Pressure (original) (raw)

The pressure in a fluid is defined as

"the normal force per unit area exerted on a imaginary or real plane surface in a fluid or a gas"

The equation for pressure can be expressed as:

p = F / A (1)

where

p = pressure (lb/in2 (psi), lb/ft2 (psf), N/m2, kg/ms2 (Pa))

F = force (N)1)

A = area (in2, ft2, m2)

In the Imperial - English Engineering System special care must be taken for the force unit. The basic unit for mass is slug and the unit for force is pound (lb) or pound force (lbf).

Pressure - absolute versus gauge

Absolute Pressure

The absolute pressure - pabs - is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure - the pressure that would occur at absolute vacuum. All calculations involving the gas law requires pressure (and temperature) to be in absolute units.

Gauge Pressure

A gauge is often used to measure the pressure difference between a system and the surrounding atmosphere. This pressure is often called the gauge pressure and can be expressed as

pg = ps - patm (2)

where

pg = gauge pressure (Pa, psi)

ps = system pressure (Pa, psi)

patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa, psi)

Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure in the surrounding air at - or "close" to - the surface of the earth. The atmospheric pressure varies with temperature and altitude above sea level.

Air density at altitude

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

The Standard Atmospheric Pressure (atm) is normally used as the reference when listing gas densities and volumes. The Standard Atmospheric Pressure is defined at sea-level at 273 K (0 oC) and is 1.01325 bar or 101325 Pa (absolute). The temperature of 293 K (20 oC) is sometimes used.

In imperial units the Standard Atmospheric Pressure is 14.696 psi.

1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101.3 kPa = 1.013×105 Pa = 14.696 psi (lbf/in2)= 760 mmHg =10.33 mH2O = 760 torr = 29.92 inHg = 1013 mbar = 1.0332 kgf/cm2 = 33.90 ftH2O

Pressure Units

Since 1 Pa is a small pressure unit the unit hectoPascal (hPa) is widely used, especially in meteorology. The unit kiloPascal (kPa) is commonly used in the design of technical applications - like HVAC systems, piping systems and similar.

1 hectoPascal = 100 Pascal = 1 millibar
1 kiloPascal = 1000 Pascal

Some Pressure Levels

10 Pa - the pressure below 1 mm of water
1 kPa - approximately the pressure exerted by a 10 g of mass on a 1 cm2 area
10 kPa - the pressure below 1 m of water, or the drop in air pressure when moving from sea level to 1000 m elevation
10 MPa - nozzle pressure in a "high pressure" washer
10 GPa - pressure enough to form diamonds

Some Alternative Units of Pressure

1 bar - 100,000 Pa
1 millibar - 100 Pa
1 atmosphere - 101325 Pa
1 mm Hg - 133 Pa
1 inch Hg - 3386 Pa

A torr (often used in vacuum applications) is named after Torricelli and is the pressure produced by a column of mercury 1 mm high - equals to 1 / 760th of an atmosphere.

1 atm = 760 torr = 14.696 psi = 1.013 bar

Pounds per square inch (psi) was commonly used in the U.K. but is now replaced in almost every country except in the U.S. by SI units. Since atmospheric pressure is 14.696 psi - a column of air on a area of one square inch area from the Earth's surface to the space - weights 14.696 pounds.

The bar (bar) is commonly used in the industry. One bar is 100,000 Pa , and for most practical purposes can be approximated to one atmosphere even if

1 bar = 0.9869 atm = 14.5 psi

There are 1000 millibar (mbar) in one bar , a unit common in meteorology and weather applications.

1 millibar = 0.001 bar = 0.750 torr = 100 Pa