 1871 - d. 1910) 9 Nov 1910 - 12 Mar 1911 Joseph �douard Maillard (acting) 12 Mar 1911 - 8 Sep 1912 Emmanuel Largeau (3rd time) (s.a.) 8 Sep 1912 - 3 Sep 1913 James �douard Hirtzman (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1924) 3 Sep 1913 - 29 Jul 1915 Emmanuel Largeau (4th time) (s.a.) 29 Jul 1915 - 28 Nov 1917 Victor Merlet (administrator) 28 Nov 1917 - 22 May 1918 Cl�ment L�on Martelly (acting) 22 May 1918 - 24 Mar 1920 Albert Ducarre (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1954) Lieutenant governors 24 Mar 1920 - 10 Jan 1921 Bertrant (acting) (de facto) 10 Jan 1921 - 20 Apr 1923 Fernand Lavit (b. 1872 - d. 1956) 7 May 1923 - 25 Jan 1926 Fran�ois Joseph Reste (b. 1879 - d. 1976) (acting to 9 Apr 1925) Oct 1925 - Jan 1926 Fran�ois Terraz (acting for Reste) 26 Jan 1926 - 18 Mar 1929 Marcel de Coppet (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1968) (acting) 3 Dec 1927 - 9 Feb 1928 Cl�ret (acting for de Coppet) 18 Mar 1929 - 18 Apr 1929 Maurice Assier de Pompignan (b. 1889 - d. 1952) (acting) 18 Apr 1929 - Feb 1930 �mile Buhot-Launay (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1970) Sep 1929 - Dec 1929 Maurice Assier de Pompignan (s.a.) (acting for Buhot-Launay) Feb 1930 - 20 Apr 1932 Marcel de Coppet (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Oct 1930 - 24 Dec 1930 Louis de Poyen-Bellisle (b. ... - d. 1937) (acting for de Coppet) 20 Apr 1932 - 4 May 1932 Joseph Bouvet (acting) 4 May 1932 - 14 Jun 1933 Georges Prouteaux (acting) 24 Sep 1932 - 20 Dec 1932 Louis de Poyen-Bellisle (s.a.) (acting for Prouteaux) 27 Jun 1933 - 15 Oct 1934 Richard Brunot (b. 1883 - d. 1958) 11 Dec 1933 - Feb 1934 Louis de Poyen-Bellisle (s.a.) (acting for Brunot) Commandants (subordinated to the governor-delegate of Oubangui-Chari to 31 Dec 1937) 15 Oct 1934 - 14 Dec 1938 Charles Dagain (b. 1885 - d. 1969) Acting for Dagain: Jun 1935 - Feb 1936 Maurice Falvy (b. 1888 - d. 1970) 8 Mar 1938 - Apr 1938 Gabriel Fortune (b. 1897 - d. 1971) Apr 1938 - Nov 1938 �mile Buhot-Launay (s.a.) Chefs de territoire (from 1946, governors; from 1958, high commissioners) 14 Dec 1938 - 4 Jan 1939 Charles Dagain (acting) (s.a.) 4 Jan 1939 - Dec 1940 F�lix �bou� (b. 1884 - d. 1944) 2 Jan 1941 - 21 Jan 1941 Philippe Leclerc (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1947) 21 Jan 1941 - 12 Dec 1942 Pierre-Olivier Lapie (b. 1901 - d. 1994) 12 Dec 1942 - 5 Sep 1943 Andr� Latrille (b. 1894 - d. 1987) 5 Sep 1943 - Jan 1949 Jacques Rogu� (b. 1898 - d. 1980) (acting to 7 Jan 1944) Acting for Rogu�: Jan 1944 - Feb 1944 Fran�ois Casamatta (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1961) 28 Aug 1945 - Oct 1945 Auguste Even (b. 1897 - d. 1980) 17 May 1946 - 21 Nov 1946 Adrien L�ger (b. 1899 - d. 1948) Jan 1949 - Feb 1949 Fran�ois Casamatta (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Feb 1949 - Jul 1949 Paul Le Layec (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1965) Aug 1949 - Feb 1951 Henry de Mauduit (b. 1897 - d. 1975) (acting to 1 Feb 1950) Feb 1951 - 19 Oct 1951 Charles Hanin (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1964) 19 Oct 1951 - 16 Dec 1951 Fran�ois Casamatta (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 16 Dec 1951 - 3 Nov 1956 Ignace Colombani (b. 1908 - d. 1988) 3 Nov 1956 - 22 Jan 1959 Ren� Troadec (b. 1908 - d. 1986) 22 Jan 1959 - 11 Aug 1960 Daniel Doustin (b. 1920 - d. 2004) Presidents 11 Aug 1960 - 13 Apr 1975 Fran�ois Tombalbaye (from 30 Aug 1973, N'Garta Tombalbaye) (b. 1918 - d. 1975) (Head of State to 23 Apr 1962) 13 Apr 1975 - 15 Apr 1975 No�l Milarew Odingar (b. 1932 - d. 2007) (interim head of state) 15 Apr 1975 - 23 Mar 1979 F�lix Malloum (b. 1932 - d. 2009) (chairman Higher Military Council to 12 May 1975, Head of State 12 May 1975 - 29 Aug 1978) 23 Mar 1979 - 29 Apr 1979 Goukouni Oueddei (1st time) (b. 1944) (chairman Provisional Council of State) 29 Apr 1979 - 3 Sep 1979 Lol Mahamat Choua (b. 1939 - d. 2019) (president of Transitional Government of National Union) 3 Sep 1979 - 7 Jun 1982 Goukouni Oueddei (2nd time) (s.a.) (chairman Provisional Administrative Committee to 10 Nov 1979, then president of Transitional Government of National Union) 7 Jun 1982 - 1 Dec 1990 Hiss�ne Habr� (b. 1942 - d. 2021) (chairman Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North to 19 Jun 1982, chairman Council of State 19 Jun - 21 Oct 1982) 1 Dec 1990 - 2 Dec 1990 Jean Alingu� Bawoyeu (acting) (b. 1937) 2 Dec 1990 - 20 Apr 2021 Idriss D�by (from 26 Jan 2006, Idriss D�by Itno) (b. 1952 - d. 2021) (president of Patriotic Salvation Movement 2-4 Dec 1990, Head of State 4 Dec 1990 - 4 Mar 1991) 20 Apr 2021 - Mahamat Idriss D�by (b. 1984) (chairman Transitional Military Council to 10 Oct 2022, then transitional president to 23 May 2024)

Prime ministers 14 May 1957 - 11 Feb 1959 Gabriel Lisette (b. 1919 - d. 2001) (vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958, president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 10 Dec 1958, president of the provisional government from 10 Dec 1958) 11 Feb 1959 - 12 Mar 1959 Gontchom� Sahoulba (b. 1916 - d. 1963) (president of the provisional government) 12 Mar 1959 - 26 Mar 1959 Ahmad Koulamallah (b. 1912 - d. 1995) (president of the provisional government) 26 Mar 1959 - 13 Apr 1975 Fran�ois Tombalbaye (from 30 Aug 1973, N'Garta Tombalbaye) (s.a.) (president of the provisional government to 16 Jun 1959) 15 Apr 1975 - 29 Aug 1978 F�lix Malloum (s.a.) 29 Aug 1978 - 23 Mar 1979 Hiss�ne Habr� (s.a.) 19 May 1982 - 19 Jun 1982 Djidingar Dono Ngardoum (b. 1928 - d. 2000) 4 Mar 1991 - 20 May 1992 Jean Alingu� Bawoyeu (s.a.) 20 May 1992 - 7 Apr 1993 Joseph Yodoyman (b. 1950 - d. 1993) 7 Apr 1993 - 6 Nov 1993 Fid�le Moungar (b. 1948) 6 Nov 1993 - 8 Apr 1995 Delwa Kassire Koumakoye (1st time) (b. 1949) 8 Apr 1995 - 17 May 1997 Djimasta Koibla (b. 1950 - d. 2007) 17 May 1997 - 13 Dec 1999 Nassour Guelengdouksia Ouaidou (b. 1947) 13 Dec 1999 - 12 Jun 2002 Nagoum Yamassoum (b. 1954) 12 Jun 2002 - 24 Jun 2003 Haroun Kabadi (b. 1949) 24 Jun 2003 - 3 Feb 2005 Moussa Faki (b. 1960) 3 Feb 2005 - 23 Feb 2007 Pascal Yoadimnadji (b. 1950 - d. 2007) 23 Feb 2007 - 26 Feb 2007 Adoum Younousmi (interim) (b. 1962) 26 Feb 2007 - 16 Apr 2008 Delwa Kassire Koumakoye (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Apr 2008 - 5 Mar 2010 Youssouf Saleh Abbas (b. 1952) 5 Mar 2010 - 21 Jan 2013 Emmanuel Nadingar (b. 1951) 21 Jan 2013 - 21 Nov 2013 Djimrangar Dadnadji (b. 1954 - d. 2019) 21 Nov 2013 - 15 Feb 2016 Kalzeub� Pahimi Deubet (b. 1957) 15 Feb 2016 - 10 May 2018 Albert Pahimi Padack� (1st time) (b. 1966) 26 Apr 2021 - 13 Oct 2022 Albert Pahimi Padack� (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Oct 2022 - 1 Jan 2024 Saleh Kebzabo (b. 1947) 1 Jan 2024 - 24 May 2024 Succ�s Masra (b. 1983) 24 May 2024 - Allamaye Halina (b. 1967)

Traditional polities

Champasak: see under Laos.

Chechnya: see under Russia.

Cheng: see under China.

Chile

12 Feb 1818 independence declared (State of Chile) 9 Jul 1826 Republic of Chile

Supreme Directors 12 Feb 1818 - 28 Jan 1823 Bernardo O'Higgins (b. 1778 - d. 1842) 28 Jan 1823 - 29 Mar 1823 Agust�n de Eyzaguirre (b. 1768 - d. 1837) (President of Junta) 29 Mar 1823 - 5 Apr 1823 Congress of Plenipotentiaries - Juan Ega�a (b. 1769 - d. 1836) - Manuel Fernando V�squez de Novoa (b. 1783 - d. 1835) - Manuel Antonio Gonz�lez (b. 1796 - d. 1854) 5 Apr 1823 - 13 Aug 1823 Ram�n Freire (1st time) (b. 1787 - d. 1851) (provisional) 13 Aug 1823 - 2 Sep 1823 Deputy Supreme Junta - Mariano Ega�a (b. 1793 - d. 1846) - Santiago Fern�ndez (b. 1768 - d. 1847) - Diego Jos� Benavente (b. 1790 - d. 1867) 2 Sep 1823 - 9 Jul 1826 Ram�n Freire (2nd time) (s.a.) Presidents 9 Jul 1826 - 9 Sep 1826 Manuel Blanco Encalada (b. 1790 - d. 1876) (provisional) 9 Sep 1826 - 1 Feb 1827 Agust�n de Eyzaguirre (s.a.) (acting) 1 Feb 1827 - 8 May 1827 Ram�n Freire (1st time) (s.a.) (provisional [in rebellion from 25 Jan 1827] to 15 Feb 1827) 8 May 1827 - 16 Jul 1829 Francisco Antonio Pinto (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1858) (acting) 16 Jul 1829 - 19 Oct 1829 Francisco Ram�n de Vicu�a (1st time) (acting) (b. 1775 - d. 1849) 19 Oct 1829 - 2 Nov 1829 Francisco Antonio Pinto (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Nov 1829 - 7 Nov 1829 Francisco Ram�n de Vicu�a (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 7 Nov 1829 - 13 Nov 1829 Ram�n Freire (2nd time) (s.a.) (President of Junta) 13 Nov 1829 - 7 Dec 1829 Francisco Ram�n de Vicu�a (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting [in rebellion from 8 Nov 1829]) 7 Dec 1829 - 24 Dec 1829 Ram�n Freire (3rd time) (s.a.) (in charge of the Executive) 24 Dec 1829 - 18 Feb 1830 Jos� Tom�s Ovalle (1st time) (b. 1788 - d. 1831) (President of Junta) 18 Feb 1830 - 1 Apr 1830 Francisco Antonio Ruiz Tagle (b. ... - d. 1860) (provisional) 1 Apr 1830 - 21 Mar 1831 Jos� Tom�s Ovalle (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 21 Mar 1831 - 18 Sep 1831 Fernando de Err�zuriz (b. 1777 - d. 1841) ("accidental" to 22 Mar 1831, then acting) 18 Sep 1831 - 18 Sep 1841 Joaqu�n Prieto (b. 1786 - d. 1854) 18 Sep 1841 - 18 Sep 1851 Manuel Bulnes (b. 1799 - d. 1866) 18 Sep 1851 - 18 Sep 1861 Manuel Montt (b. 1809 - d. 1880) 18 Sep 1861 - 18 Sep 1871 Jos� Joaqu�n P�rez (b. 1801 - d. 1889) 18 Sep 1871 - 18 Sep 1876 Federico Err�zuriz Za�artu (b. 1825 - d. 1877) 18 Sep 1876 - 18 Sep 1881 An�bal Pinto (b. 1825 - d. 1884) 18 Sep 1881 - 18 Sep 1886 Domingo Santa Mar�a (b. 1824 - d. 1889) 18 Sep 1886 - 29 Aug 1891 Jos� Manuel Balmaceda (b. 1840 - d. 1891) 29 Aug 1891 - 31 Aug 1891 Manuel Baquedano (b. 1823 - d. 1897) ("accidental" chief of state) 31 Aug 1891 - 18 Sep 1896 Jorge Montt (b. 1846 - d. 1922) (President of Junta [in rebellion from 12 Apr 1891] to 10 Nov 1891; Head of the Executive to 26 Dec 1891) 18 Sep 1896 - 12 Jul 1901 Federico Err�zuriz Echaurren (b. 1850 - d. 1901) 12 Jul 1901 - 18 Sep 1901 An�bal Za�artu Za�artu (acting) (b. 1847 - d. 1902) 18 Sep 1901 - 18 Sep 1906 Germ�n Riesco (b. 1854 - d. 1916) 18 Sep 1906 - 16 Aug 1910 Pedro Montt (b. 1849 - d. 1910) 16 Aug 1910 - 6 Sep 1910 El�as Fern�ndez Albano (acting) (b. 1845 - d. 1910) 6 Sep 1910 - 23 Dec 1910 Emiliano Figueroa Larra�n (1st time) (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1931) 23 Dec 1910 - 23 Dec 1915 Ram�n Barros Luco (b. 1835 - d. 1919) 23 Dec 1915 - 23 Dec 1920 Juan Luis Sanfuentes (b. 1858 - d. 1930) 23 Dec 1920 - 12 Sep 1924 Arturo Alessandri Palma (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. 1950) 12 Sep 1924 - 23 Jan 1925 Luis Altamirano Talavera (b. 1867 - d. 1938) (junta chairman) 23 Jan 1925 - 27 Jan 1925 Pedro Pablo Dartnell Encina (b. 1874 - d. 19...) (junta chairman) 27 Jan 1925 - 20 Mar 1925 Emilio Bello Codesido (b. 1868 - d. 1963) (junta chairman) 20 Mar 1925 - 1 Oct 1925 Arturo Alessandri Palma (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Oct 1925 - 23 Dec 1925 Luis Barros Borgo�o (acting) (b. 1858 - d. 1943) 23 Dec 1925 - 10 May 1927 Emiliano Figueroa Larra�n (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 May 1927 - 29 Jul 1931 Carlos Ib��ez del Campo (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1960) (acting to 21 Jul 1927) 29 Jul 1931 - 20 Aug 1931 Juan Esteban Montero Rodr�guez (1st time) (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1948) 20 Aug 1931 - 15 Nov 1931 Manuel Trucco Franzani (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1954) 15 Nov 1931 - 4 Jun 1932 Juan Esteban Montero Rodr�guez (2nd time) (acting to 4 Dec 1931) (s.a.) 4 Jun 1932 - 16 Jun 1932 Arturo Puga Osorio (b. 1879 - d. 19...) (chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile) 16 Jun 1932 - 13 Sep 1932 Carlos D�vila Espinoza (b. 1887 - d. 1955) (chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile to 8 Jul 1932, then Provisional President of the Socialist Republic of Chile) 13 Sep 1932 - 2 Oct 1932 Bartolom� Blanche Espejo (b. 1879 - d. 1970) (provisional) 2 Oct 1932 - 24 Dec 1932 Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1954) 24 Dec 1932 - 24 Dec 1938 Arturo Alessandri Palma (s.a.) (3rd time) 24 Dec 1938 - 25 Nov 1941 Pedro Aguirre Cerda (b. 1879 - d. 1941) 25 Nov 1941 - 2 Apr 1942 Jer�nimo M�ndez Arancibia (b. 1887 - d. 1959) (acting) 2 Apr 1942 - 27 Jun 1946 Juan Antonio R�os Morales (b. 1888 - d. 1946) 17 Jan 1946 - 17 Oct 1946 Alfredo Duhalde V�squez (b. 1898 - d. 1985) (acting [for R�os to 27 Jun 1946]) 3 Aug 1946 - 13 Aug 1946 Vicente Merino Bielich (b. 1889 - d. 1977) (acting for Duhalde) 17 Oct 1946 - 3 Nov 1946 Juan Antonio Iribarren Cabezas (b. 1885 - d. 1968) (acting) 3 Nov 1946 - 3 Nov 1952 Gabriel Gonz�lez Videla (b. 1898 - d. 1980) 3 Nov 1952 - 3 Nov 1958 Carlos Ib��ez del Campo (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Nov 1958 - 3 Nov 1964 Jorge Alessandri Rodr�guez (b. 1896 - d. 1986) 3 Nov 1964 - 3 Nov 1970 Eduardo Frei Montalva (b. 1911 - d. 1982) 3 Nov 1970 - 11 Sep 1973 Salvador Allende (b. 1908 - d. 1973) 11 Sep 1973 - 27 Jun 1974 Junta - Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (b. 1915 - d. 2006) (chairman) - Jos� Toribio Merino Castro (b. 1915 - d. 1996) - Gustavo Leigh Guzm�n (b. 1920 - d. 1999) - C�sar Mendoza Dur�n (b. 1918 - d. 1996) 27 Jun 1974 - 11 Mar 1990 Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (s.a.) (Supreme Head of the Nation to 17 Dec 1974) 11 Mar 1990 - 11 Mar 1994 Patricio Aylwin Az�car (b. 1918 - d. 2016) 11 Mar 1994 - 11 Mar 2000 Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (b. 1942) 11 Mar 2000 - 11 Mar 2006 Ricardo Lagos Escobar (b. 1938) 11 Mar 2006 - 11 Mar 2010 Michelle Bachelet (f) (1st time) (b. 1951) 11 Mar 2010 - 11 Mar 2014 Sebasti�n Pi�era (1st time) (b. 1949 - d. 2024) 11 Mar 2014 - 11 Mar 2018 Michelle Bachelet (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Mar 2018 - 11 Mar 2022 Sebasti�n Pi�era (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Mar 2022 - Gabriel Boric (b. 1986)

Easter Island

Note: Easter Island had no traditional name in the island language; although this seems natural, given its isolation, it runs counter to the Polynesian practice of transporting island names in their migrations. Authors have tried to claim that Te Pito 'o Te Henua, meaning the Navel of the World in the island language, was the name brought with the founding migration, but this has been successfully disputed. The name Rapanui (Great Rapa, as opposed to Rapaiti, the Rapa in French Polynesia) was attributed in the 19th century and has acquired official status. The island had a highly tabooed paramount chief or king, the 'ariki henua. The office was hereditary in the Miru clan, and it appears that, in a similar fashion to Tahitian custom, the first-born son of the 'ariki henua succeeded to the position at birth because the mana passed to him at that moment, his father remaining in power as his regent until his marriage. In 1862, when the population of the island had already been severely depleted, Peruvian guano collectors raided the island, killed a large part of the population, and kidnapped almost all the rest, including the two 'ariki henua (i.e., the nominal 'ariki henua Maurata and his father and predecessor Kai Mako'i iti). Of the kidnapped population, fewer than 200 survived to be returned. Under these circumstances practically all knowledge of the past was lost or thoroughly garbled. It is therefore impossible to recover precise information. There are about six or seven lists of 'ariki henua that were provided to visitors and researchers, with between 20 and 57 names. Here is a list that is perhaps among the less unreliable ones (although interest in the 57-name list has been revived because carbon-dating has retrojected the human settlement of the island to no later than the 5th century).

9 Sep 1888 annexed by Chile

Paramount chiefs (title 'ariki henua) - Miru clan - ... - ... Hotu Matu'a ... - ... Tu'u maheke 'a Hotu Matu'a ... - ... Miru 'a Tu'u Maheke ... - ... Hata 'a Miru ... - ... Miru 'a Hata ... - ... Mitiake ... - ... Ataranga 'a Miru ... - ... Atu'u Raranga ... - ... Urakikena ... - ... Kahui Tuhunga ... - ... Te Tuhunga Nui ... - ... Te Tuhunga Marakapau ... - ... Ahu Arihao ... - ... Nui Te Patu ... - ... Hirakau Tehito ... - ... Tupu itetoki ... - ... Kura Ta Hongo ... - ... Hiti Rua Anea ... - ... Havi Nikoro ... - ... Te Ravarava ... - ... Te Raha'i ... - ... Koroharua ... - ... Te Ririkatea ... - ... Kai Mako'i ... - ... Te Hetukarakura ... - ... Huero 1835 - 1859 Nga'ara 1859 - 1862 Kai Mako'i iti (b. ... - d. 1862) 1862 Maurata (b. ... - d. 1862) 1863 - 1864 Tepito 1864 - 1866 Gregorio Rokoroko hetau (b. 18... - d. 1866) 1866 - 1868 vacant 1868 - 1869? Koreto Puakurunga (f) 1869?- 1888? Carolina (f) 1888?- 18.. Atamu Te Kena Maurata *1892 - 1899 Sime�n Riroroko

Araucania

   1777                Araucania is recognized by treaty between Spain and the
                       "natives" to be outside the Spanish Monarchy

17 Nov 1860 Kingdom of Araucania proclaimed 20 Dec 1860 royal style changed to King of Araucania and Patagonia� 5 Jan 1862 king arrested and Araucania subsequently annexed by Chile� 1 Nov 1903 kingdom effectively ended�

Kings 17 Nov 1860 - 17 Sep 1878 Orllie-Antoine I (b. 1825 - d. 1878) 17 Sep 1878 - 16 Mar 1902 Achille I (b. 1841 - d. 1902) 21 Mar 1902 - 1 Nov 1903 Antoine II (b. 1833 - d. 1903)

�The inclusion of Patagonia was purely fictitious, and the claim to what arguably was already Argentinian territory was never pursued; it was supposedly based on theoretical considerations of ethnic affinity and claims of support never documented.
�Dates of the official enactments that produced the incorporation of Araucania into the Chilean state are unavailable, but by 1870 the Chilean government would consider this a matter of fact, however legally justified.
�On 6 Nov 1903, the Council of Regency met and chose Georges S�n�chal de la Grange to be the new "king," but he declined. From that date on, everything that has been written about the succession is essentially a fabrication by Philippe Paul Alexandre Henri Boiry (b. 1927 - d. 2014), who claimed to be Philippe I. His account runs as follows: the sole heir, and hence successor, of Antoine II was his daughter, Laure Th�r�se Cros, veuve Bernard (b. 1856 - d. 1916), who "was" Queen Laure-Th�r�se I from 6 Nov 1903 to her death 12 Mar 1916. There is no documentation of her acting as queen. Upon his mother's death, Jacques Alexandre Antoine Bernard (b. 1880 - d. 1952) became King Jacques-Antoine III. On 12 May 1951, Philippe I claimed, Jacques-Antoine III freely ceded the kingship to him, Philippe I, in the same terms as Orllie-Antoine I's nephew had ceded his claim to the future Achille I before his uncle's death. The documentation of this cession is a card that does not name to whom it is addressed.

China

Note: Names are given in pinyin transliteration (which was officially adopted by the People's Republic on 1 Jan 1979, but not by Taiwan), except for Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, who are best known under those versions. Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (e.g., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (e.g., Qing Dezong).

Imperial China

15 May 1636 Great Qing Empire inaugurated

Emperors - Qing dynasty - 7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Xuanye (b. 1654 - d. 1722) miaohao: Shengzu / shi: Ren huangdi nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: Kangxi 10 Jul 1706 - 1707 Wei Zhiye (in rebellion) nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing 1707 - 1708 Zhu Cihuan (styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm, in rebellion) 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721 Zhu Yigui (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe 27 Dec 1722 - 8 Oct 1735 Yinzhen (b. 1678 - d. 1735) miaohao: Shizong / shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1736: Yongzheng 18 Oct 1735 - 9 Feb 1796 Hongli (b. 1711 - d. 1799) miaohao: Gaozong / shi: Chun huangdi nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Qianlong Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788 Lin Shuangwen (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Sep 1820 Yongyan (b. 1760 - d. 1820) miaohao: Renzong / shi: Rui huangdi nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Jiaqing Mar 1797 - 1797 Li Shu (in rebellion) nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing 3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Minning (b. 1782 - d. 1850) miaohao: Xuanzong / shi: Cheng huangdi nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Daoguang 9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yizhu (b. 1831 - d. 1861) miaohao: Wenzong / shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Xianfeng 11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun (b. 1856 - d. 1875) miaohao: Muzong / shi: Yi huangdi nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: Tongzhi 11 Nov 1861 - 23 Feb 1873 Empress Dowager Cixi (f) (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1908) + Empress Dowager Cian (f) (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1881) (regents) 25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian (b. 1871 - d. 1908) miaohao: Dezong / shi: Jing huangdi nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Guangxu 25 Feb 1875 - 4 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Cixi (f) (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.) jointly with 25 Feb 1875 - 8 Apr 1881 Empress Dowager Cian (f) (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.) 21 Sep 1898 - 15 Nov 1908 Empress Dowager Cixi (f) (3rd time) (regent) (s.a.) 2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 Puyi (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1967) nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Xuantong 2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec 1911 Zaifeng (regent) (b. 1882 - d. 1951) 6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Dowager Longyu (f) (b. 1868 - d. 1913) (holder of the imperial seal) 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Puyi (2nd time) (s.a.)

Premiers 8 May 1911 - 1 Nov 1911 Yikuang (b. 1836 - d. 1918) 2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912 Yuan Shikai (b. 1859 - d. 1916)

Taiping

11 Jan 1851 Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace) inaugurated 25 Oct 1864 extinguished by Qing empire

Heavenly Kings 11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 Hong Xiuquan (b. 1813 - d. 1864) 1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864 Hong Tianguifu (b. 1849 - d. 1864)

Shengping

9 Oct 1854 Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace) inaugurated 24 Jul 1858 extinguished by Qing empire

Heavenly Kings 9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858 Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855) + Zhu Hongying

Cheng

27 Sep 1855 Great Cheng Realm inaugurated 21 Aug 1861 extinguished by Qing empire

Kings 27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861 Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang) + Li Wenmao (to 1858)

Kashghar

   1694 -        1720  occupied by D�rben Oyirad

Jul 1759 - May 1826 occupied by Qing empire 1864 detached from the Qing empire 1870 polity renamed Jiti Shahar 28 Dec 1877 reincorporated into Qing empire

Khans (from 6 Dec 1873, Amir Khans) - Aqtalik dynasty - 1720 - 1754 Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time) 1754 - 1757 Yusuf ibn Daniyal 1757 Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf 1757 - Jul 1759 Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad 1864 - Feb 1865 Qutlugh Beg Feb 1865 - 1866 Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (1st time) 1866 Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan 1866 - 1867 Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (2nd time) _- Yaqub dynasty -_ 1867 - 29 May 1877 Muhammad Yaqub Beg ibn Pir Muhammad Mirza (b. _c._1820 - d. 1877) 29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Yaqub Beg

Pingnan Guo

   1856 - 26 Dec 1872  Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major
                       Islamic rebellious polity in Yunnan province

Qa�id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims) (usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan) 1856 - 26 Dec 1872 Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman (b. ... - d. 1873)

Warlord China

1 Jan 1912 Republic of China proclaimed 22 Dec 1915 Empire of China 22 Mar 1916 Republic of China

Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November.

Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic of China) 30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Li Yuanhong (s.a.) Presidents 1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 Sun Yat-sen (provisional) (b. 1866 - d. 1925) 10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915 Yuan Shikai (1st time) (s.a.) (provisional to 10 Oct 1913) Emperor 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai (s.a.) nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hongxian

Note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and there are questions about its actual significance.

Presidents 22 Mar 1916 - 6 Jun 1916 Yuan Shikai (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Jun 1916 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (1st time) (s.a.) 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 brief restoration of Great Qing Empire (see above) 12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Feng Guozhang (b. 1859 - d. 1919) 10 Oct 1918 - 2 Jun 1922 Xu Shichang (b. 1855 - d. 1939) 2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 1923) 11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuanhong (3rd time) (s.a.) 13 Jun 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1928) 9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923 Gao Lingwei (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1940) 10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 Cao Kun (b. 1862 - d. 1938) 2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1936) 24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Duan Qirui (b. 1865 - d. 1936) (provisional chief executive) 20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (acting) (b. 1863 - d. 1933) 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1950) 22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1933) 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1985) 18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin (b. 1873 - d. 1928) (Generalissimo of the Military Government of China)

Premiers 13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912 Tang Shaoyi (b. 1860 - d. 1938) 29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 Lu Zhengxiang (b. 1871 - d. 1949) 25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913 Zhao Bingjun (b. 1859 - d. 1914) 1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913 Duan Qirui (acting) (s.a.) 31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong Xiling (b. 1870 - d. 1937) 12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914 Sun Baoqi (acting) (s.a.) Secretaries of state 1 May 1914 - Dec 1915 Xu Shichang (1st time) (s.a.) Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu Zhengxiang (acting) (s.a.) 22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916 Xu Shichang (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Duan Qirui (s.a.) Premiers 29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 Duan Qirui (1st time) (s.a.) 23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917 Wu Tingfang (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1922) 28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917 Li Jingxi (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1925) 2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917 Xu Shichang (s.a.) 12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917 Jiang Chaozong (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1943) 24 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Jingxi (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 Duan Qirui (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 Weng Shizhen (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1930) 23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 Duan Qirui (3rd time) (s.a.) 10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Qian Nengxun (b. 1869 - d. 1924) 13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 Gong Xinzhan (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1943) 24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Jin Yunpeng (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1951) (acting to 5 Nov 1919) 14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920 Sa Zhenbing (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1952) 9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Jin Yunpeng (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 Yan Huiqing (1st time) (s.a.) 24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang Shiyi (b. 1869 - d. 1933) 25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922 Yan Huiqing (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (acting) (s.a.) 11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug 1922 Yan Huiqing (3rd time) (s.a.) 5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922 Wang Chonghui (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1958) 29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922 Wang Daxie (b. 1859 - d. 1929) 11 Dec 1922 - 4 Jan 1923 Wang Zhengting (b. 1882 - d. 1961) 4 Jan 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (s.a.) 9 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Gao Lingwei (acting) (s.a.) 12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924 Sun Baoqi (s.a.) 14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924 Yan Huiqing (4th time) (s.a.) 2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting) (s.a.) 26 Dec 1925 - 4 Mar 1926 Xu Shiying (b. 1873 - d. 1964) 4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926 Jia Deyao (b. 1881 - d. 1940) 20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (acting) (s.a.) 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (5th time) (s.a.) 22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (acting) (s.a.) 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (acting) (s.a.) 18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Pan Fu (b. 1883 - d. 1936)

Ministries 1912-28

"Independent" military governments in 1913

Military governors Jiangsu 15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 Cheng Dequan (b. 1860 - d. 1930) Anhui 17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913 Bo Wenwei (b. 1875 - d. 1947) Guangdong 18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 Chen Jiongming (b. 1878 - d. 1933) Hunan 25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913 Tan Yankai (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1916

Military governors Yunnan 1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Tang Jiyao (b. 1881 - d. 1927) Guizhou 27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Liu Xianshi (b. 1870 - d. 1927) Guangxi 15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Rongting (b. 1856 - d. 1927) Guangdong 6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Long Jiguang (b. 1860 - d. 1921) Zhejiang 12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Gongwang (b. 1879 - d. 1954)

These came together under an umbrella government:

Chairman of the Military Affairs Council 8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1917

Military governors Anhui 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Ni Sichong (b. 1868 - d. 1924) Shaanxi 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Chen Shufan (b. 1885 - d. 1949) Fengtian May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Zuolin (s.a.) Shandong May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Huaizhi (b. 1860 - d. 1934) Fujian May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Li Houji (b. 1869 - d. 1942) Henan May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhao Ti (b. 1871 - d. 1933) Zhejiang May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Yang Shande (b. 1873 - d. 1919) Zhili May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Cao Kun (s.a.)

Nationalist China

Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital, Nanjing (Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime). During the Sino-Japanese war the capital is moved to Chongqing (Nov 1937 - Sep 1945). On 8 Dec 1949 the capital is moved to Taipei, Taiwan. Coverage of the Republic of China from that point continues under Taiwan.

Generalissimo of the Military Government 10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) 5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing Committee of the Military Government - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) - Tang Shaoyi (s.a.) - Wu Tingfang (s.a.) - Cen Chunxuan (b. 1861 - d. 1933) - Lu Rongting (s.a.) - Tang Jiyao (s.a.) - Lin Baoyi (b. 1863 - d. 1927) 21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen Chunxuan (s.a.) (chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government) 24 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1921 Governing Committee of the Military Government - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) - Tang Shaoyi (s.a.) - Wu Tingfang (s.a.) - Tang Jiyao (s.a.) Extraordinary President 5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) Generalissimos of the National Government 2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) 12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Hanmin (acting) (s.a.) Chairmen of the National Government 1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Jingwei (b. 1883 - d. 1944) 16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Yankai (s.a.) Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government 20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Jingwei (at Wuhan) (s.a.) 17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yankai (s.a.) Chairmen of the National Government 10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1975) 15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932) (b. 1867 - d. 1943) 1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting to 10 Oct 1943) Presidents 20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.) 21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Zongren (acting�) (b. 1890 - d. 1969)

Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers) 10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yankai (s.a.) Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Song Ziwen (1st time) (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1971) 4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (s.a.) 15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931 Chen Mingshu (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1965) 28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Sun Fo (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1973) 28 Jan 1932 - 7 Dec 1935 Wang Jingwei (s.a.) 7 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 Kong Xiangxi (b. 1880 - d. 1967) 20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945 Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time) (s.a.) 31 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1947 Song Ziwen (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Mar 1947 - 18 Apr 1947 Chiang Kai-shek (4th time) (s.a.) 18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948 Zhang Qun (b. 1889 - d. 1990) 24 May 1948 - 26 Nov 1948 Weng Wenhao (b. 1889 - d. 1971) 26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949 Sun Fo (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Mar 1949 - 3 Jun 1949 He Yingqin (b. 1889 - d. 1987) 3 Jun 1949 - 7 Mar 1950 Yan Xishan (s.a.)

Alternative governments of the Republic of China

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at Nanjing) 18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.) 26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yankai (s.a.) Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping) 1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yan Xishan (s.a.) Chairman of the National Government (at Guangzhou) 1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang Jingwei (s.a.) Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou) 21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen (b. 1884 - d. 1959)

Under Japanese occupation:

Acting chairman of the Provisional National Government (at Beiping) 14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin (b. 1873 - d. 1945) Acting chairman of the Reformed National Government (at Nanjing) 28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi (b. 1883 - d. 1946) Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing) 30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Jingwei (acting to 1940) (s.a.) 20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1946)

East Turkestan

12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion) 12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion)

Presidents 12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Xoca Niyaz Haci (b. 1887 - d. 1938) 12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 Alikhan Tore (b. 1885 - d. 1976)

Communist China

1 Oct 1949 People's Republic of China

Note: Deng Xiaoping (b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power after being rehabilitated in Jul 1977 and became more and more frail in the 1990s (he last appeared in public 9 Feb 1994).

Chairmen of the Communist Party of China 8 Jan 1935 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (b. 1893 - d. 1976) 7 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng (b. 1921 - d. 2008) 29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982 Hu Yaobang (b. 1915 - d. 1989) General secretaries (top party post from 12 Sep 1982) 29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang (s.a.) 16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919 - d. 2005) 24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin (b. 1926 - d. 2022) 15 Nov 2002 - 15 Nov 2012 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) 15 Nov 2012 - Xi Jinping (b. 1953)

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China 1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Mao Zedong (s.a.) Chairman of the People's Government of North China 19 Aug 1948 - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu (b. 1886 - d. 1975) Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East 27 Aug 1949 - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang (b. 1905 - d. 1954) Chairman of the Central People's Government 1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954 Mao Zedong (s.a.) Chairmen� 27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao Zedong (s.a.) 27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Shaoqi (b. 1898 - d. 1969) 31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Dong Biwu (s.a.) + Song Qingling (f) (b. 1893 - d. 1981) (acting) 24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu (acting) (s.a.) Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 17 Jan 1975 - 6 Jul 1976 Zhu De (b. 1886 - d. 1976) 6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar 1978 vacant� 5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983 Ye Jianying (b. 1897 - d. 1986) Presidents� 18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Li Xiannian (b. 1909 - d. 1992) 8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 Yang Shangkun (b. 1907 - d. 1998) 27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 Jiang Zemin (s.a.) 15 Mar 2003 - 14 Mar 2013 Hu Jintao (s.a.) 14 Mar 2013 - Xi Jinping (s.a.)

Premiers 1 Oct 1949 - 8 Jan 1976 Zhou Enlai (b. 1898 - d. 1976) 4 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) (s.a.) 10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao Ziyang (s.a.) 24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988) (b. 1928 - d. 2019) 17 Mar 1998 - 16 Mar 2003 Zhu Rongji (b. 1928) 16 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2013 Wen Jiabao (b. 1942) 15 Mar 2013 - 11 Mar 2023 Li Keqiang (b. 1955 - d. 2023) 11 Mar 2023 - Li Qiang (b. 1959)

�The ambiguity of the constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution for Chiang.
�The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.
�Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De (b. 1913 - d. 1995) (who mostly performed the chairman's functions), Song Qingling (f) (b. 1893 - d. 1981), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Seypidin (b. 1915 - d. 2003), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li Jingquan (b. 1909 - d. 1989), Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng (b. 1898 - d. 1981), Cai Chang (f) (b. 1900 - d. 1990), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910 - d. 2009), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng (b. 1890 - d. 1990), Hu Juewen (b. 1895 - d. 1989), Li Suwen (f) (b. 1933 - d. 2022), Yao Lianwei (b. 1935 - d. 2012), and, from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992).

Manchukuo

9 Mar 1932 Great Manchu State 1 Mar 1934 Great Manchu Empire

Chief Executive 9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 Puyi (nianhao: Datong) (s.a.) Emperor 1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945 Puyi (nianhao: Kangde) (s.a.)

Premiers 9 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu (b. 1860 - d. 1938) 21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945 Zhang Jinghui (b. 1871 - d. 1959)

Tibet

Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as are, consequently, the dates given here.

7 Oct 1950 occupied by China 23 May 1951 annexed by China

Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually translated king) 11 Jan 1740 - 12 Mar 1747 Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas "Mi-dbang Pho-lha" (b. ... - d. 1747) 1747 - 11 Nov 1750 Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal "Ta-la'i-ba-dur" (b. ... - d. 1750) Dalai Lamas 8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706 Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzins- tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (6th Dalai Lama) (b. 1683 - d. 1706) 27 Jun 1706 - 1707 vacant 1707 - 1717 Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho (usurping Dalai Lama) 1717 - 1720 sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung (regent) 16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757 rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskal- bzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai Lama) (b. 1708 - d. 1757) (ritually presumed to have ruled from 1708) 22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757 Council of Ministers 29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762 De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam- dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho (regent) (b. ... - d. 1770) 28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804 Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho (8th Dalai Lama) (b. 1758 - d. 1804) 1804 - 5 Mar 1808 Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzang-bstan- pa'i-mgon-po (regent) (b. ... - d. 1810) 5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815 Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho (9th Dalai Lama) (b. 1806 - d. 1815) 1815 - 28 Mar 1819 De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub- bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-mtsho (b. ... - d. 1819) (regent) 30 Mar 1819 - 6 Feb 1822 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (1st time) (regent) (b. ... - d. 1844) 6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837 Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho (10th Dalai Lama) (b. 1816 - d. 1837) 30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.) 29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856 Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho (11th Dalai Lama) (b. 1838 - d. 1856) 31 Jan 1856 - 1856 Council of Ministers 1856 - 26 Feb 1858 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang- ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyal-mtshan (b. ... - d. 1888) (regent) 26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las- rgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama) (b. 1856 - d. 1875) 25 Apr 1875 - 1875 Council of Ministers 1875 - 12 Feb 1878 Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag- rje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan- chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan (regent) 12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan- rgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug- phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal (13th Dalai Lama) (b. 1876 - d. 1933) (30 Jul 1904 - Dec 1909 and 25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in exile) 17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Council of Ministers Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan- 'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan (b. 1911 - d. 1947) (regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941]) 25 Aug 1939 - rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang- blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin- rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (b. 1935) (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India]; political role ended 31 May 2011)

Chief ministers (L�nchen) 1907 - 1925 Changkhyim (to 1920) + Shatra Paljor Dorje (to 1923) + Sholkhang Thondrup Puntso Ministers of state (Sil�n) 1926 - 1939 Yapshi Langdun Kunga Wangchuk 1950 - 1952 Lobsang Tashi + Lukhangwa Chairmen of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa; from 26 Sep 2012, Sikyong) (in exile) 1960 - 19.. Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek (b. 1910 - d. 1977) 19.. - 19.. Shenkha Gurmey Topgyal 19.. - 19.. Garang Lobsang Rigzin (b. 1905 - d. ...) 19.. - 19.. Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen (b. 1915 - d. 2001) 19.. - 198. Wangdue Dorji (b. 1919) 198. - May 1990 Juchen Thupten Namgyal (b. 1929 - d. 2011) May 1990 - Aug 1991 Kelsang Yeshi (1st time) (b. 1942?) Aug 1991 - Feb 1993 Gyalo Thondup (b. 1928) Feb 1993 - 4 Jun 1996 Tenzin Namgyal Tethong (b. 1947?) 4 Jun 1996 - Apr 1997 Kelsang Yeshi (2nd time) (s.a.) Apr 1997 - 5 Sep 2001 Sonam Topgyal (b. 1934 - d. 2012) 5 Sep 2001 - 8 Aug 2011 Samdhong Rinpoche (b. 1939) 8 Aug 2011 - 27 May 2021 Lobsang Sangay (b. 1968) 27 May 2021 - Penpa Tsering (b. 1967)

Hong Kong

26 Jan 1841 British occupation of Hong Kong Island 29 Aug 1842 China cedes Hong Kong Island to Britain 26 Jun 1843 British crown colony 1860 Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island ceded by China 1 Jul 1898 New Territories leased from China for 99 years 3 Sep 1926 official spelling Hong Kong adopted (previously also Hongkong) 25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation 1 Jul 1997 return of the whole colony to China as a special administrative region

Administrators 26 Jan 1841 - 12 Aug 1841 Charles Elliot (b. 1801 - d. 1875) 22 Jun 1841 - 26 Jun 1843 Alexander Robert Johnston (b. 1812 - d. 1888) (acting for Elliot and for Pottinger) 12 Aug 1841 - 26 Jun 1843 Sir Henry Pottinger (b. 1789 - d. 1856) Governors 26 Jun 1843 - 8 May 1844 Sir Henry Pottinger (s.a.) 8 May 1844 - 18 Mar 1848 Sir John Francis Davis (b. 1795 - d. 1890) 21 Mar 1848 - 12 Apr 1854 Sir Samuel George Bonham (b. 1803 - d. 1863) 13 Apr 1854 - 5 May 1859 Sir John Bowring (b. 1792 - d. 1872) 9 Sep 1859 - 15 Mar 1865 Sir Hercules Robinson (b. 1824 - d. 1897) 15 Mar 1865 - 11 Mar 1866 William T. Mercer (acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1879) 11 Mar 1866 - 16 Apr 1872 Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell (b. 1814 - d. 1881) 16 Apr 1872 - 1 Mar 1877 Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (b. 1810 - d. 1883) 22 Apr 1877 - 7 Mar 1882 John Pope Hennessy (from 21 Apr 1880, Sir John Pope Hennessy) (b. 1834 - d. 1891) Mar 1882 - 30 Mar 1883 Sir William Henry Marsh (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1906) (acting) 30 Mar 1883 - Dec 1885 Sir George Ferguson Bowen (b. 1821 - d. 1899) Dec 1885 - May 1887 Sir William Henry Marsh (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) May 1887 - 6 Oct 1887 William Gordon Cameron (acting) (b. 1827 - d. 1913) 6 Oct 1887 - May 1891 Sir William Des Voeux (b. 1834 - d. 1909) May 1891 - 10 Dec 1891 George Digby Barker (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1914) 10 Dec 1891 - Feb 1898 Sir William Robinson (b. 1836 - d. 1912) Feb 1898 - 25 Nov 1898 Wilsone Black (acting) (b. 1837 - d. 1909) 25 Nov 1898 - Jul 1903 Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918) Nov 1903 - 29 Jul 1904 Francis Henry May (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1922) (acting) 29 Jul 1904 - Apr 1907 Sir Matthew Nathan (b. 1862 - d. 1939) Apr 1907 - 29 Jul 1907 Francis Henry May (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 29 Jul 1907 - Mar 1912 Sir Frederick Lugard (b. 1858 - d. 1945) Mar 1912 - 24 Jul 1912 Claud Severn (1st time) (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1933) 24 Jul 1912 - Feb 1919 Sir Francis Henry May (3rd time) (s.a.) Feb 1919 - 30 Sep 1919 Claud Severn (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 30 Sep 1919 - Oct 1925 Sir Edward Stubbs (b. 1876 - d. 1947) 1 Nov 1925 - Feb 1930 Cecil Clementi (from 6 Mar 1926, Sir Cecil Clementi) (b. 1875 - d. 1947) Feb 1930 - 9 May 1930 Thomas Southorn (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1957) (acting) 9 May 1930 - May 1935 Sir William Peel (b. 1875 - d. 1945) May 1935 - Sep 1935 Sir Thomas Southorn (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Sep 1935 - Nov 1935 Norman Lockhart Smith (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1968) (acting) Nov 1935 - 12 Dec 1935 Sir Thomas Southorn (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 12 Dec 1935 - Apr 1937 Sir Andrew Caldecott (b. 1884 - d. 1951) Apr 1937 - 28 Oct 1937 Norman Lockhart Smith (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 28 Oct 1937 - Sep 1941 Sir Geoffry Northcote (b. 1881 - d. 1948) Apr 1940 - Aug 1940 Norman Lockhart Smith (s.a.) (acting for Northcote) Aug 1940 - Mar 1941 Edward Felix Norton (b. 1884 - d. 1954) (acting for Northcote) Sep 1941 - May 1947 Sir Mark Young (b. 1886 - d. 1974) (Japanese prisoner 25 Dec 1941 - Aug 1945) 25 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 Takashi Sakai (b. 1887 - d. 1946) + Masaichi Niimi (b. 1887 - d. 1993) (military chiefs) 20 Feb 1942 - 24 Dec 1944 Rensuke Isogai (b. 1886 - d. 1967) 1 Feb 1945 - 16 Aug 1945 Hisaichi Tanaka (b. 1889 - d. 1947) 28 Aug 1945 - 30 Aug 1945 Franklin Charles Gimson (b. 1890 - d. 1975) (chief of provisional government) 1 Sep 1945 - 1 May 1946 Cecil Harcourt (from 18 Dec 1945, Sir Cecil Harcourt) (b. 1892 - d. 1959) (military governor) May 1947 - 25 Jul 1947 David Mercer MacDougall (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1991) 25 Jul 1947 - Dec 1957 Sir Alexander Grantham (b. 1899 - d. 1978) Dec 1957 - 23 Jan 1958 Edgeworth David (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1965) 23 Jan 1958 - Mar 1964 Sir Robert Black (b. 1906 - d. 1999) Mar 1964 - 14 Apr 1964 Edmund Brinsley Teesdale (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1997) 14 Apr 1964 - Oct 1971 Sir David Trench (b. 1915 - d. 1988) Oct 1971 - 19 Nov 1971 Sir Hugh Norman-Walker (acting) (b. 1916 - d. 1985) 19 Nov 1971 - Apr 1982 Sir Murray MacLehose (b. 1917 - d. 2000) Apr 1982 - 20 May 1982 Sir Philip Haddon-Cave (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 1999) 20 May 1982 - 4 Dec 1986 Sir Edward Youde (b. 1924 - d. 1986) 4 Dec 1986 - 9 Apr 1987 Sir David Akers-Jones (acting) (b. 1927 - d. 2019) 9 Apr 1987 - 9 Jul 1992 Sir David Wilson (from 14 Feb 1992, David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn) (b. 1935) 9 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun 1997 Chris Patten (b. 1944) Chief executives 1 Jul 1997 - 12 Mar 2005 Tung Chee-hwa (b. 1937) 12 Mar 2005 - 1 Jun 2005 Donald Tsang (1st time) (acting) (b. 1944) 1 Jun 2005 - 24 Jun 2005 Henry Tang (acting) (b. 1952) 24 Jun 2005 - 1 Jul 2012 Donald Tsang (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jul 2012 - 1 Jul 2017 Leung Chun-ying (b. 1954) 1 Jul 2017 - 1 Jul 2022 Carrie Lam (f) (b. 1957) 1 Jul 2022 - John Lee (b. 1957)

Macau

   1553                first Portuguese settlement at Macau
   1851                Portuguese occupy Taipa Island
   1864                Portuguese occupy Coloane Island
   1887                China recognizes Portuguese rule (renounced 1928)
   1951                status changed from colony to overseas province

20 Dec 1999 return to China as a special administrative region

Governors 9 Aug 1698 - 1700 Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (1st time) 5 Aug 1700 - 1702 Diogo de Melo Sampaio 22 Jul 1702 - 1703 Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (2nd time) 15 Aug 1703 - 1706 Jos� da Gama Machado 5 Aug 1706 - 1710 Diogo do Pinho Teixeira 28 Jul 1710 - 1711 Francisco de Melo e Castro 11 Jun 1711 - 1714 Ant�nio de Sequeira de Noronha 18 Jul 1714 - 1718 Francisco de Alarc�o de Souto-Maior 30 May 1718 - 1719 Ant�nio de Albuquerque Coelho 9 Sep 1719 - 1722 Ant�nio da Silva Telo e Meneses 19 Aug 1722 - 1724 Crist�v�o de Severim Manuel 6 Sep 1724 - 1727 Ant�nio Carneiro de Alc��ova 11 Aug 1727 - 1732 Ant�nio Moniz Barreto 18 Aug 1732 - 1735 Ant�nio do Amaral Meneses 15 Jan 1735 - 1735 Jo�o do Casal 4 Aug 1735 - 1738 Cosme Dami�o Pinto Pereira (1st time) 25 Aug 1738 - 1743 Manuel Pereira Coutinho 25 Aug 1743 - 1747 Cosme Dami�o Pinto Pereira (2nd time) 30 Aug 1747 - 1749 Ant�nio Jos� Teles de Meneses 2 Aug 1749 - 1752 Jo�o Manuel de Melo 29 Jul 1752 - 1755 Rodrigo de Castro (1st time) 14 Jul 1755 - 1758 Francisco Ant�nio Pereira Coutinho 1 Jul 1758 - 1761 Diogo Pereira 4 Jul 1761 - 1764 Ant�nio de Mendon�a Corte-Real 14 Jul 1764 - 1767 Jos� Pl�cido de Matos Saraiva 19 Aug 1767 - 1770 Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha (1st time) 29 Jul 1770 - 1771 Rodrigo de Castro (2nd time) 26 Jul 1771 - 1777 Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha (2nd time) 27 Jan 1777 - 1778 Alexandre da Silva Pedrosa Guimar�es 1 Aug 1778 - 1780 Jo�o Vicente da Silveira e Meneses 5 Jan 1780 - 1781 Ant�nio Jos� da Costa 28 Aug 1781 - 1783 Francisco de Castro 18 Aug 1783 - 1788 Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (1st time) 21 Jul 1788 - 1789 Francisco Xavier de Mendon�a Corte-Real 18 Jul 1789 - 1790 L�zaro da Silva Ferreira 29 Jul 1790 - 1793 Vasco Lu�s Carneiro de Sousa e Faro 27 Jul 1793 - 1797 Jos� Manuel Pinto (1st time) 8 Aug 1797 - 1800 Crist�v�o Pereira de Castro 8 Aug 1800 - 1803 Jos� Manuel Pinto (2nd time) 8 Aug 1803 - 1806 Caetano de Sousa Pereira 8 Aug 1806 - 1808 Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (2nd time) 26 Dec 1808 - 1810 Lucas Jos� de Alvarenga (1st time) 19 Jul 1810 - 1814 Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos Faria (3rd time) 19 Jul 1814 - 1817 Lucas Jos� de Alvarenga (2nd time) 19 Jul 1817 - 1822 Jos� On�rio de Castro e Albuquerque 19 Aug 1822 - 1823 Paulino da Silva Barbosa 23 Sep 1823 - 1825 Government Council 28 Jul 1825 - 1827 Joaquim Mour�o Garc�s Palha (b. 1775 - d. 1850) 15 Nov 1827 - 1830 Government Council 7 Jul 1830 - 1833 Jo�o Cabral de Estefique 3 Jul 1833 - 1837 Bernardo Jos� de Souza Soares de Andr�a (b. 1795 - d. 1844) 22 Feb 1837 - 1843 Adri�o Ac�cio da Silveira Pinto (b. 17... - d. 1868) 3 Oct 1843 - 1846 Jos� Greg�rio Pegado 21 Apr 1846 - 22 Aug 1849 Jo�o Maria Ferreira do Amaral (b. 1803 - d. 1849) 22 Aug 1849 - 1850 Government Council 30 May 1850 - 6 Jul 1850 Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha (b. 1801 - d. 1850) 7 Jul 1850 - 1851 Government Council 3 Feb 1851 - 1851 Francisco Ant�nio Gon�alves Cardoso (b. 1800 - d. 1875) 19 Nov 1851 - 1863 Isidoro Francisco Guimar�es, (from 1862) visconde da Praia Grande de Macau (b. 1808 - d. 1883) 22 Jun 1863 - 1866 Jos� Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral (b. 1808 - d. 1873) 26 Oct 1866 - 1868 Jos� Maria da Ponte e Horta (b. 1824 - d. 1892) 3 Aug 1868 - 1872 Ant�nio S�rgio de Sousa (b. 1809 - d. 1878) 23 Mar 1872 - 1874 Janu�rio Correia de Almeida, visconde de S�o Janu�rio (b. 1829 - d. 1901) 7 Dec 1874 - 1876 Jos� Maria L�bo de �vila (b. 1817 - d. 1889) 31 Dec 1876 - 1879 Carlos Eug�nio Correia da Silva (b. 1834 - d. 1905) 28 Nov 1879 - 1883 Joaquim Jos� da Gra�a (b. 1823 - d. 1889) 23 Apr 1883 - 1886 Tom�s de Sousa R�sa (b. 1844 - d. 1918) 7 Aug 1886 - 1888 Firmino Jos� da Costa (b. 1843 - d. 1893) 5 Feb 1889 - 1890 Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b. 1826 - d. 1894) 16 Oct 1890 - 1894 Cust�dio Miguel de Borja (b. 1849 - d. 1911) 24 Mar 1894 - 1897 Jos� Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1927) 12 May 1897 - 1900 Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908) 12 Aug 1900 - 1902 Jos� Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Dec 1902 - 10 Dec 1903 Arnaldo de Novaes Guedes Rebelo (b. _c._1850 - d. 19...) 5 Apr 1904 - 1907 Martinho Pinto de Quier�s Montenegro (b. 1864 - d. 1919) 6 Apr 1907 - 1908 Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho (b. _c._1863 - d. 19...) 18 Aug 1908 - 1909 Jos� Augusto Alves Ro�adas (b. 1865 - d. 1926) 22 Sep 1909 - 1910 Eduardo Augusto Marqu�s (b. 1867 - d. 1944) 17 Dec 1910 - 1912 �lvaro de Melo Machado (b. 1883 - d. 19...) 14 Jul 1912 - 1914 An�bal Augusto Sanches de Miranda (b. 1865 - d. 1939) 10 Jun 1914 - 1916 Jos� Carlos da Maia (b. 1878 - d. 1921) 5 Sep 1916 - 1917 Manuel Ferreira da Rocha (b. 1885 - d. 1951) 22 Jun 1917 - 21 Dec 1917 Fernando Augusto Vieira de Matos 12 Oct 1918 - 1919 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (1st time) (b. 1880 - d. 1940) 23 Aug 1919 - 20 May 1922 Henrique Monteiro Correia da Silva (b. 1878 - d. 1935) 20 May 1922 - 5 Jan 1923 Lu�s Ant�nio de Magalh�es Correia (b. 1873 - d. 1960) (acting) 5 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul 1924 Rodrigo Jos� Rodrigues (b. 1879 - d. 1963) 16 Jul 1924 - 18 Oct 1925 Joaquim Augusto dos Santos (acting) 18 Oct 1925 - 1 Aug 1926 Manuel Firmino de Almeida Maia Magalh�es (b. 1881 - d. 1932) 1 Aug 1926 - 8 Dec 1926 Hugo Lacerda Castelo Branco (acting) 8 Dec 1926 - 19 Nov 1930 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (2nd time) (s.a.) 1930 - 1931 Jo�o Pereira de Magalh�es (1st time) 30 Mar 1931 - 1931 Joaquim Anselmo da Mata e Oliveira (b. 1874 - d. 19...) 1931 - 1932 Jo�o Pereira de Magalh�es (2nd time) 21 Jun 1932 - 1935 Ant�nio Jos� Bernardes de Miranda 1935 - 1936 Jo�o Pereira Barbosa 1936 - 1937 Ant�nio Joaquim Ferreira da Silva J�nior 11 Apr 1937 - 10 Jul 1940 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (3rd time) (s.a.) 10 Jul 1940 - 1940 Jos� Rodrigues Moutinho (acting) 29 Oct 1940 - 1946 Gabriel Maur�cio Teixeira (b. 1897 - d. 1973) 1 Sep 1947 - 1951 Albano Rodrigues de Oliveira 23 Nov 1951 - 1957 Joaquim Marqu�s Esparteiro (b. 1895 - d. ...) 8 Mar 1957 - 1958 Pedro Correia de Barros (b. 1911 - d. 1968) 1958 - 1959 Manuel Peixoto Nunes 18 Sep 1959 - 1962 Jaime Silv�rio Marques (b. 1914 - d. 1986) 17 Apr 1962 - 1966 Ant�nio Adriano Faria Lopes dos Santos (b. 1919 - d. 2009) 25 Nov 1966 - 1974 Jos� Manuel de Sousa e Faria Nobre de Carvalho 19 Nov 1974 - 1 Feb 1979 Jos� Garcia Leandro (b. 1940?) 28 Feb 1979 - 26 Feb 1981 Melo Eg�dio (b. 1922 - d. 2011) 26 Feb 1981 - 16 Jun 1981 Jos� Carlos Moreira Campos (acting) 16 Jun 1981 - Jan 1986 Vasco Almeida e Costa (b. 1932 - d. 2010) Jan 1986 - May 1986 Manuel Maria Amaral de Freitas (b. 19... - d. 2014) (acting) 28 May 1986 - 9 Jul 1987 Joaquim Pinto Machado (b. 1930 - d. 2011) 9 Jul 1987 - 27 Aug 1987 Carlos Monjardino (acting) (b. 1942) 27 Aug 1987 - 28 Sep 1990 Carlos Melancia (b. 1927 - d. 2022) 28 Sep 1990 - 23 Apr 1991 Francisco Murteira Nabo (acting) (b. 1939) 23 Apr 1991 - 19 Dec 1999 Vasco Rocha Vieira (b. 1939) Chief executives 20 Dec 1999 - 20 Dec 2009 Edmund Ho (b. 1955) 20 Dec 2009 - 20 Dec 2019 Chui Sai On (b. 1957) 20 Dec 2019 - 20 Dec 2024 Ho Iat Seng (b. 1957) 20 Dec 2024 - Sam Hou Fai (b. 1962)

Kiaochow

14 Nov 1897 German occupation 6 Mar 1898 leased for 99 years (canceled by China 23 Aug 1914) 7 Nov 1914 taken by Japan 10 Dec 1922 returned to China

Governors 7 Mar 1898 - 19 Feb 1899 Carl Rosendahl (b. 1852 - d. 19...) 19 Feb 1899 - 27 Jan 1901 Otto Ferdinand Paul J�schke (b. 1851 - d. 1901) 27 Jan 1901 - 8 Jun 1901 Max Rollmann (acting) 8 Jun 1901 - 19 Aug 1911 Oskar Truppel (b. 1854 - d. 1931) 19 Aug 1911 - 7 Nov 1914 Alfred Meyer-Waldeck (b. 1864 - d. 1928) 7 Nov 1914 - 1919 Mitsuomi Kamio (b. 1856 - d. 1925) 1919 - 1922 Mitsue Yuhi (b. 1860 - d. 1940)

Kwangchowan

   1898                leased by France

Feb 1943 occupied by Japan Sep 1945 returned to China

Administrators 1898 - 1900 Charles Louis Th�obald Courrejolles (b. 1842 - d. 1902) 1 Feb 1900 - Mar 1902 Gustave Alby (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1920) Mar 1902 - 1903 Th�ophile Henri Berg�s (b. 1851? - d. 1906) 1903 - Jul 1905 Gustave Alby (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Jul 1905 - Sep 1908 Jean-Fernand Gautret (b. 1862 - d. 1912) Sep 1908 - Nov 1908 Henri Victor Sestier (b. 1857 - d. 19...) Dec 1908 - May 1910 Paul Edgar Dufr�nil (b. 1856 - d. 19...) May 1910 - Jan 1912 Pierre St�phane Salabelle Jan 1912 - May 1915 Henri Jean Auguste Caillard (b. 1872 - d. 1926) May 1915 - May 1917 Albert Garnier (b. 1870 - d. 1929) May 1917 - Jan 1919 Fr�d�ric Alexandre Vialla (b. 1867 - d. 19...) Jan 1919 - Mar 1922 Jean-F�lix Krautheimer (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1943) Mar 1922 - Dec 1922 Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard de la Brosse (1st time) Dec 1922 - Apr 1923 Jean-F�lix Krautheimer (2nd time) (s.a.) Apr 1923 - Dec 1925 Paul Achille Michel Quesnel (b. 1871 - d. 1945) Dec 1925 - Dec 1926 Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard de la Brosse (2nd time) Dec 1926 - May 1927 Moisy May 1927 - Jul 1927 Lacombe Jul 1927 - Apr 1929 Louis Rivet (b. 1869 - d. 1933) Apr 1929 - 1932 Achille Silvestre (b. 1879 - d. 1937) 1932 - 1933 Pierre Charles Edmond Jabouille 1933 - 1934 Paul Delamarre (b. 1878 - d. 1956) 1934 - 1936 Maurice �mile Henri de Tastes 1936 - 1937 Camille Fernand Chapoulart 1937 - 1942 Jacques Henri Paul Le Prev�t 1942 Louis Fr�d�ric Claire Guillaume Marty (b. 1883 - d. 1959) 1942 - 1943 Pierre Marie Jean Domec (b. 1891 - d. 1984)

Kwantung

28 Aug 1899 leased by Russia (Kvantun oblast) 5 Sep 1905 leased by Japan Aug 1945 returned to China

Governor 1899 - 1905 Yevgeny Alekseyev (b. 1843 - d. 1917) Governors-general 18 Oct 1905 - 26 Apr 1912 Baron (from 1907, Viscount) Yoshimasa Oshima (b. 1850 - d. 1926) 26 Apr 1912 - 15 Sep 1914 Baron Yasumasa Fukushima (b. 1852 - d. 1919) 15 Sep 1914 - 31 Jul 1917 Baron Satoru Nakamura (b. 1854 - d. 1925) 31 Jul 1917 - 11 Apr 1919 Baron Yujiro Nakamura (b. 1852 - d. 1928) Governors 12 Apr 1919 - 24 May 1920 Baron Gonsuke Hayashi (b. 1860 - d. 1939) 24 May 1920 - 8 Sep 1922 Isaburo Yamagata (from Feb 1922, Duke Isaburo Yamagata) (b. 1858 - d. 1927) 8 Sep 1922 - 19 Sep 1923 Hikokichi Ijuin (b. 1864 - d. 1924) 26 Sep 1923 - 17 Dec 1927 Hideo Kodama (b. 1876 - d. 1947) 17 Dec 1927 - 7 Aug 1929 Kenjiro Kinoshita (b. 1869 - d. 1947) 7 Aug 1929 - 16 Jan 1931 Masahiro Ota (b. 1871 - d. 1951) 16 Jan 1931 - 11 Jan 1932 Seiji Tsukamoto (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 11 Jan 1932 - 8 Aug 1932 Mannosuke Yamaoka (b. 1876 - d. 1968) 8 Aug 1932 - 28 Jul 1933 Nobuyoshi Muto (from 27 Jul 1933, Baron Nobuyoshi Muto) (b. 1868 - d. 1933) 28 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934 Takashi Hishikari (b. 1871 - d. 1952) 10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar 1936 Jiro Minami (b. 1874 - d. 1955) 6 Mar 1936 - 7 Sep 1939 Kenkichi Ueda (b. 1875 - d. 1962) 7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1944 Yoshijiro Umezu (b. 1882 - d. 1949) 18 Jul 1944 - Aug 1945 Otozo Yamada (b. 1881 - d. 1965)

Weihaiwei

1 Jul 1898 leased by Britain 1 Oct 1930 returned to China

Commissioners 1 Jul 1898 - 9 Aug 1899 Ernest Frederick Augustus Gaunt (b. 1865 - d. 1940) 10 Aug 1899 - 10 Dec 1901 Arthur Robert Ford Dorward (from 24 Jul 1901, Sir Arthur Robert Ford Dorward) (b. 1848 - d. 1934) 11 Dec 1901 - 2 May 1902 James Henry Cowan (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1943) 3 May 1902 - 22 Apr 1921 James Haldane Stewart Lockhart (from 9 Nov 1908, Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart) (b. 1858 - d. 1937) 23 Apr 1921 - 3 Nov 1923 Arthur Powlett Blunt (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1946) 4 Nov 1923 - 29 Mar 1927 Walter Russell Brown (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1966) 1 Apr 1927 - 30 Sep 1930 Reginald Fleming Johnston (from 3 Jun 1930, Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston) (b. 1874 - d. 1938)

Christmas Island

8 Jan 1889 part of Straits Settlements 1900 part of Singapore (within Straits Settlements to 1946) 31 Mar 1942 - 1945 Japanese occupation 1 Oct 1958 Australian territory

Official representatives 1 Oct 1958 - 30 Sep 1960 Donald Evan Nickels (b. 1904 - d. 2002) 1 Oct 1960 - 12 Jun 1966 John William Stokes (b. 1910 - d. 1995) 13 Jun 1966 - 30 Apr 1968 Charles Ivens Buffett (b. 1914 - d. 1995) Administrators 1 May 1968 - 30 Apr 1970 Leslie Dudley King (b. 1909 - d. 2005) 1 May 1970 - 14 Mar 1973 John Sampson White (b. 1916 - d. 1999) 15 Mar 1973 - 14 Mar 1974 Francis Scott Evatt (b. 1918 - d. 2003) 15 Mar 1974 - 8 Oct 1975 Charles Harry Webb (b. 1908 - d. 2000) 1 Nov 1975 - 31 Oct 1977 William Worth (b. 1912 - d. 2001) 1 Nov 1977 - 4 May 1980 Frank Boyle (b. 1924 - d. 2021) 19 May 1980 - 25 May 1982 Rendle McNeilage Holten (b. 1922 - d. 1996) 26 May 1982 - 9 Aug 1983 William Yates (b. 1921 - d. 2010) 10 Aug 1983 - 15 Apr 1986 Tom Paterson (b. 1923 - d. 1986) 15 Apr 1986 - 3 Aug 1986 C. Stephens (acting) 4 Aug 1986 - 24 Feb 1990 Alexander Donald Taylor (b. 1928 - d. 2023) 25 Feb 1990 - 2 May 1991 William Albany McKenzie (b. 1928 - d. 1991) 2 May 1991 - 4 Jul 1991 A. Mitchell (acting) 5 Jul 1991 - 9 Mar 1992 P. Gifford (acting) 10 Mar 1992 - 9 Mar 1994 Michael John Grimes (b. 1941 - d. 2019) 10 Mar 1994 - 30 Jun 1994 Peter Woods (acting) 1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1996 Danny Ambrose Gillespie 1 Jul 1996 - 24 Apr 1997 Merrilyn Ann Chilvers (f) (acting) 25 Apr 1997 - 30 Sep 1997 Graham Nicholls (1st time) (acting) 1 Oct 1997 - 30 Oct 1998 Ron Harvey (b. 1934) 1 Nov 1998 - 3 Feb 1999 Graham Nicholls (2nd time) (acting) 4 Feb 1999 - 30 Jul 2003 Bill Taylor (b. 1938) 30 Jul 2003 - 1 Nov 2003 Ray Stone (acting) 1 Nov 2003 - 31 Oct 2005 Evan Williams (b. 1949) 30 Jan 2006 - 22 Feb 2008 Neil Lucas (b. 1945) 22 Feb 2008 - 28 Feb 2008 Julian Yates (acting) 28 Feb 2008 - 2009 Sheryl Klaffer (f) (acting) 2009 - 5 Oct 2009 Stephen Clay (acting) 5 Oct 2009 - 29 Sep 2012 Brian James Lacy (b. 1943) 5 Oct 2012 - 6 Oct 2014 Jon Stanhope (b. 1951) 6 Oct 2014 - 5 Oct 2017 Barry Haase (b. 1945) 5 Oct 2017 - 4 Oct 2022 Natasha Griggs (f) (b. 1969) 4 Oct 2022 - 19 Jun 2023 Sarah Vandenbroek (f) (acting) 19 Jun 2023 - Farzian Zainal (f)