R: Print Values (original) (raw)
| print {base} | R Documentation |
|---|
Description
print prints its argument and returns it invisibly (via[invisible](../../base/help/invisible.html)(x)). It is a generic function which means that new printing methods can be easily added for new [class](../../base/help/class.html)es.
Usage
print(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'factor'
print(x, quote = FALSE, max.levels = NULL,
width = getOption("width"), ...)
## S3 method for class 'table'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), quote = FALSE,
na.print = "", zero.print = "0",
right = is.numeric(x) || is.complex(x),
justify = "none", ...)
## S3 method for class 'function'
print(x, useSource = TRUE, ...)
Arguments
| x | an object used to select a method. |
|---|---|
| ... | further arguments passed to or from other methods. |
| quote | logical, indicating whether or not strings should be printed with surrounding quotes. |
| max.levels | integer, indicating how many levels should be printed for a factor; if 0, no extra "Levels" line will be printed. The default, NULL, entails choosing max.levelssuch that the levels print on one line of width width. |
| width | only used when max.levels is NULL, see above. |
| digits | minimal number of significant digits, seeprint.default. |
| na.print | character string (or NULL) indicatingNA values in printed output, seeprint.default. |
| zero.print | character specifying how zeros (0) should be printed; for sparse tables, using "." can produce more readable results, similar to printing sparse matrices in Matrix. |
| right | logical, indicating whether or not strings should be right aligned. |
| justify | character indicating if strings should left- or right-justified or left alone, passed to format. |
| useSource | logical indicating if internally stored source should be used for printing when present, e.g., ifoptions(keep.source = TRUE) has been in use. |
Details
The default method, [print.default](../../base/help/print.default.html) has its own help page. Use [methods](../../utils/html/methods.html)("print") to get all the methods for theprint generic.
print.factor allows some customization and is used for printing[ordered](../../base/help/ordered.html) factors as well.
print.table for printing [table](../../base/help/table.html)s allows other customization. As of R 3.0.0, it only prints a description in case of a table with 0-extents (this can happen if a classifier has no valid data).
See [noquote](../../base/help/noquote.html) as an example of a class whose main purpose is a specific print method.
References
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992)_Statistical Models in S._Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See Also
The default method [print.default](../../base/help/print.default.html), and help for the methods above; further [options](../../base/help/options.html), [noquote](../../base/help/noquote.html).
For more customizable (but cumbersome) printing, see[cat](../../base/help/cat.html), [format](../../base/help/format.html) or also [write](../../base/help/write.html). For a simple prototypical print method, see[.print.via.format](../../tools/help/.print.via.format.html) in package tools.
Examples
require(stats)
ts(1:20) #-- print is the "Default function" --> print.ts(.) is called
for(i in 1:3) print(1:i)
## Printing of factors
attenu$station ## 117 levels -> 'max.levels' depending on width
## ordered factors: levels "l1 < l2 < .."
esoph$agegp[1:12]
esoph$alcgp[1:12]
## Printing of sparse (contingency) tables
set.seed(521)
t1 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.8)))
t2 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.4)))
table(t1, t2) # simple
print(table(t1, t2), zero.print = ".") # nicer to read
## same for non-integer "table":
T <- table(t2,t1)
T <- T * (1+round(rlnorm(length(T)))/4)
print(T, zero.print = ".") # quite nicer,
print.table(T[,2:8] * 1e9, digits=3, zero.print = ".")
## still slightly inferior to Matrix::Matrix(T) for larger T
## Corner cases with empty extents:
table(1, NA) # < table of extent 1 x 0 >
[Package _base_ version 4.6.0 Index]