Mammal (original) (raw)
The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary glands in the female which produce milk for the nourishment of young; the presence of hair or fur; and which have endothermic or "warm blooded" bodies. The brain regulates endothermic and circulatory systems, including a four-chambered heart. Humans are mammals. Mammals embrace more than 5,000 genera, distributed in 425 families and 46 orders.
Phylogenetically, the Mammalia are defined as the last common ancestor of monotremes (e.g., echidnas) and therian mammals (e.g., hedgehogs), and all of this last common ancestor's descendants.
While most mammals give birth to live young, there are a few mammals - the monotremes - that lay eggs. Live birth also occurs in a variety of non-mammalian species; thus it is not a diagnostic characteristic for class Mammalia. Endothermy is also present in many non-mammals, primarily birds.
While monotremes do not have nipples, they do have mammary glands, meaning that they do meet all conditions for inclusion in the class Mammalia. It should be noted that the current trend in taxonomy is to emphasize common ancestry; the diagnostic characteristics are useful for identifying this ancestry, but if, for example, a cetacean were found that had no hair at all, it would still be classed as a mammal.
Mammals have three bones in each ear and one (the dentary) on each side of the lower jaw; all other vertebrates with ears have one bone (the stapes) in the ear and at least three on each side of the jaw. A group of therapsids called cynodonts had three bones in the jaw, but the main jaw joint was the dentary and the other bones conducted sound.
Mammals have integumentary systems made up of three layers: the outermost epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis.
The epidermis is typically ten to thirty cells thick, its main function being to provide a waterproof layer of skin. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is fifteen to forty times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning as well as shock absorption as well as insulation. This layer can very much in thickness from organism to organism
Mammals belong among the amniotes, and in particular to a group called the synapsids, distinguished by the shape of their skulls. Within this group they developed from the therapsidss, and more specifically the eucynodonts, 220 million years ago during the Triassic period. During the Mesozoic period they diversified into the three main groups found today, i.e. monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. They remained small and shrew-like throughout the era, but radiated rapidly after the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event 65 million years ago.
The names "Prototheria", "Metatheria" and "Eutheria" expressed the theory that Placentalia were descendants of Marsupialia, which were in turn descendants of Monotremata, but this theory has been refuted. However, Eutheria and Metatheria are often used in paleontology, especially with regards to mammals of the Mesozoic.
Most mammals are terrestrial, but a number are secondarily aquatic, including whales which are the largest of all animals. One order, the bats, have developed flight, and are among the only animals to have done so.
The Classification of mammals (Class Mammalia) represented in the box at the right and in the listing below reflects George Gaylord Simpson's classic Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945). Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th Century. Since Simpson's 1945 classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics (q.v.). Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification.
McKenna and Bell, Classification of Mammals: Above the species level, (1997) is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus. The new McKenna/Bell classification was quickly accepted by paleontologists. The authors work together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extict taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
The McKenna/Bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions (categories which fall between classes and orders) that are likely to be glossed over by the layman.
The published re-classification forms both a comprehensive and authoritative record of approved names and classifications and a list of invalid names.
Click on the highlighted link for a table comparing the traditional and the new McKenna/Bell classifications of mammals
Class Mammalia (traditional classification after Wilson and Reeder, 1993).
- Infraclass Ornithodelphia
- Order Monotremata
* Family Tachyglossidae: echidnas
* Family Ornithorhynchidae: Platypus
- Order Monotremata
- Infraclass Metatheria
- Order Didelphimorphia
* Family Didelphidae: opossums - Order Paucituberculata
* Family Caenolestidae: shrew or rat opossums - Order Microbiotheria
* Family Microbiotheriidae: Monito del Monte - Order Dasyuromorphia
* Family Thylacinidae: Thylacine
* Family Dasyuridae: marsupial carnivores
* Family Myrmecobiidae: Numbat - Order Notoryctemorphia
* Family Notoryctidae: marsupial moles - Syndactyla
- Order Peramelemorphia
* Family Peramelidae: bandicoots and bilbies
* Family Peroryctidae: rainforest bandicoots - Order Diprotodontia
* Family Phascolarctidae: Koala
* Family Vombatidae: wombats
* Family Phalangeridae: cuscuses, brushtail possums
* Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
* Family Tarsipedidae: Honey Possum
* Family Petauridae: striped possums, wrist-ringed gliders
* Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies
* Family Potoroidae: potoroos, bettongs
* Family Acrobatidae: Feathertail Glider
* Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: Musky Rat Kangaroo
* Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies, and allies
- Order Didelphimorphia
- Infraclass Eutheria
- Order Xenarthra
* Family Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths
* Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths
* Family Choloepinae
* Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
* Family Myrmecophagidae: true anteaters - Order Pholidota
* Family Manidae: pangolins - Order Insectivora
* Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
* Family Nesophontidae: nesophontids
* Family Tenrecidae: tenrecs
* Family Chrysochloridae: golden moles
* Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs, gymnures
* Family Soricidae: shrews
* Family Talpidae: moles and desmans - Archonta
- Order Scandentia
* Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews - Order Dermoptera
* Family Cynocephalidae: colugos - Order Desmostylia
* Family Desmostylidae
* Family Paleoparadoxiidae - Order Chiroptera
- Macrochiroptera
* Family Pteropodidae: Old World fruit bats - Microchiroptera
* Family Rhinopomatidae: mouse-tailed bats
* Family Craseonycteridae: Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat
* Family Emballonuridae: sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats
* Family Nycteridae: slit-faced bats
* Family Megadermatidae: false vampire bats
* Family Rhinolophidae: horseshoe bats
* Family Noctilionidae: fishing bats
* Family Mormoopidae: leaf-chinned bats
* Family Phyllostomidae: New World leaf-nosed bats
* Family Natalidae: funnel-eared bats
* Family Furipteridae: smoky bats
* Family Thyropteridae: disk-winged bats
* Family Myzopodidae: Sucker-footed Bat
* Family Vespertilionidae: common bats
* Family Mystacinidae: short-tailed bats
* Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats - Order Primates
- Strepsirhini
* Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf and mouse lemurs
* Family Lemuridae: lemurs
* Family Megaladapidae" sportive lemurs
* Family Indridae: indrid lemurs, sifakas
* Family Daubentoniidae: Aye-aye
* Family Loridae: lorises, Potto
* Family Galagonidae: galagos - Haplorhini
* Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
* Family Callitrichidae: marmosets, tamarins
* Family Cebidae: New World monkeys
* Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys
* Family Hylobatidae: gibbons, siamang)
* Family Hominidae: Gorilla, chimpanzees, Orangutan, Human - Order Carnivora
- Caniformia
* Family Canidae: wolves, Coyote, foxes, jackals
* Family Procyonidae: raccoons, kinkajou, Red Panda
* Family Mustelidae: weasels, skunks, otters
* Family Ursidae: bears, Giant Panda
* Family Odobenidae: Walrus
* Family Otariidae: sea lions
* Family Phocidae: seals - Feliformia
* Family Felidae: cats
* Family Herpestidae: mongooses
* Family Hyaenidae: hyenas, Aardwolf
* Family Viverridae: civets, genets - Ungulata
- Order Artiodactyla
- Suiformes
* Family Suidae: pigs, warthogs
* Family Tayassuidae: peccaries
* Family Hippopotamidae: hippopotamuses - Tylopoda
* Family Camelidae: camels, llamas, Vicuna - Ruminantia
* Family Tragulidae: chevrotains
* Family Giraffidae: Giraffe, Okapi
* Family Moschidae: musk deer
* Family Cervidae: true deer
* Family Antilocapridae: Pronghorn
* Family Bovidae: antelope, sheep, goats, buffalo, bison, cattle - Order Cetacea
- Mysticeti
* Family Balaenidae: Bowhead and right whales
* Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals
* Family Eschrichtiidae: Gray Whale
* Family Neobalaenidae: Pigmy Right Whale - Odontoceti
* Family Delphinidae: oceanic dolphins
* Family Monodontidae: Narwhal, Beluga
* Family Phocoenidae: porpoises
* Family Physeteridae: sperm whales
* Family Platanistoidae: river dolphins
* Family Ziphiidae: beaked whales - Order Tubulidentata
* Family Orycteropodidae: Aardvark - Order Perissodactyla
* Family Equidae: horses, asses, zebras
* Family Tapiridae: tapirs
* Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinceroses - Order Hydracoidea
* Family Procaviidae: hyraxes - Order Sirenia
* Family Dugongidae: Dugong, Stellar Sea Cow
* Family Trichechidae: manatees - Order Proboscidea
* Family Elephantidae: elephants - Glires
- Order Rodentia
- Sciurognathi
* Family Aplodontidae: Mountain Beaver
* Family Sciuridae: squirrels, marmots
* Family Castoridae: beavers
* Family Geomyidae: pocket gophers
* Family Hetromyidae: pocket mice, kangaroo rats
* Family Dipodidae: jerboas, birch mice, jumping mice
* Family Muridae: rats and mice)
* Family Anomaluridae: scaly-tailed squirrels
* Family Pedetidae: Springhaas
* Family Ctenodactylidae: gundis
* Family Myoxidae: doormice - Hystricognathi
* Family Bathyergidae: mole rats
* Family Hystricidae: Old World porcupines
* Family Petromuridae: Dassie Rat
* Family Thryonomyidae: cane rats
* Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
* Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas, viscachias
* Family Dinomyidae: Paracana
* Family Caviidae: cavies, guinea pigs, Patagonian Hare
* Family Hydrochaeridae: Capybara
* Family Dasyproctidae: agoutis, acouchis
* Family Agoutidae: pacas
* Family Ctenomyidae: tuco-tucos
* Family Octodontidae: viscacha rats, coruro
* Family Abrocomidae: chinchilla rats
* Family Echimyidae: spiny rats
* Family Capromyidae: hutias
* Family Myocastoridae: Nutria - Order Lagomorpha
* Family Ochotonidae: pikas
* Family Leporidae: rabbits, hares - Order Macroscelidea
* Family Macroscelididae: elephant shrews
- Order Xenarthra
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1 Reference [2 See also](#See also) 3 References |
Reference
See also
References
- Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp.