Trade Routes Glossary (original) (raw)

Suggested citation format:
Ciolek, T. Matthew. 2006-present. A Trade Routes' Glossary: Architectural, Geographical, and Historical Terms Relating to Long Distance Trade, Communication, and Pilgrimage Routes. Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) Project. Canberra: www.ciolek.com - Asia Pacific Research Online. Version 1.7 (Aug 2009).
www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/trade-routes-glossary.html

Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD):

A Trade Routes' Glossary:
Architectural, Geographical,
and Historical Terms
Relating to Trade, Communication,
and Pilgrimage Routes.
v. 1.7 (Aug 2009).

Dr T. Matthew Ciolek

Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,
The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
tmciolek@coombs.anu.edu.au

Page created: 18 Nov 2006. Last updated: 11 Aug 2009.

- a work in progress -

This document catalogues, defines and cross-references architectural, geographical, and historical terms used in sources that has been analysed and digitised by the Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) project.

The advantages offered by such a document are self-evident. When basic terms of a given body of knowledge are used in many different senses the state of confusion and imaginary disagreements lift their pointless heads. This glossary attempts to avoid such time-wasting and woeful predicaments. To that end the glossary tries to pin down a clear-cut and preferrred meaning to each of the key notions which are thought to be of use to studies and disussions of the historical trade and travel, and the asociated land and maritime transportation routes, facilities, and logistical arrangements.

Naturally, none of the definitions provided below would insist to be the only correct and infallible one whilst simultaneously claiming that other alternative meanings and elucidations favoured by other researchers are automatically declared to be wrong. Nevertheless, this glossary of trade routes' terminology does attempt to be as consistent, as extensive, and as well-defined as possible. Therefore, in the long run it cannot fail but to enhance any subsequent scholarly communications. It does so by strongly encouraging others involved in the field of dromography and historical demography to make *their uses* of concepts and words also more explicit, more consistent, and more cohesive than it was the case before.

|| OWTRAD Home Page|| OWTRAD Dromographic Digital Data Archives|| Gazetteer|| Catalogue of Georeferenced Caravanserais/Khans|| Catalogue of Georeferenced Travel/Trade Structures|| Trade Routes Glossary || Sources and Bibliography||

A glossary of English and foreign language terms dealing with concepts, units of measurements, architectural structures, and logistical arrangements related to

long-distance trade, communication, and pilgrimage routes.

A B C D E F G H I JK L M NO P Q R S T U VW X Y Z

|| Abbreviations|| Readers' Input|| Acknowledgements|| Bibliography||

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are employed:
Language:
(??.) = the language at the moment is not identified. (Aa.) = an Armeic word, (Af.) = Afghan, (Am.) = Armenian, (Ar.) = Arabic, (Az.) = Azeri, (Be.) = Bengali, (Berb.) = Berber, (Bhu.) = Bhutanese; (Ca.) = Castilian, (Cn.) = Chinese, (En.) = English, (Fa.) = Farsi (i.e. Persian), (Fr.) = French, (Ge.) = German, (Gr.) = Greek, (He.) = Hebrew, (Hi.) = Hindu, (Hun.) = a word used in the Hunza area, Pakistan; (It.) = Italian, (Ku.) = Kurdish, (La.) = Latin, (Ma.) = Malay, (Po.) = Polish, (Pt.) = Portugese, (Pv.) = Provencal, (Ru.) = Russian, (Sk.) = Sanskrit, (Sp.) = Spanish, (Ti.) = Tibetan, (Tk.) = Turkic, (Tm.) = Turkmeni, (Tr.) = Turkish, (Uz.) = Uzbeki.

Categories of the signifiers:

• ANIMAL (= creatures and beasts who play a part in a SYSTEM);
• CONCEPT (= scholarly notion or technical terminology for something);
• GEOGRAPHY (= natural physical surroundings, the immediate geographical context for activities of ACTORS, operation of SYSTEMS, and presence of STRUCTURES);
• HABITAT (= artificial i.e. constructed or man-modified physical setting which forms a large-scale part of a SYSTEM, an organic cluster of STRUCTURES);
• HUMAN (= people who play a part in a SYSTEM);
• MEASURE (= units of measurement, types and units of taxes);
• STRUCTURE (= artificial i.e. constructed or man-modified physical setting which forms a small-scale part of a SYSTEM, eg. a building or a contraption);
• SYSTEM (= customary sequences of practical tasks and activities of HUMANS (and their ANIMALS, tools and equipment); regular service or operation which accomplishes a specific objective);
• TOOL (= small things used to aid operations of a SYSTEM);
• VEHICLE (= things used for transporting people or goods on land);
• VESSEL (= things used for transporting people or goods on water).

Functions performed by the signifiers of the terms:

• BATH (= bathouse, bath);
• BEAC (= beacon, lighthouse, watchtower);
• COIN (= bourse, tax office, custom house);
• CTDL (= citadel);
• DIST (= distance);
• DOCU (= document, written instruction or information);
• DRNK (= a place which sells alcoholic drinks);
• FOOD (= a place which sells meals or/and supplies of food);
• FORT (= fort, castle, stronghold);
• HALT (= stopping place);,
• LINK (= pathway between NODES, a network of connections, road, path, trail);
• MRKT (= market place, bazaar);
• NODE (= nodal point, waypoint, choke point);
• POPL (= populated place: a hamlet, village, town, city);
• POST (= postal service, message delivery, courier service);
• RHSE (= resthouse, lodging);
• TOLL (= custom, duty, fee, levy, tax, toll);
• TRAN (= transport, movement, travel, delivery);
• VOLU (= volume);
• WGHT (= weight, load, burden);
• WHSE (= warehouse, depot, storehouse);
• WTER (= reservoir, well, cistern).

• Akhcanya (Aa.) - an inn, a structure similar to a caravanserai, or khan (ISBE 2004)
  From: xenia (Gr.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Albergue (Sp.) - hospice.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Albergo (It.) - hotel.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Alcaiceria (Sp.) - secure building used for selling precious goods in a market place.
  From: qaysariyya (Ar.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Alfóndech (Ca.) - in 13th c. Spain a warehose used as granary (Hartley n.d.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Alfandega (Pt.) - in medieval Portugal, a "custom house; noisy place" (Hartley n.d.).
  See also: mansio
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:TOLL

• Alfondega, Alfondica (Sp.) - 'grain exchange' in the 11-12th c. Spain (Hartley n.d.).
  See also market place
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Alhóndiga (Ca.) - warehose, 'grain exchange' (Hartley n.d.). "Throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Castilian government-controlled alhóndigas were an important royal tool for controlling trade (especially traffic in grain) and for collecting revenues." (Roest 2004).
  From: alfóndiga (Ca.) = fondaco (It.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:COIN
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Arcades (En.) - covered pathway, such as a street or lane, with shops along one or both sides.
  See also: loggia, podcienie.
  Translations and cognate terms: arkady (Po.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Arg, ark (Fa.) - citadel.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:CTDL

• Auberge (Fr.) - inn.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Austeria, Austeria traktowa (Po.) - roadside inn.
  From: osteria (It.) (Slownik Jezyka Polskiego 1958:251).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Avahana (Fa.) - the relay-post system established by the Achemenids (539-330 B.C) on the Sardis-Susa (aka "the Royal Road") highway (Elisséeff 1978:1010).
  Translations and cognate terms: barid (Tr.), cursus publicus (La.), hsin-chü (Cn.), i-chan (Cn.), yam (Tk.)
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Azalay, azalaï (?Ar.) - "a term for the great caravans made up of several thousand camels (or to be more precise, dromedaries), which in the spring and autumn carry the salt from the salt deposits of the Southern Sahara to the tropical regions of the Sahel and the Sudan." (Despois 2006).
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Bandar (Fa.) - port; harbour.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:PORT

• Barid (Tr.) - the postal service established in the 13th c. by Mamluk Sultans to permit regular and speedy relay of official messages.
  Translations and cognate terms: avahana (Fa.), cursus publicus (La.), hsin-chü (Cn.), i-chan (Cn.), yam (Tk.)
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Bazaar, bazar (Fa.) - a Persian variant name for a market place. "A permanent market or street of shops." (Yule 1903:75), "originally, a public market district of a Persian town" (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004a),
  Translations and cognate terms: bazarra (It.),market place (En.),pasar (Ma.),pazar (Tr.),rynek (Pl.),
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Beacon (En.) - tall structure, such as a tower or cairn, whose silhoutte during the day, and the fire lit at its top at night served as a navigation marker for travellers at sea, or those in a featureless terrain.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:BEAC

• Bedestan, bedesten, bezistan, bezzazistan (Tr.) - same as qaysariyya (Petersen 1976).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Boat bridge (En.) - several pontoons lashed together to allow traffic of people, animals and vehicles across a river.
  See also: Sims (1978:99).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE

• Bridge (En.) - a timber, stone or brick structure, often arched, spanning two sides of a river, or a ravine.
  Translations and cognate terms: brücke (Ge.); most (Po.); köprü (Tr.)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE

• Brod (Po.) - ford.
  Category and function tags: GEOGRAPHY:NODE

• Burlaki (Ru.) - barge haulers operating along the banks of river Volga. "Members of local peasantry whose daily duty it was to drag the boats and ferries up the river past the rapids and other difficult places." (halamuspublishing.com.au/Archived_Articles21.html)
  Category and function tags: HUMAN:TRAN

• Cafila (??.) - a body or convoy of travellers, a caravan, a sea-convoy (Yule 1903:142)
  From: kafila (Ar.)
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Capar, chapar (Fa.) - a post rider (lit. 'riding post' Windt 1891). A mode of travel along the Government post-roads in the 19th c. Persia, "of which there are five: from Teheran to Resht, Tabriz, Meshed, Kerman, and the Persian Gulf port, Bushire. These so-called roads are, however, often mere caravan-tracks, sometimes totally hidden by drifting sand or snow. [...] Travel is cheap: one keran per farsakh (2-1/2_d_. a mile) per horse, with a _pour-boire_ of a couple of kerans to the 'Shagird' at the end of the stage." (Windt 1891).
  See also postal routes.
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Capar-kanas, chapar khanehs (Fa.) - postal stations, post-houses (Kiani & Kleiss 1990:802). In the late 19th c. Persia they were placed, on average, five farsakhs, or about twenty English miles apart (Windt 1891).
  Translations and cognate terms: mutatio (La.), sekka (Fa.), yam (Tk.), yi (Cn.), zhi (Cn.).
  See also khanqah.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Caravan, karawan(Fa.) - a convoy of land travellers and their pack animals (or vehicles) who journey from one place to another as one team.
  Translations and cognate terms: kafila (Ar.),
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Caravancara (Pt.) - caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Caravansary (En.) - variant name for a caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Caravanserai, caravansarai (Fa.) - a roadside inn. "[T]he type of building which provided lodging for caravan traffic on the main trade routes." (Elisséeff 1978:1010). Also, known as "the highway khan"
  Often a building with "a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter. The courtyard is almost always open to the sky, and along the inside walls of the enclosure are ranged a number of identical [and roofed - tmc] stalls, bays, niches or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, their animals and merchandise" (Sims 1978:101). Caravanserais provided water for drinking (for animals and people), and for washing and ritual ablutions. Sometimes they even had elaborate baths. They also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies. The existence of a caravanserai in a given geographical location always implies a spot with the year-round presence of large amounts of drinking water.
  In the OWTRAD terminology, caravanserais represent Resthouses Type 3.
  Translations and cognate terms: akhcanya (Aa.), caravancara (Pt.), caravansary (En.), caravanserail (Fr.), caravanseray (Sp.), caravanserraglio (It.), chan (Po.), fondaco (It.), fondouk (Fr.), funduk, funduq, fondouk, fondak (Ar.), han (Fa., Tr.), kairouan, qayrawan (Berb.), karawanserai (Ge.), karawanseraj (Po.), karvansara (Am.), karwansarai (Fa.), karwansiray (Ku.), karwaser (Po.), katra (Be.), kervansaray (Tr.), khan(?Fa.), phatne (Gr.), pundheqa' (Aa.), robat (Af), samsara (Ar.), sarai, serai (Fa.), sarail (?Fa.), ushpiza (Aa.), wakala, wikala (Tr.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Caravanserail (Fr.) - caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Caravanserraglio (It.) - caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Caravanseray (Sp.) - caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Carsi (Tr.) - market place, market complex.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Chahar-su (Tm.) - a "four way", i.e. a caravan crossroads (chalt.8m.com/eastern.html).
  See also: serah, taq.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Chahar-suq, chahar-su, chahar-souq (Fa.) - "major intersections within the covered network of market streets" (Sims 1978:99).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Chan (Po.) - caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Citadel (Fr.) - a fortress protecting, as well as dominating a city.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:CTDL
  Translations and cognate terms: arg, ark (Fa.); cytadela (Po.); kale (Tr.) qalaat (Ar.) (www.encyclopedie-universelle.com).

• Coolie (En.), cooly (??.) - "a hired labourer, or burden-carrier; and, in modern days especially, a labourer induced to emigrate from India, or from China, to labour in the [tropical and sub-tropical] plantations." (Yule 1903:249)
  Category and function tags: HUMAN:TRAN

• Coperti (It.) - Milanese version of a portico or arcades used as a sales space (Lopez & Raymond 1955:61).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Cursus publicus (La.) - "the imperial postal system, which operated in many provinces of the Roman Empire. The cursus was primarily concerned with the carriage of government or military officers, government payload such as monies from tax collection and for military wages, and official despatches, but it could be made available to private individuals with special permission and for a fee." (Wikipedia 2008)
  Translations and cognate terms: avahana (Fa.), barid (Tr.), hsin-chü (Cn.), i-chan (Cn.), yam (Tk.)
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Dak Gharry, dak garry, dawk gharry (??.) - a cart with four wheels of equal size and used in the relay transportation service in the 19th c. British India.
  "Then came the transfer to Ferozepur in the Punjab. Bremner took the train to Ludhiana, 'The railway terminus in those days, and from there, I had to engage what is known as a Dak Gharry, a fairly heavy vehicle drawn by two horses with relays every five miles, galloping all the way . . . The distance [from Ludhiana] . . . was 80 miles" (pp.14-15). (Sharma1989, citing Bremner 1940).
  From: gari (Hi.) (Yule 1903:365).
  Category and function tags: VEHICLE, TRAN

• Dar (Ar.) - house, palace. "[T]he term has the sense of a specialised commercial centre, close to that of kaysariyya" [i.e. qaysariyya ] (Elisseeff 1978:1016). See, for instance, the names of urban khans as "Dar al-Kutn" (House of Cotton), or "Dar al-Kazz" (House of Raw Silk) in the 13th c. Baghdad, Iraq (Elisseeff 1978:1016)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Darb el-Arba'in (Ar.) - "Darb el-Arba'in (the 'Forty-Day Road') [a major trans-Saharan transportation route] which ran north to south between Asyut and the Sudan [...]. This was later to become part of the infamous slave-trade route between North Africa and the tropical south. [...]" (www.egyptsites.co.uk/deserts/western/kharga/intro.html)
  Category and function tags: GEOGRAPHY:TRAN

• Dayr (Fa.) - hospice (Shokoohy 1983:447).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Depot - "a place for the storage of large quantities of equipment, food, or some other commodity." (NOAD 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Dharamsala, dharamshala (Sk.) (lit. 'a place for seekers on the path') - a 'pilgrims shelter', hospice.

Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Droga (Po.) - road
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Dzong (Bhu.) - fort, fortress, stronghold (Wikipedia 2007).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT

• Emporion (Gr.) - The term has three connected meanings: (a) "a specialised settlement, usually on the coast, which was designated locus of exchange between different cultural systems" (eg. Al Mina near the mouth of the Orontes River in Syria, Naucratis in the Nile delta, and Emporion-Ampurias-Empuries in Catalan region of Spain); (b) in more general sense, "any city in which the trade of a wider region was concentrated" (e.g. Ephesus in Asia Minor, Alexandria in Egypt); finally, (c) "that part of a town where the commercial activities of foreigners were concentrated, often under the supervision of specially appointed officials" (e.g. the 'emporion' quarters in Pireus vs. the 'polis' quarters of Athens) (Van Nijf 1995:95).
  See also emporium.
  From: emporos = 'merchant' (Gr.)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Emporium (En.) - a principal center of commerce; a market place (NOAD 2004).
  From: emporion (Gr.)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Entrepot (En.) - "A port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution." (NOAD 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Fanadiq (Ar.) "Special warehouses reserved for use of those who were not citizens or residents" of a North African city (Lopez & Raymond 1955:75).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE
• Farsakh, farsang, parasang (Fa., Ar.) - "Persian measure of distance on a time basis [...] Originally the distance which could be covered on foot in an hour, or 'marching mile', this developed (presumably as early as Sasanid times) into a standard measure of distance. [...] Thus the Old Persian parasang w[as ...] a distance of 5.94 km.; this, however, only for the cavalry. The foot-soldiers' parasang (or hour's march) was [...] only about 4 km. [...] Both terms, farsakh and farsang, continue to be used in Iran today, but farsakh is the more usual. It has now been fixed at precisely 6 km" (Hinz 2006). However, please note that Byron (2007:229) during his 1930s travels notes that Afghan caravanserais ('robats') tended to be placed every four farsakhs or sixteen miles. This means that in the 1930s one Afhgan farsakh was approx 6.4 km long.
  See also: li, menzil
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:DIST

• Fonda (Sp.) - "inn (c. 1790)" (Hartley n.d.).
  From: fonde (Fr.) ('merchant's inn', 12-14thc.) (Hartley n.d.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Fondac (Sp.) - "Moroccan caravan stop" (Hartley n.d.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT

• Fondaco (It.) - a "merchants' inn/warehouse" (Hartley n.d.). A building, often a multistory structure, which served in medieval Islamic cities as lodging quarters for merchants and a storehouse for their goods. Fondacos frequently operated together with associated additional structures and services, thus giving rise to a concept of "the fondaco package (fondaco, church, bath, and oven)" (Emmons 2004:4).
  In the OWTRAD terminology, funduks (like the related to them fondacos, and the early loggias) represent Resthouses Type 1.
  See also: caravanserai, funduk, makzin, and alhóndiga.
  See also, for contrast: loggia.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Fondouk (Fr.) - funduk.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Ford (En.) - "a shallow place in a river or stream allowing one to walk or drive across." (NOAD 2004).
  Translations and cognate terms: brod (Po.),
  Category and function tags: GEOGRAPHY:NODE

• Fort (En.) - a fortified military building. It could be established to defend a given position, to monitor and report on the enemy actvities, and to control the flow of people (i.e. commuters, travellers, pilgrims, merchants, soldiers, messengers, etc.) and their possessions (information, wares, money, arms) at a given sector of a movement corridor. The existence of a fort typically implies the year-round presence of drinking water, and the fort's steady access to sources of food and fuel.
  See also dzong, <gha'le< i="">, kalesi, kasr, and ribat.
  Translations and cognate terms: kale (Tr.), fort (Po.), zamek (Po.),
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT </gha'le<>

• Funduk, funduq, fondouk, fondak (Ar.) - a North African variant name for caravanserai or a khan (UNESCO 2004). "Warehouse or inn" (Dickie 1978b:281). "A funduk - a hollow square of unfurnished cells for the people, round a big courtyard for their animals." (Anthony 1967:30). "Such establishments [... were] not simply hostels for travellers and merchants with appropriate facilities (for the storage of goods, for example, and the provision of transport) but also -- in different measure according to period and circumstances -- foci for both social-communal and charitable activities and functions." (Haldon 2004:291). "Normally, funduqs catered to a particular clientele, such as traders in particular goods, or merchants from specific regions [...] At first, many Islamic funduqs [in Spain] continued to serve as hostelries, warehouses and as places for sales and tax collection, [but they were subject to an ever increasing pressure to shed their communal and political functions]. [...] As a result the fondacos held by foreign merchant communities in reconquista Spain were marginalised and turned into loggias, facilities for mercantile lodging and trade." (Roest 2004). In the Middle East since 18th c. funduk means "hostelry for pilgrims and travellers" (Elisseeff 1978:1015).
  In the OWTRAD terminology, funduks (like related to them fondacos, and loggias) represent Resthouses Type 1
  From: pundheqa' (Aa.).
  Translations and cognate terms: fondaco (It.), fondouk (Fr.),
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Funduq (Ar.) - the old market place (www.arab.net/libya/la\_benghazi.htm).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Gasthaus (Ge.) - inn.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Geysariya (Az.) - qaysariyya.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Gha'le (Fa.) - a fortress; fortified walled village.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Gompa (Ti.) - a Tibetan monastery. "An isolated place or monastic site situated remote from urban settings" (Coleman 1993:317).

• Gospoda (Po.) - a village- or roadside- inn (Slownik Jezyka Polskiego 1958:251).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Han (Fa., Tr.) - caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Hanging footpath, plank road (En.) - a trestle road built along sheer cliffs and steep sides of inaccessible mountain valleys). Such roads were constructed in antiquity in the Qinling, as well as the Karakoram mountains.
  Translations and cognate terms: hsüan-tu(Cn.), rafiks (Hun.), xuandu (Cn.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Hospice (Fr., En.) - a house of rest for pilgrims and travellers.
  In the OWTRAD terminology, hospices (like related to them inns) represent Resthouses Type 2.
  From: hospitium (La.).
  Translations and cognate terms: albergue (Sp.), fondaco (It.), fundicum (La.), funduk (Ar.), hospicio (Pt., Sp.), hospital (Pt, Sp.), hospitalet (Sp.), hospitalis (La.), hostal (Sp.), khanqah (Fa.), pandocheion (Gr.), refugio (La.), tekke (Tr.), xenodocheion (Gr.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Hospitium (La.) - a public inn, caravanserai, khan (ISBE 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Hostel (Fr.) - a city inn which provides low-cost accommodation, and meals to particular groups or categories (e.g. workers, students) of travellers (NOAD 2004).
  From: hospitale (La.)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Hotel (Fr.) - a city inn which provides accommodation, meals and other services to travellers in general (NOAD 2004).
  From: hostel (Fr.)
  Translations and cognate terms: Albergo (It.)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Hsin-chü (Cn.) - (lit. [people's] letter agencies") in Ming and Ch'ing China a postal system which handled private (i.e. personal/business as distinct from governmental) communications and documents. The governmental postal service was provided by the two interlocking and complementary i-chan (horsemen), p'u (foot-runners) systems (Cheng 1970).
  Translations and cognate terms: avahana (Fa.), barid (Tr.), cursus publicus (La.), i-chan (Cn.), yam (Tk.)
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Hujrehs - the rooms for the travellers in a caravanserai. They were often situated a few feet above the courtyard ground level, to prevent pack animals from straying into the room.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• I-chan (Cn.) - in Ming and Ch'ing China a postal service utilising mounted postmen (i.e. government couriers) for delivery of official communications and documents (Cheng 1970:19). The country-wide services of the i-chan were complemented by the p'u system of foot couriers.
  Translations and cognate terms: avahana (Fa.), barid (Tr.), cursus publicus (La.), yam (Tk.)
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Inn (En.) - an "establishment [...] where travellers can procure food, drink, and lodging. Found in Europe, [... roadside inns] first sprang up when the Romans built their famous system of highways two millennia ago. [...] In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, [village or town] inns traditionally acted as community gathering places." (Wikipedia 2007).
  In the OWTRAD terminology, inns (like the related to them hospices) represent Resthouses Type 2.
  Translations and cognate terms: auberge (Fr.), austeria (Po.), gasthaus (Ge.), gospoda (Po.), karczma (Po.), locanda (It.), oberza (Po.), osteria (It.), zajazd (Po.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:DRNK
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FOOD

• Itinerarium pictum (plural: itineraria picta) (La.) - a travel document with a route-map of the recommended itinerary (Schnayder 1959:58). Used in ancient Rome.
  See also: Itinerarium scriptum.
  Category and function tags: TOOL:DOCU

• Itinerarium scriptum (plural: itineraria scripta) (La.) - a travel document with written instructions issued to officers of the state administration in ancient Rome., or the Army. It provided the time-table of the journey, details of the approved itinerary ('viandi ordo'), and - most importantly - secured the bearer access to free meals and accommodation (Schnayder 1959:58).
  See also: Itinerarium pictum.
  Category and function tags: TOOL:DOCU

• Kairouan, qayrawan (Berb.) - caravanserai. "Kairouan - the name means caravanserai" (Anthony 1967:30).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Kale, kalesi (Tr.) - a fort, castle.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT

• Karawanserai (Ge.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Karawanseraj (Po.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Karczma, karczma zajezdna (Po.) - a roadside inn (Slownik Jezyka Polskiego 1958:251).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Karwansarai (Fa.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Karwansiray (Ku.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Karvansara (Am.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Karwaser (Po.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Kasaba (Ar.) - "Originally the essential part of a country or a town, its heart, and later (a) fortified castle, residence of an authority in the centre of a country or a town; and (b) principal town, chief town." (Miquel and Deverdun 2006).
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Kasr, qasr (Ar.) - "Arabic word for a fortified castle or palace in the desert" (Stierlin 1996:235). A word derived from Latin 'castrum', or a military camp.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT

• Katagogal, katagogos (Gr.) - a public inn (ISBE 2004), (Firebaugh 1928).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Kataluma (Gr.) - "the spare or upper room in a private house or in a village [...] where travelers received hospitality and where no payment was expected" (ISBE 2004). A private lodging which is distinct from that in a public inn, i.e. caravanserai, or khan. "[A] dissolution (breaking up of a journey), i.e. (by implication) a lodging-place - guestchamber, inn." (NeXt Bible 2005).
  See also: pandocheion
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Katra (Be.) - caravanserai. (Banglapedia n.d.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Kaysariyya (??.) - qaysariyya.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Kervansaray (Tr.) - caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Kesaria, kaysariya (Gr.) - qaysariyya.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Khabir (Ar.) - a desert guide, a caravan leader, the trail boss (www.ancientegyptmagazine.com/40dayroad22.htm)
  Category and function tags: HUMAN:TRAN

• Khan (Fa.) - "a word of Persian origin designating on the one hand a staging-post and lodging [see also manzil ] on the main communication routes, on the other a warehouse, later a hostelry [see also funduk ] in the more important urban centres. [...] The appropriate term to describe the type of building which provided lodging for caravan traffic on the main trade routes is caravanserai, [...]; khan, with which it is often confused, being applied rather to an establishment where commercial travellers could lodge for a period of time and where facilities were provided for the sale of their wares." (Elisséeff 1978:1010). Hence a distinction: (i) the highway khan (i.e. caravanserai) and (ii) the urban khan (i.e. lodging place, warehouse and trading post, in short, a funduk). "Sometimes the urban khan would be not a structure, but a group of several specialised markets, like the Khan al-Khalili in Cairo, a collection of shops enclosed by two large gateways" (Elisseeff 1978:1015).
  According to another author: the term refers to an urban travel inn, "a hostelry [...] where travellers alight with their beast" (Sims 1978:101), i.e. to a caravanserai which is situated within the city walls.
  In the OWTRAD terminology, highway khans (and the caravanserais) represent Resthouses Type 3. Urban khans, on the other hand, represent Resthouses Type 4.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Translations and cognate terms: chan (Po.), han (Fa., Tr.),

• Khanqah, khanqa, khaneqa (Fa.) - a hospice, "a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood, [...] and is a place for spiritual retreat and character reformation. In the past, and to a lesser extent nowadays, they often served as hospices for Sufi travelers (Salik) and Islamic students (Talib)." (Wikipedia 2007).
  See also: tekke and hospice.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Ksar (Ar.) - a fortified hamlet (Dickie 1978b:281).
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Lager (Ge.) - warehouse.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Lauben arcades (Ge.) - an approx. 6 km long complex of medieval arcaded walks fronting shops along the east-west streets in Bern, Switzerland. The arcades were build to provide shoppers and passers-by with shelter from sun, wind, rain or snow (Whitfield 2005:47).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Li, 里 (Cn.) - "a traditional unit of distance in China. [...] the traditional li was approximately 1/3 mile or 500 meters, the late imperial governments of China used a li of [...] about 0.401 mile, or 644.65 meters" (Rowlett 2005).
  See also: farsakh, menzil
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:DIST

• Locanda (It.) - inn.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Loggia, loggia dei mercanti, loggia della mercanzia (It.) - purpose-built arcades as a ground floor portico with one or more open sides (and thus an architectural form analogous to the classical Greek 'stoa') and used as a sheltered, yet freely permiable and visible public space for merchants' stalls. In the early stages of their history loggias were often constructed together with adjacent to them to rooms, and facilities for mercantile lodging, and thus formed small scale urban khans and funduks.
  See also: timcheh, and for contrast: qaysariyya and fondaco.
  Translations and cognate terms: podcienie (Po.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT
  In the OWTRAD terminology, some of the residential loggias - such as the Loggia dei Mercanti (Ancona, Italy) or the Loggia in Lyon, France (which were built before such an outdoor salesroom got fully decoupled from being the traders' accommodation/storage space as well) represent Resthouses Type 1.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Magasin (Fr.) - a warehouse, storehouse.
  From: makzin (Ar.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Magazzino (It.) - a warehouse, storehouse.
  From: makzin (Ar.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Magazyn (Po.) - a warehouse, storehouse.
  From: Magasin (Fr.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Makzin, makzan (Ar.) - a warehouse, storehouse.
  See also: fondaco.
  Translations and cognate terms: magasin (Fr.), magazzino (It.), magazyn (Po.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Malon (He.) - a 'night resting-place,' a spot where caravans, individuals, or even armies encamped for the night. The term not imply the presence of any building (ISBE 2004).
  Translations and cognate terms: manzil (Ar.)
  Category and function tags: GEOGRAPHY:HALT

• Mansio (plural: mansiones) (La.) - in classical times, a place for overnight stay along the official Roman network of public roads (the cursus publicus) (Dauphin 1996). "Approximately every 15 miles (24 km) - a typical day's journey - was a mansio (literally: 'a sojourn' [...]. This was a full-scale wayside inn, with large stables, tavern, rooms for travelers and even bath houses in the larger establishments. Mansiones also housed the detachments of troops, [...] that regularly guarded the roads along their whole length. These would check the identities, travel permits and cargoes of road users. Mansiones may also have housed the [... collectors of] the portorium: an imperial tax [...]" (Wikipedia 2008)
  Translations and cognate terms: inn (En.)
  See also: mutatio
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:COIN

• Manzil (Ar.), munzil (??). - "a stopping-place for caravans is often called manzil in the ancient Arabic texts." (Elisséeff 1978:1010). "munzil [...] the halting place of a stage or march, a day's stage." (Yule 1903:599)
  Translations and cognate terms: malon (He.)
  Category and function tags: GEOGRAPHY:HALT

• Market place (En.) - a space constructed to allow regular gatherings of buyers and sellers of provisions, commodities, livestock, etc.
  Translations and cognate terms: bazaar (Fa.), carsi (Tr.), rynek (Po.)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Medina (Ar.) - a 'city' (Dickie 1978b:281), the CBD of a town.
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Menzil (Tr.) - Turkish measure of distance on a time basis. A distance that a caravan could be expected to cover in a single day. "This distance was called a 'menzil' in Turkish, a word that means 'journey' in the old sense of the word 'a days' travel'. A menzil was about thirty kilometers. A caravan could travel this distance in six hours, or eight hours in difficult desert terrain" (www.schonwalder.org/Such-n-Such/huns.htm).
  See also: farsakh, li
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:DIST

• Mesón (Sp.) - inn.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Mile (La.) - "the distance a Roman legion could march in 1000 paces (or 2000 steps) [...] Based on the Roman foot of 29.6 centimeters and assuming a standard pace of 5 Roman feet, the Roman mile would have been 1480 meters (4856 feet); however, the measured distance between surviving milestones of Roman roads is often closer to 1520 meters or 5000 feet" (Rowlett 2005).
  See also: stade.
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:DIST

• Moggio (It.) - "A dry measure equal to 16.59 + bushels" (Lopez & Raymond 1955:73) (or 16.59*35.239 = 584.61 litres).
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:VOLU

• Monastery (La.) - The place of residence occupied by people living under religious vows. In medieval times, monasteries, in addition to sheltering a community of monks or nuns, have also served as short-term resting places for travellers, and especially pilgrims.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Translations and cognate terms: gompa (Ti.), klasztor (Po.), ribat, rabat, robat (Ar.), tekke, tekkiyya (Tr.).

• ---

• Most (Po.) - bridge
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE

• Mutatio (plural: mutationes) (La.) - in Roman times, a staging post for change of mounts; also a place for overnight stay along the official Roman network of public roads (the cursus publicus) (Dauphin 1996). "Roughly every 5 miles (8 km) - the most a horse could safely be ridden hard - there would be a mutatio (literally: 'a change'), essentially stables where mounted messengers could change horses and a tavern to obtain refreshment." (Wikipedia 2008).
  See also: mansio.
  Translations and cognate terms: capar-kanas (Fa.), sekka (Fa.), yam (Tk.), yi (Cn.), zhi (Cn.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Oberża (Po.) - inn.
  From: auberge (Fr.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Osteria (lt.) - a roadside inn.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• P'u (Cn.) - in Ming and Ch'ing China a postal service utilising foot postmen (i.e. government couriers) for delivery of official communications and documents (Cheng 1970:20-23). The country-wide services of the p'u were complemented by the i-chan system of mounted couriers.
  See also: barid, hsin-chü.
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:POST

• Pandocheion, pandokeion, pandokian (Gr.) - (i) In 5th C. BC Greece an inn used for the shelter of strangers (pandokian='all receiving'). The pandokeion had a common refectory and dormitory, with no separate rooms allotted to individual travelers (Firebaugh 1928).
  (ii) a hospice, lodging-place, hostel, inn, or resthouse specifically for pilgrims run by members of the clergy (Dauphin 1996).
  See also: xenodocheion.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Passenger route (En.) - a sequence of pathways established specifically by movement of fare-paying travellers (Ciolek 2006).
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:LINK
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Pandokos xenostasis, panddokos (Gr.) - In 5th C. BC Greece an inn where guests only (i.e travellers without animals) were lodged.
  See also: pandocheion and phatne.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Pazar (Tr.) - same as bazaar.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Phatne, stathmos (Gr.) - In 5th C. BC Greece a large inn which provided lodging for men and their beasts (pack animals, riding animals).
  See also: caravanserai
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Picul, pikul (Ma.) - "the heaviest load a man can carry", a unit of weight (about 60 kilograms) used in southeast Asia and China (www.answers.com/topic/picul).
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:WGHT

• Podcienie, podsienie (Po.) - loggia, an arcade used as a sales space.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Port - a harbour with facilities (i.e. piers, warfs, cranes) for loading and unloading vessels, as well as for their repair, fitting-out, and re-supply. Ports also provide warehouses for storage and repacking of the transhipped cargo.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE

• Portorium (La.) - "an imperial tax on goods in transit on public roads that was levied [in ancient Rome] at 2% - 2.5% of the value." It was collected typically at the major mansiones, i.e. at the major roadside inns, (Wikipedia 2008).
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:TOLL

• Portus (La.) - "In the early Middle Ages [...] any center to which commodities are carried or any legitimate mart under the control of public authorities" (Lopez & Raymond 1955:58).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:NODE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Postal route (En.) - pathways established specifically to deliver messages and mail via the movement of people: runners, riders, and couriers (Ciolek 2006).
  See also chapar.
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:LINK
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Pundheqa' (Aa.) - a public inn, caravanserai, khan (ISBE 2004)
  From: pandocheion (Gr.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Qalaat (Ar.) - citadel.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:CTDL

• Qasaba (Ar.) - a " citadel, capital, metropolis" (Dickie 1978b:281).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:CTDL
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Qasr (Ar.) - a castle (Dickie 1978b:281), a kasr.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT

• Qaysariyya (Ar.) - "an oblong hall, roofed and collonaded, often (and always in Ottoman Turkey) domed, with a door at one or both of the short sides that was securely locked at night. [...I]ts name is said to commemorate a covered market built in Antioch by Julius Caesar" (Sims 1978:100). Qaysariyyas (which in Turkey are known as bedestans) form the "central and most secure part of a market area." (Dickie 1978b:281).
  See also: market place, tim.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Qeysariyyeh, qeisariyeh, qeisarieh (Fa.) - qaysariyya.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Rabad (Tm.) - the suburbs. Trade quarters of a city, often the newer parts of a town, which surround the city proper, the shakhristan (www.sitara.com/turkmenistan/tour.html).
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Rafiks (Hun.) - hanging footpaths in the the Karakoram mountains. These are "... narrow galleries built out from the rock face with stones and the branches of trees. [...] the terrifyingly precarious footholds they [i.e. the footpaths] afforded, dictated that loads were carried only by [local] coolies." (Walker 1995:81).
  Translations and cognate terms: xuandu (Cn.), hsüan-tu (Cn.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Resthouse (En.) - "a structure maintained for the rest and shelter of travelers" (GeoNames Feature Codes, nd.). There are four types of resthouses, depending on how long they can acccommodate the travellers, how big are their stables, and what are the extra facilities they would offer to the travelling parties:
  • Resthouses Type 1 - dedicated structures with long-term(1) lodging, (2) warehouses, and (3) sale spaces for commercial travellers, and (4) stabling for a small number of their saddle/draft/pack-animals. Examples: residential loggia, funduk.
  • Resthouses Type 2 - dedicated structures with short-term (1) lodging for both commercial and non-commercial travellers, and (2) stabling for a small number of their saddle/draft/pack-animals. The structure does not provide specialised storage and sale spaces. Examples: inn, hospice, ribat
  • Resthouses Type 3 - dedicated structures with short-term (1) lodging for both commercial and non-commercial travellers, and (2) stabling for a large number of their saddle/draft/pack-animals. The structure does not provide specialised storage and sale spaces. Examples: caravanserai, highway khan.
  • Resthouses Type 4 - dedicated structures with long-term (1) lodging, (2) warehouses, (3) sale spaces for commercial travellers, and (4) stabling for a large number of their saddle/draft/pack-animals. Examples: urban khan.
    Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Ribat, rabat, robat, rebat (Ar.) - a "fortified rest house on a land route" (Kiani & Kleiss 1990:798), fort, or a fortified caravanserai. However, in North Africa, the word ribat also means a monastic fortress (Dickie 1978a:40), or to use an euphemism, "a theological boarding college for volunteer fighters" [i.e. jihadis] (FSTC Ltd. 2003).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT

• Road (En.) - A pathway between two locations whose surface has been artificially improved (e.g. smoothed, levelled, widened, profiled, drained, paved, repaired etc.). Roads are sometimes marked with sign posts, milestones and other navigation markers.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK
  Translations and cognate terms: droga (Po.), trakt (Po.),

• Robat (Af.) - "Robat is the Afghan term for caravanserai, and is also used as a measure of distance, since the main highways have these establishments every four farsakhs or sixteen miles. This one consists of the usual courtyard, with stabling below and a range of rooms over the entrance. But the parapets are crenellated for serious business [of defence against the would be robbers - tmc], and the gates shut earlier than in [the 1930s'] Persia." (Byron 2007:229)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:DIST

• Rynek (Po.) - market place
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MKT

• Samsara (Ar.) - a Yemeni name for a khan. Also, a Yemeni name for a secure warehouse.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Sarah (Fa.) - inn, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Sarai, serai (Fa., Hi.) - a palace, also a caravanserai. "But the usual modern meaning in Persia, and the only one in India, is that of a building for the accommodation of travellers with their packanimals; consisting of an enclosed yard with chambers round it." (Yule 1903:811).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Sarail (?Fa.) - variant name for a caravanserai.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Sardoba, sardob (Uz). - Cupoled reservoire for drinking water. Sardoba were constructed at places used by caravans for short period of rest during a day's journey. "Some [of the sardoba] collected melt and rain water, the other got water from rivers and channels, the third ones collected ground waters." The Uzbeki sultan Abdullakhan (1583-1598) is said to built between 400-1000 such structures (Khalikiova 2004, Yusupova 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WTER

• Sekka (Fa.) - a post house, relay station used by post. Sometimes it is also called rebat (Floor 1990:802).
  Translations and cognate terms: capar-kanas (Fa.), mutatio (La.), yam (Tk.), yi (Cn.), zhi (Cn.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT

• Serah (Fa.) - "'three roads': Y-junction or T-junction" (Greenway & St Vincent 1988:388).
  See also: taq, chahar-su
  Category and function tags: ENVIRONMENT, NODE

• Shagird, shagird chapar (Fa.) - 'post-boy'. A hired guide who rides with a traveller from one capar-kanas or post station to another. (Windt 1891).
  Category and function tags: HUMAN:POST

• Shakhristan (Tm.) - the city proper. Inner, the most ancient part of the city, often containing a citadel, and surrounded by trade suburbs, aka rabad (www.sitara.com/turkmenistan/tour.html).
  Category and function tags: HABITAT:POPL

• Signal route (En.) - pathways established to deliver messages via the movement of information itself. This is accomplished by means of homing pigeons, beacons, watch-towers, and semaphore stations (Ciolek 2006).
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:LINK
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Smuggling route (En.) - a secretive or illegal trade route established as to avoid paying custom duties (Ciolek 2006).
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:LINK
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Stade, stadion (Gr.), stadium (La.) - " a historic unit of distance in ancient Greece. Greek athletic fields were all of roughly the same size, and the stadion, equal to 600 podes (feet), was the traditional length of the field. [...]The stadion at Olympia, where the original Olympic Games were held, measures [...] 192.3 meters; at Athens the stadion was [...]185.0 meters. [...] in the Roman world the stadium was equal to 625 Roman feet (pes) or 1/8 Roman mile [...], or 185.00 meters"(Rowlett 2005).
  See also: mile.
  Category and function tags: MEASURE:DIST

• Suq, souq (Ar.) - "the covered streets of the market, and, by extension the market itself" (Sims 1978: 99). "Street of a market" (Dickie 1978b:281). One of the specialised meanings of the term is that of a temporary market place ('suq', plur. 'aswaq') which is distinct from a permanent group of shops which are also called 'suq', or 'bazaar' (Lopez & Raymond 1955:77)
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Szynk (Po.) - a village inn, or roadside inn selling mainly alcoholic beverages (Wielka Encyclopedia Powszechna PWN 1965:465).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:DRNK

• Taberna (La.) - in classical times, a city inn (Dauphin 1996).
  See also: mansio and mutatio.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:DRNK

• Tavern (En.) - a house for the sale of alcoholic drinks to be consumed on the premises, sometimes also serving food. (NOAD 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:DRNK
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FOOD

• Taq (Uz.) - a crossroad market place (archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=1092).
  See also: tim and serah.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Tekke, tekkiyya, tekkeye (Tr.) - khan used as a hospice (Sims 1978: 104). "An endowed hostel for pilgrims which was a sort of cross between a khan and a monastery. In the central courtyard, usually dominated by a mosque and reflecting pool, pilgrims foregathered waiting for a caravan to form up." (Fitchett 1973:16). Also, a monastery (Dickie 1978b:281).
  See also: hospice, and khanqah.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Tim (?Uz.) - a particular architectural form of a market place. "Tim Abdullah Khan is a self-contained, introverted market space, distinct from the famed crossroad markets (taqs) of Bukhara. Its square and symmetric plan features three grand entrances along the street fa�ade facing west and three, relatively modest openings in the other cardinal directions. A large domed octagonal hall forms the building's center; it has four ancillary rooms built into its walls at the corners. Four passageways, one in each direction, lead out from the central hall to an octagonal gallery lined with small and large alcoves for merchant stalls. The vaulting of Tim Abdullah Khan is a multi-cupola composition, with nineteen domes built around the high central dome." (archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=10921).
  See also: qaysariyya.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Timcheh (Fa.) - built arcades which form a part of a market place.
  See also: loggia.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:MRKT

• Ting (Cn.) - "a ting 亭 [t'ing] in China was basically a shed or simple lodge for travellers to stop at" (Hill 2004).
  See also: zhi (Cn.) and yi (Cn.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT

• Towpath (En.) - "a path beside a river or canal, originally used as a pathway for horses towing barges" (NOAD 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Trade route (En.) - the sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo. Trade routes are closely related to urban supply routes. They connect archipelagoes of public market places as well as they provide a link between producers of the goods transported by the caravans with retail buyers (as well as bulk buyers/re-sellers) operating at such markets (Ciolek 2006).
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:LINK
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Trakt (Po.) - road
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Urban supply routes (En.) - a form of trade routes established for delivery of products from producers of the goods transported by the caravans directly to those individual and institutional consumers who operate outside the framework of public market places (Ciolek 2006).
  Category and function tags: CONCEPT:LINK
  Category and function tags: SYSTEM:TRAN

• Ushpiza (Aa.) - a public inn, caravanserai, khan (ISBE 2004)
  From: 'hospitium' (La.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Wakala, wikala (Tr.) - an Ottoman name for a caravanserai or a khan (UNESCO 2004).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Warehouse, storehouse (En.) - "a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored before their export or distribution for sale" (NOAD 2004).
  Translations and cognate terms: lager (Ge.), magasin (Fr.), magazzino (It.), magazyn (Po.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:WHSE

• Watchtower (En.) - regularly manned and well elevated observation post. Such a post can be erected as a standalone structure, or be constructed as a part of a fort, or of a caravanserai (Sims 1978: 98). Watch-towers could form a part of a signals route.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:BEAC

• Xenia (Gr.) - a public inn (ISBE 2004).
  Translations and cognate terms: caravanserai, khan.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Xenodocheion, xenodokeion (Gr.) - an ecclesiastical resthouse or hospice (Dauphin 1996).
  See also: pandocheion.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Xuandu, Hsüan-tu (Cn.) - hanging footpaths in the the Karakoram mountains (Hill 2003).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:LINK

• Yam (Tk.) - a postal station with relay horses. A standard yam, under a system established (1206-1227) by Genghiz Khan, was manned by a postal master and had 20 horses for use by government couriers (Floor 1990:765).
  Translations and cognate terms: capar-kanas (Fa.), mutatio (La.), sekka (Fa.), yi (Cn.), zhi (Cn.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT

• Yi (Cn.) - a postal station with relay horses. "In the Qing period, Yunnanyi was, in fact, a postal station, yi" (Berman 2001).
  See also: zhi (Cn.).
  Translations and cognate terms: capar-kanas (Fa.), mutatio (La.), sekka (Fa.), yam (Tk.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT

• Zajazd (Po.) - a roadside inn (Slownik Jezyka Polskiego 1958:251). A public inn in Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine. A place where travellers could obtain, for a fee, overnight lodging for themselves and a stable for their animals.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE

• Zamek (Po.) - fort, castle.
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FORT

• Zhi (Cn.) - a postal station with relay horses. "a zhi 置 [chih] was a 'postal station' or inn that could provide shelter, fresh horses, food and supplies" (Hill 2004).
  See also: ting (Cn.), yi (Cn.).
  Translations and cognate terms: capar-kanas (Fa.), mutatio (La.), sekka (Fa.), yam (Tk.).
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:POST
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:HALT
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:RHSE
  Category and function tags: STRUCTURE:FOOD

Readers' Input

Readers, and especially users of this catalogue, are warmly encouraged to email the compiler (i.e. tmciolek@ciolek.com) of this document their: (a) corrections to uncovered factual and typing errors; (b) addenda in terms of - (i) suggestions for extra entries, (ii) sources of such corrigenda/additions.

Readers' contributions and suggestions will be gratefully received and fully acknowledged.

Acknowledgements

Addenda and corrections to this catalogue were kindly provided by:

• Olaf M. Ciolek, Melbourne.

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